MACHINE DESIGN REVIEW GUIDE 2008

PREPARED BY: Engr. Jessie Ledesma

MACHINE DESIGN REVIEW

STRESSES
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ STRENGTH
- The ability of a material to withstand load without failure.
¾ STRESS
- It is the force or load applied to a material per unit area.
¾ STRAIN
- It is the amount by which a body changes (shorten or lengthen) due to
the application of load divided by the original length.
- It is the percent elongation or compression of material due to application
of load.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

¾ PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
- It is the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates from a straight
line.
- it is the point on the stress-strain curve at which it begins to deviates
from the straight line relationship
¾ ELASTIC LIMIT
- it is the maximum stress at which a material may be subjected without
causing permanent deformation
¾ YIELD POINT
- it is the stress at which there is a marked increase in elongation without
an increase in load
- it is a point on the stress-strain curve at which a sudden increase in
strain without additional load
¾ ULTIMATE STRENGTH
- It is the highest point on the stress-strain curve.
- It is the maximum load divided by the original area before straining
occurs.
- It is the stress that would cause failure.
- Also known as TENSILE STRENGTH
¾ MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (YOUNG’S MODULUS, E)
- It is the ratio of the unit stress to unit strain within the PROPRTIONAL
LIMIT.
- It is the proportionality constant of a material in tension or compression
below the PROPORTIONALITY LIMIT on the stress-strain curve at
which stress is proportional to strain.
6
- E = 30 x 10 psi (STEEL)
¾ MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN SHEAR (MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, G)
- It is the ratio of the unit stress to unit strain with in the PROPORTIONAL
LIMIT in shear.
6
- G = 11.5 x 10 psi (STEEL)
-

¾ POISSON’s RATIO ( )

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It is the ratio of the lateral strain to longitudinal strain of a material

-
subjected to uniform longitudinal stress within the PROPORTIONAL
LIMIT.
- It is the ratio of the contraction to the extension when an element is
loaded with a longitudinal tensile force.
¾ ENDURANCE LIMIT or FATIGUE LIMIT (SE, SN)
- Maximum stress that will not cause failure when the force is reversed
indefinitely.
¾ FACTOR OF SAFETY or DESIGN FACTOR (FS)
- It is the factor by which the design stress is safe.
B. STRESS FORMULA (S)
STRESS = FORCE per UNIT AREA
Where:
S = Stress (psi, MPa)
F = force applied (lbs, KN)
2 2
A = Effective Area (in , m )

I. Axial Stresses
a. Tensile Stress (ST)
- Stress which tends to lengthen or stretch the material

EFFECTIVE

b.
AREA
Compressive Stress (SC) F
- Stress which tends to compress or shorten the material

EFFECTIVE
AREA

II. Shearing Stress (SS)

- Stress which tends to shear or tear the material

F
EFFECTIVE
AREA

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III. Bearing Stress (SB)

IV. Torsional Stress (Shaft subjected to pure torsion, SST)

Æ for solid shafts

Æ for hollow shafts

V. Bending or Flexural Stress (SF)

F
Æ Circular Section

Æ Rectangular Section

VI. Thermal Stress (Sth)

Where:
S = Thermal Stress (psi, MPa)
O O
k = coefficient of Thermal Expansion (ft/ft F, m/m C)
O O
= Change in Temperature ( F, C)

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C. DESIGN STRESS
- Stress used in determining the size of a machine member
- Allowable stress

I. For Ductile Materials

Where:
Sd = Design Stress (psi, MPa)
SY = Yeild Stress (psi, MPa)
FS = Factor of Safety

Example of Ductile Materials

¾ copper
¾ Iron
¾ Tin
¾ Aluminum
¾ Zinc
¾ Lead
II. For Brittle Materials

Where:
Sd = Design Stress (psi, MPa)
SU = Yeild Stress (psi, MPa)
FS = Factor of Safety

Example of Brittle Materials

¾ Cast Iron
¾ Glass
¾ Concrete
D. STRAIN (ε)

STRAIN = UNIT DEFORMATION per ORIGINAL LENGTH

Where:
= strain (in/in, m/m)
= deformation (in, m)
L = original length (in, m)

I. Deformation
a. Deformation due to application of Load
(Hooke’s Law: STRESS IS PROPORTIONAL TO STRAIN)

Where:
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
-is the ratio of the unit stress
to the unit strain w/in
the Proportional Limit

Where:
S = Thermal Stress (psi, MPa)
= Strain (in/in m/m)
k = Proportionality Constant
F = Force Applied (lb, N)

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2 2
A = Original Area (in , m )
δ = Amount of Deformation (in, m)
L = Original Length (in, m)
E = Modulus of Elasticity (psi, MPa)
b. Thermal Deformation

Where:
= Change in Temperature (OF, OC)
= deformation (ft, m)
L = original length (ft, m)
O O
k = coefficient of Thermal Expansion (ft/ft F, m/m C)

c. Angular Deformation

Where:
= Angular Deformation
T = Torque (lb-in, kN-m)
L = Length (in, m)
4 4 4
J = Polar moment of inertia (in , m ) ( D /32 Æ for circular shaft)
G = Modulus of rigidity (psi, MPa)

II. Poisson’s Ratio

Where:
= Poison’s Ratio
L = Longitudinal Strain
R = Radial Strain
L = Longitudinal Deformation
R = Radial deformation
L = Original Length

E. COMBINE STRESSES
I. Combine Axial and Flexural Stress

Where:
S = Stress (psi, MPa)
2 2
A = Effective Area (in , m )
M = Moment (lb-in, kN-m)
4 4
I = Moment of Inertia (in , m )
c = D/2

II. Combine Axial and Torsion Stress

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Where:
SSmax = Maximum Shearing Stress caused by
the induced stress
Stmax = Maximum Tensile or Compressive
Stress caused by the induced stress
St = Tensile Stress (psi, kPa)
SS = Shearing Stress (psi, kPa)

III. Combine Torsion and Flexural Stress

Where:
SSmax = Maximum Shearing Stress caused by
the induced stress
Stmax = Maximum Tensile or Compressive
Stress caused by the induced stress
M = Bending Moment (lb-in, N-m)
T = Twisting Moment (lb-in, N-m)
D = Diameter (in, m)

IV. Variable Stress

Sa = Variable Component Stress
= Smax - Smin
2
Smax = Maximum Stress
Smin = Minimum Stress
Where:
FS = Factor of Safety
Sy = Yield Point
Sn = Endurance Limit
Sm = Mean Stress
= Smax + Smin
2
SHAFTING
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ SHAFTINGS
- are cylindrical machines used to transmit rotary motion and power from
a driver to a driven element.
¾ SHAFTS
- is a cylindrical piece of metal used to carry rotating machine parts such
as pulleys and gears to transmit power or motion.
¾ AXLE
- is a stationary member of primarily loaded in bending with gears, pulleys
and wheels rotating on it.
¾ SPINDLE
- is a shaft or short axles on machines

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MACHINE DESIGN REVIEW GUIDE 2008
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TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF SHAFTS

1. TRANSMISSION SHAFTS
- are those shafts used to transmit power between the source and the
machines absorbing the power.
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION SHAFTS
a. Line Shaft Æ transmission shaft driven by the prime
mover
b. Counter Shaft Æ transmission shaft intermediate between
c. Head Shaft the line shaft and the driven machine
d. Jack Shaft
2. MACHINE SHAFTS
- are those forming an integral part of the machine itself.
B. STANDARD SIZES OF SHAFTS
(From Design of Machine Elements by Faires, p. 269)
FOR TRANSMISSION SHAFTS (in)

FOR MACHINERY SHAFTS (in)

Note: MATERIALS for TRANSMISSION SHAFTS: cold-rolled, hot-rolled, forged carbon steel

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C. SHAFTS
I. Relation of Power, Torque and Speed

OR

Where: Where:
P = Power Transmitted (kW) HP = Power Transmitted (HP)
T = Torque or Torsional Moment (kN-m) T = Torque or Torsional Moment (lb-in)
=Fxr =Fxr
F= Transmitted Load or Tangential Force (kN) F= Transmitted Load or Tangential Force (lb)
r = Shaft Radius (m) r = Shaft Radius (in)
N = Rotational Speed (rev/sec) N = Rotational Speed (rpm)
II. Stresses in Shafts, Subjected to Torsion Only

Æ FOR SOLID SHAFTS

Æ FOR HOLLOW SHAFTS

Where:
SS = torsion shear stress (psi, MPa)
T = torque or torsional moment (lb-in, kN-m)
D = shaft diameter (for solid shafts) (in, m)
= shaft outside diameter (for hollow shafts) (in, m)
d = shaft inside diameter (in, m)
L = shaft length (in, m)
4 4
J = polar moment of inertia (in , m )
4
= ( /32)D Æ for solid shafts
4 4
= ( /32)(D – d ) Æ for hollow shafts
G = Modulus of Rigidity
6 6
= 11.5 x 10 psi to 12 x10 psi for steel
θ = angular deformation
III. Stresses in Solid Circular Shafts Subjected to Torsion and Bending

Where:
SSmax = Maximum Shearing Stress caused by
the induced stress
Stmax = Maximum Tensile or Compressive
Stress caused by the induced stress
M = Bending Moment (lb-in, N-m)
T = Twisting Moment (lb-in, N-m)
D = Diameter (in, m

IV. Strength of Shafts with Assumed Allowable Stresses

(PSME CODE)

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Where:
P = Power Transmitted in HP
D = Diameter of Shaft in Inches
N = Speed in rpm
C = constant
80 Æ For Main Power Transmitting Shafts (Assumed Stress = 4000psi)
53.3 ÆFor Lineshafts Carrying Pulleys (Assumed Stress = 6000psi)
38 Æ For Small, Short Shafts (Assumed Stress = 8500psi)

V. Empirical Formula From Machineries Handbook

DIAMETER OF SHAFTS
a. For allowable twist not exceeding 0.08 deg per ft of length
where:
D = Shaft Diameter (in)
T = Torque (lb-in)
OR
HP = Horse Power
N = Speed (rpm)
b. In S.I. Units (Allowable twist 0.26 deg per meter of length)
where:
D = Shaft Diameter (mm)
T = Torque (kN-mm)
OR
P = Power (kW)
N = Speed (rpm)

c. For allowable twist not exceeding 1 deg per 20D length

where:
D = Shaft Diameter (in)
T = Torque (lb-in)
OR
HP = Horse Power
N = Speed (rpm)
d. For short, solid shaft subjected only to heavy transverse shear

Where:
V = Maximum Shear Transverse Load (lb, N)
D = Shaft Diameter (in, m)
2 2
A = Shaft Cross-sectional Area (in , m )
SV = Vertical Shear (psi, kPa)
VI. Linear Deflection of Shafting
a. For Shafting subjected to no bending action except its own weight

b. For shafting subjected to bending action of pulleys, etc.

Note: For steel lineshafting, it is considered good practice to limit the deflection to
a maximum of 0.010 inch per foot of length
Where:
L = Shaft length (ft)
D = Shaft Diameter (in)
KEYS & SPLINES
A. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
¾ KEY
- is a machine member employed at the interface of a pair of mating male
and female circular cross-sectioned members to prevent relative
angular motion between these mating.
¾ KEYWAY

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- is a female mating member which forms a groove in the shaft to which

the key fits
¾ SPLINES
- permanent keys made integral with the shaft and fitting into keyways
broached into the mating hub.
CLASSIFICATION OF KEYS
1. Constant Cross-Section
2. Variable Cross-section
TYPES OF CONSTANT CROSS-SECTION KEYS
1. Square Keys
- has a square cross-section with half of its depth sunk in the shaft and
half in the hub
2. Flat Keys
- has a rectangular cross-section with the similar dimension placed in the
radial direction with half sunk in the shaft and the half in the hub and is
used where the weakening of the shaft by the keyway is serious.
3. Round Keys
- has a circular cross-section
4. Barth Keys
- is a square key with bottom two corners beveled

TYPES OF VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION KEYS

1. Woodruff Keys
- consists of one-half of a circular disk fitting into a rectangular keyway in
the female member and a semi-circular keyway in the male member.
2. Saddle Keys
- is a flat key used without a keyway in the shaft
3. Gib-Head Keys
- is a flat key with a special gib-head to facilitate easy driving and removal
of the key.

B. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
2πTN TN
P= or P=
60 63000

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D
T =F×
2
KEYS
I. COMPRESSSIVE (CRUSHING) STRESS

F 2T Lh h/2
SC = where : F = ; AEFF =
AEFF D 2
4T
SC =
hLD
W
II. SHEARING STRESS

F 2T
SS = where : F = ; AEFF = wL
AEFF D
2T
SS =
wLD L
W
III. GENERALLY WHEN THE KEY AND THE SHAFT ARE OF THE SAME MATERIAL
D
w= L = 1.2 D
4
Where:
P = Power Transmitted (kW) HP = Power Transmitted
(HP)
T = Torsional Force/Torque (lb-in, N-m) N = Rotational Speed (rpm,
rev/sec)
2 2
F = Applied Force (lb, N) A = Effective Area (in , m )
L = Key Length (in, m) w = Key Width (in, m)
h = Key Height (in, m) D = Shaft Diameter (in, m)
Ss = Maximum Stress in Shear (psi, kPa) Sc = Maximum Stress in
Compression

SPLINES
L Where:
W h L = Spline Length
Rm = Mean
Radius
d = Root
Diameter
d D w = Spline Width
h = Spline Height

I. COMPRESSIVE (CRUSHING) STRESS

F T
SC = =
Where: AN t hLR m N t
Sc = Compressive Stress (psi, kPa) F = Tangential Force (lb,
N)
2 2
A = Compression Area (in , m ) h = Spline Hieght (in, m)
L = Spline Length (in, m) Rm = Mean Radius

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T = Torque (lb-in, N-m) Nt = Number of Splines

II. SHEARING STRESS
F 2T
SS = =
AN t wLdN t
Where:
Ss = Shear Stress (psi, kPa) F = Tangential Force (lb,
N)
2 2
A = Sheared Area (in , m ) w = Spline Width (in, m)
L = Spline Length (in, m) d = shaft diameter
T = Torque (lb-in, N-m) Nt = Number of Splines
III. SPLINE CAPACITY
T
TC = × 1 .1
Nt
Where:
Tc = Capacity of each Spline (lb-in, N-m) T = Transmitted Torque
(lb-in, N-m)
Nt = Number of Splines 1.1 = Overall Load Factor
COUPLINGS
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ COUPLING – is a mechanical device for uniting or connecting parts of a mechanical
system
MAIN TYPES OF COUPLINGS
1. Rigid Couplings
- couplings which does not allow angular, axial and rotational flexibility
and is used with collinear shafts.
Type of Rigid Couplings
a. Flange Coupling
• type of rigid couplings which consists of two halves
of flanges connected to each other by bolts
b. Collar Couplings
• rigid coupling which is a cylindrical collar pressed
over the ends of two collinear shafts.
2. Flexible Couplings
- couplings which allows angularity to take care of misalignment of the
shafts
Types of Flexible Couplings
a. Chain Couplings d. Flexible Disk Couplings
b. Oldham Couplings e. Gear Type Couplings
c. Hydraulic Couplings f. Universal Joint Coupling
B. DESIGN CALCULATION

I. POWER TRANSMITTED F
TN d
P = 2πTN OR P=
where:
63000
Where: t
P = Power Transmitted (kW) HP = Horse Power H
T = Torque (N-m) T = Torque (lb-in) D
N = Rotation (rev/sec) N = Rotation (rpm)

II. TORQUE
H
T =F× Where: T = Torque (lb-in, N-m) F = Load (lb, N) H = Bolt Circle
2 m)
Diameter (in,
III. FORCED ON EACH BOLT
where:
F
Fb = F = Overall Load (lb, N)
Fb = Load on each bolt (lb, N)
n n = Number of bolts
IV. SHEARING STRESS OF BOLTS BETWEEN THE FLAGE FACES

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where:
F
SS = b
SS = Shear stress of bolts (psi, kPa)
Fb = Load on each bolt (lb, N)
Abs 2 2
Abs = Area of bolt in shear (in , m )
T = Torque (lb-in, N-m)
2T n = Number of bolts
SS = H = Bolt Circle Diameter (in, m)
2 2
nHAb Ab = Circular Area of bolts (in , m )

V. COMPRESSIVE STRESS BETWEEN BOLTS AND FLANGE

where:
F
S =
C
b Sc = Shear stress of bolts (psi, kPa)
Fb = Load on each bolt (lb, N)
A
bc
2 2
Abc = Area of bolt in compression (in , m )
T = Torque (lb-in, N-m)
2T n = Number of bolts
S =
C
H = Bolt Circle Diameter (in, m)
ntdH t = Thickness of flange (in, m)
d = diameter of bolt (in, m)
FLYWHEELS
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ FLYWHEEL - is a heavy wheel which by its inertia assists in securing uniform motion of
machinery by resisting sudden changes in speed.
FLYWHEEL APPLICATIONS
1. Punch Press 4. Shears
2. Internal Combustion engines 5. Compressors
3. Reciprocating Pumps 6. Steam Engines
FLYWHEEL APPLICATION
1. To keep the speed fluctuation within desired limits
2. To carry the pistons over the compression pressure when operating at low
speed.
3. To limit the momentary rise or fall in speed during sudden changes of load.
4. With alternatives operating in parallel to keep the angular advance or
retardation within prescribed limits as compared with a perfectly uniform
angular speed.

ARMS or SPOKES

HUB

B. DESIGN CALCULATIONS` SHAFT

I. KINETIC ENERGY IN TERMS OF VELOCITY
1 Where:
KE = mV 2
KE = Kinetic Energy W =
Weight of flywheel 2
V1 = Maximum (operating) speed V2 =
minimum speed
KE =
W
2g
V −V(1
2
2
2
) = πDN1 =
πDN2
D = Mean diameter of flywheel b =
width of flywheel rim
t = thickness of flywheel rim

II. FLYWHEEL WEIGHT

W = Wr + Wah
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Where:
W = Total flywheel weight Wr = Weight of the rim
= πDbtρ
Wah = Weight of Arm and hub ρ = density of flywheel
3
= 7200 kg/m for iron
III. KINETIC ENERGY IN TERMS OF MOMENT OF INERTIA
Where:
1 2 KE = Kinetic Energy I = Moment of inertia =
mk
2
KE = lω
2 ω = Maximum angular velocity, rad/sec
1 ω2 = minimum angular
velocity, rad/sec

(
mk 2 r =2 k = radius
)
of gyration
KE = ω1 − ω 22
2

IV. COEFFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION

V1 − V2
Cf = Cf = Coefficient of fluctuation
V V1 = Maximum speed
V2 = Minimum speed
where :
V + V2
V= 1
2
V. ENERGY REQUIRE TO PUNCH A METAL
1 Where:
E= Ft E = Energy to punch metal
F = Force required to punch metal
2 = SSUA
SSU = Ultimate shearing stress
1
E = AS t
A = sheared area
SU = πdt for circular hole
2 b = width of flywheel rim
t = thickness of flywheel rim
VI. PRESSURE OR FORCE REQUIRED TO PUNCH A HOLE
(from MACHINERIES HANDBOOK)
PRESSURE or FORCE = d × t × 80 in tons
Where:
Pressure = force required to punch a hole, in tons d = diameter of
hole, in inches
t = thickness of hole, in inches
PRESSURE VESSEL
A.
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
A thin-walled pressure vessel is one in which the ration of the wall thickness to the inside diameter
is LESS than 0.07
I. CYLINDER
Where:

PDi St = tangential (tensile) Stress

P = Internal Pressure
St Di = Inside Diameter
t = Wall Thickness
2tE E = joint efficiency
= 100% (if not given)
II. SPHERE
Where:
PDi St = tangential (tensile) Stress

St =
4tE 14
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P = Internal Pressure
Di = Inside Diameter
t = Wall Thickness
E = joint efficiency
= 100% (if not given)

B. THICK-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

A thick-walled pressure vessel is one in which the ration of the wall thickness to the inside diameter
is MORE than 0.07
LAMES EQUATION (VALLANCE P. 451), for internal pressure

D⎡ S +P ⎤ Where:
St = tangential (tensile) Stress
t= ⎢ − 1⎥ t i Pi = Internal Pressure
2 ⎣ S −P ⎦ t i
D = Inside Diameter
t = Wall Thickness

WHEN SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Maximum Tangential stress at the inside

S ti =
( )
Pi ro2 + ri 2 − 2 Po ro2 Where:
Sti = Internal tangential
ro2 − ri 2 (tensile) Stress
Sto = External tangential
(tensile) Stress
Pi = Internal Pressure
Maximum Tangential stress at the outside Po = External Pressure

( )
ri = Internal radius
2 Pi ri 2 − Po ro2 + ri 2 ro = External radius
S to =
ro2 − ri 2
SPRINGS
a. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ SPRINGS - Is an elastic machine element that stores energy and when released will
recover to its basic form or position.
¾ MATERIALS USED IN SPRINGS
1. High Carbon Steel 4. Alloy Stainless Steel
2. Stainless Steel 5. Copper allows
3. Nickel – Base Alloy
¾ USES OF SPRING
To absorb energy or shock loads as in automobile chassis springs and railroad bumper
springs
To act as a source of energy in clocks
To produce pressure or force as in surfaces of clutches and as to keep a cam follower in
contact with the cam
To absorb vibration
To act as load-measuring devices as in instruments such as gages, meters and engine
indicators.
¾ TYPES OF SPRING
COIL SPRINGS TYPE OF COIL SPRINGS

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LEAF SPRINGS

b. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Types of Coil Ends Actual No. of Coils Solid Length Free Length
Ground End N nd np
Plain End N (n + 1)d np + d
Square and
n+2 (n + 2)d np + 2d
Ground End
Square End n+2 (n + 3)d np + 3d
Where: n = effective number of coils d = wire diameter p = pitch
¾ STRESS
8FDm Where:
Ss = k k=
4C − 1 0.615
+
πd 3 4C − 4 C
where: Dm
Ss = Torsional Shear Stress C=
F = Axial Load d
Dm = Spring Mean Diameter
Do + Di
Dm =
2
DO = Outside Diameter Di = Inside Diameter
d = Wire Diameter k = Wahl’s Factor (Spring Index)
c = Spring Index
¾ DEFLECTION
8 FC 3 n where:
δ = F = Axial Load
d = Wire Diameter
C = Spring Index
= deflection
Gd n = effective no. of coils G = Modulus of elasticity

¾ SPRING RATE or SPRING SCALE

F ΔF
Ks = Ks =
δ Δδ
WHERE:
Ks = Spring Rate
¾ IMPACT LOAD ON SPRING (FREE FALL)

⎛δ ⎞
W (h + δ ) = F ⎜ ⎟
Where: ⎝2⎠
W = Weight of Load h = Height between weight and spring
d = deflection of spring after impact F = Force Applied

(BODIES WITH VELOCITIES)

WV 2 ⎛δ ⎞
= F⎜ ⎟
2g ⎝2⎠
¾ SPRING SYSTEM
Series System
F = F1 = F2 = F3
F1 F2 F3
δ1 = δ2 = δ3 =
k1 k2 k3
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F 1 1 1 1
k= = + +
δT k T k1 k 2 k 3

δ T = δ1 + δ 2 + δ 3
Parallel System
δ T = δ1 + δ 2 + δ 3

F = F1 = F2 = F3

k T = k1 + k 2 + k 3
F
k=
δT
SCREW
a. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ BOLTS - is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in the mating members
and to be secured by tightening a nut from the end opposite the head of the bolt.
TYPES OF BOLTS
1. Machine Bolt 4. Eye Bolt
2. Stud Bolt 5. Stove Bolt
3. U-Bolt 6. Carriage Bolt
¾ SCREW - is a threaded fastener designed to be inserted through a hole in one member to
be joined and into a threaded hole in the mating member.
Commonly used screws; Square Head set Screw, wood screws, tapping screws
TYPES OF SCREW
1. Cap Screw 3. Machine Screw
2. Set Screw 4. Power Screw
THE AMERICAN NATIONAL SCREW THREAD

TYPES OF THREADS
1. UNC (Unified National Coarse Series) - it is recommended for general use
2. UNF (Unified National Fine Series) - is frequently used in automobile, compressor, pumps
and aircraft work where fine adjustment is required.
3. UNEF (Unified National Extra Fine Series) - is particularly used in aeronautical equipment
and where very fine adjustment is required
4. 8UN (Unified 8 – Threaded Series) - is used on bolts for high-pressure pipe flanges, cylinder
heads, studs, etc.
FORMS OF THREADS

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¾ PITCH (P) - it is the axial distance between adjacent threads

1
P= , inch
No. of Threads per inch
¾ LEAD - is the axial distance a thread advances in one revolution
¾ MAJOR DIAMETER (DO) - is the outside diameter of the threads and is the nominal
diameter
¾ MINOR DIAMETER or ROOT DIAMETER (Di) - is the smallest diameter of the threads
¾ PITCH DIAMETER (Dm) - is the mean diameter of the major and minor diameter
¾ STRESS AREA - is the area of an imaginary circle whose diameter is the mean of the
pitch and minor diameter
π ⎛ Dm + Di ⎞
2

Stress Area = ⎜ ⎟
4⎝ 2 ⎠
b. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
BOLTS
Formulas from Vallance and Faires:
VALLANCE FAIRES

Sy 1
S w = C ( AS ) 0.418 Sd = ( AS ) 2
Tensile Stress in 6
Bolts 3
2
S y ( As )
Fa = C ( AS ) 1.418
Fe =
6
1.5D in Cast Iron 1.5D in Cast Iron
Depth of Tap
1.25D in Steel D is Steel and Wrought Iron
Initial Tension
and Torque T = 0.2 Fi D T = kDFi
Where:
Sw = Permissible Working Stress T = Torque
Fa = Applied Load Fi = Initial Tension
As = Stress Area k = 0.2 for as Received
C = 5,000 for Carbon Steel = 0.15 for Lubricated
= 15,000 for Allow Steel
Sd = Design Tensile Stress Fe = Tensile Load
Sy = Yield Stress D = Nominal Diameter

Working Strength of Bolt (from Machineries Handbook)

W = S t (0.55 d 2 − 0.25 d ) in-lbs

Where:
W = working strength, in-lbs St = allowable working stress, psi
d = nominal diameter, in
SCREWS
Power or Torque transmitted by a single set-screw

T = 1250Dd
2.3 2 .3
DNd
P=
Where: 50
P = horsepower transmitted, HP T = torque, in-lbs
D = shaft diameter, in N = speed, rpm
d = set-screw diameter, in
POWER SCREW
¾ Power screws are used to move weights and machine parts and uses square, acme or
buttress threads.

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DESIGN CALCULATIONS
¾ PITCH (P) - it is the axial distance between adjacent threads
1
P= , inch
No. of Threads per inch
¾ LEAD - is the axial distance a thread advances in one revolution
- L = P (for single threaded screw)
- L = 2P (for double threaded screw)
- L = 3P (for triple threaded screw)
¾ LINEAR VELOCITY = (rotational speed)(lead)

V = N × Lead
¾ LEAD ANGLE
Lead
x = tan −1
πDm
¾ TORQUE REQUIRED TO TURN THE SCREW
FOR SQUARE THREAD
WDm (tan x − f )
WDm (tan x + f ) Æ raising the load T= Æ
lowering the load T= 2(1 + f tan x)
2(1 − f tan x)

FOR ACME THREAD

WDm (cos θ tan x − f )
WDm (cos θ tan x + f ) Æ raising the load T= Æ
lowering the load T = 2(cos θ + f tan x)
2(cos θ − f tan x)
¾ TORQUE REQUIRED TO OVERCOME COLLAR
Tc = f c W ( D o + D i )
¾ TOTAL TORQUE REQUIRED TO OPERATE THE SCREW

TT = T + Tc P = 2πTT N
¾ EFFICIENCY OF POWER SCREW
tan x (1 − f tan x )
efficiency =
Usefull Work efficiency = Æ for square
⎛f D ⎞ thread
Work Output tan x + f + ⎜⎜ c c ⎟⎟(1 − f tan x )
⎝ Dm ⎠
tan x (cos θ − f sin x )
efficiency = Æ for ACME
⎛f D ⎞ thread, where θ = 14.5 )
o

tan x cos θ + f cos x + ⎜⎜ c c ⎟⎟(cos θ − f sin x )

Do + Di⎝ m ⎠
D
where:
Dc =
2
BELTS
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ BELTS - is a flexible band used to connect pulleys or to convey materials by transmitting
motion and power.
USES OF BELTS
1. Power Transmission 2. Conveyor Service 3. Elevator Service
¾ TYPES OF BELT CONNECTIONS
a. Open Belt 2. Crossed Belt

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¾ TYPES OF TRANSMISSION BELTS

A. Flat Belt
Usual Flat Belt Materials
Leather Rubber
Stitched Canvass Balata
Advantages of Flat Belts
a. It can be used with High speed drives.
b. It can be used in dusty and abrasive environments.
c. It allows long distances between shafts.
d. It offers long life high efficiency, low cost and low maintenance.
Disadvantages of flat belts
a. The tension must be kept high. This results in high bearing loads and blet
stress
b. Noise
In Belt Design, the following parameters are to be considered:
a. The strength of the belt materials.
b. The arc of contact.
c. The center distance
d. The effects of the centrifugal force.
e. The coefficient of friction.
f. The belt thickness.
g. The belt width.
h. The working stress.
B. V-Belt

Classification of V-belt Drives

a. V-V drive – both the driving and the driven pulleys are sheaved.
b. V-Flat drive – the driving pulley is a sheaved while the driven pulley has a
plane surface.
Standard Sizes of V-Belts
bxt
½” x 15/16”
21/32” x 13/32”
7/8” x 17/32”
1 ¼” x ¾”
1 ¼” x 29/32”
Advantages of V-Belts
a. The belt cannot come out of the grooves.
b. The wedging action permits a smaller arc of contact.
c. Shorter center distances can be used.
d. Gripping action results in lower belt tension.
e. The drives are of high speed.
f. The drives are capable of absorbing high shock.
g. Standardization results in better initial installation and replacement.
In V-Belt design, the following are the procedure:
a. Determine the size of the belts.
b. Determine the standard size of the sheaves.
c. Determine the standard length of the belt with its standard specification.
d. Determine how many belts will be used in the installation.

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C. Toothed Belt (Timing Belt)

Advantages of Timing belts
a. Positive drive eliminates slippage and speed variation.
b. Low initial tension.
c. Uniform speed due to the absence of cord effect.
d. High horsepower to weight ratio.
e. Low maintenance cost.
f. Wide speed range.
g. Elimination of friction, low initial tension and thin belt construction prevents
heat build-up.
h. Low noise level.
i. Small sprocket and short center distances, narrow belts and high capacity
reduce space requirements.
j. Smooth running due to minimum backlash.
k. Economical drive.
l. Back of belt may be run over a flat surface.
B. DESIGN FORMULA
¾ BELT DESIGN
OPEN BELT
π ( D2 − D1 )2
L = 2C + ( D2 + D1 ) +
2 4C
D2 − D1
θ = π ± 2 sin −1
2
CROSS BELT
π ( D 2 + D1 ) 2
L = 2C + ( D2 + D1 ) +
2 4C
D + D
θ = π + 2 sin −1 2 1

Where: 2
L = Length of belt D1 = diameter of smaller pulley
D2 = diameter of larger pulley θ = angle of contact, (radians)
C = center distance
BELT SPEED RATIO
DN =D N
1 1 2 2
Where:
D1 = diameter of smaller pulley D2 = diameter of larger pulley
N1 = speed of smaller pulley N2 = speed of larger pulley
BELT TENSION RATIO
F1 − FC Where:
= e fθ F1 = tension on the tight side F2 = tension on the slack side
F2 − FC FC = centrifugal source θ = angle of contact
f = coefficient of friction
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

12 ρbtV 2 WV 2
FC = OR FC =
g gr
Where:
r = belt density b = belt width t = belt thickness
V = belt speed W = belt weight g = gravitational acceleration
r = radius of pulley
WORKING STRESS
Where:
F1
SW = F1 = tension on the tight side b = belt width
t = belt thickness SW = working stress
bt
ARC OF CONTACT

S = Rθ
Where:

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S = arc of contact R = radius of pulley θ = angle

of contact
POWER TRANSMITTED IN TERMS OF VELOCITY
KW = ( F1 − F2 )VS ( F1 − F2 )VS
HP =
Where: 550
F1 = tension on the tight side F2 = tension on the slack side
VS = belt velocity
VS = πDN
D = pulley diameter N = pulley speed, (rev/sec)
POWER TRANSMITTED IN TERMS OF RPM
2πTN TN
KW = HP =
60 63000
Where:
T = Torque N = pulley speed, (rpm)
NUMBER OF BELTS

Design HP
No. of belts =
Adjusted Rated HP
Where:
Design HP = Transmitte d HP ( N sf )
Adjusted Rated HP = Kθ K L ( Rated HP )
Transmitted HP = is the name plate rating HP
Nsf = service factor
K = correction factor of arc of contact
KL = correction factor of belt length
ROLLER CHAINS
¾ SPROCKET AND ROLLER CHAIN
- are used in transmitting power from one shaft to another shaft that is
parallel. It may be single or multi-strand.
¾ TYPES OF SPROCKETS
a. Type A is a pain plate
b. Type B has a hub on one side only
c. Type C a hub on both side
d. Type D a detachable hub
¾ TYPES OF LUBRICATION
a. Type I (Manual Lubrication)
b. Type II (Drip Lubrication)
c. Type III (Bath or Disc Lubrication)
d. Type D (Oil Stream Lubrication)
¾ GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF CHAIN DRIVES
a. The minimum number of teeth in a sprocket should be 17, unless the drive is
operating at a very low speed under 100 rpm.
b. The maximum speed ratio should be 7.0 although higher ratios are feasible. Two
or more stages of reduction can be used to achieve higher ratio.
c. The center distance between the sprocket axes should not be less than 1 ½
times the diameter of the larger sprocket or should be approximately 30 to 50
pitches. A center distance equivalent to 80 pitches may be considered an
approved maximum.
d. The arc of contact of the chain on the smaller sprocket should not be smaller
o
than 120 .
e. The larger sprocket should normally have not more than 120 teeth.
f. The preferred arrangement for a chain drive is with the center line of the
sprockets horizontal and with the tight side on top.
g. The chain length must be an integral multiple of the pitch and an even number of
pitches is recommended. The center distance should be made adjustable to
accommodate to chain length and to take up tolerances and wear. Excessive sag
on the slack side should be avoided, especially on drives that are not horizontal.
¾ RECOMMENDED SAE VISCOSITIES FOR VARIOUS OPERATING TEMPERATURE

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TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY
20 – 40o F SAE 20
o
40 – 100 F SAE 30
o
100 – 120 F SAE 40
o
120– 140 F SAE 50
Designation of Chain Sizes:
Chain No. 25 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 160 200
Pitch, in. 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 1 3/4 2 2 1/2
Center Distance Between Sprockets:

Where:
C = Center Distance P =Pitch L =Length of Chain
T =No. of Teeth of Large Sprocket t = No. of Teeth of Small Sprocket
General Rule:
Center distance should not be less than 1 ½ times the diameter of the large sprocket,
or not less than 30 times the pitch nor more than 50 times the pitch.
¾ SPROCKET MATERIALS
- For large sprocket, CAST IRON is commonly used, especially in drives
with large speed ratios. For Severe Services, CAST STEEL or STEEL
PLATE is preferred.
- For smaller sprockets of a drive are usually made of STEEL.
STAINLESS STEEL or BRONZE may be used for CORROSION
RESISTANCE and FORMICA, NYLON or other suitable plastic
materials for special application.
CLUTCHES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ CLUTCH - Is a machine member which is used to connect shafts so that the driven shaft
will rotate with the driving shaft, and to disconnect them at will.
¾ TYPES OF CLUTCH
1. Friction Clutch - The driving force is transmitted by friction
i. Plate or Disc Clutch iv. Cone Clutch
ii. Band Clutch v. Block Clutch
iii. Expanding Ring Clutch
2. Jaw Clutch - Jaws or teeth in the two elements are interlock
3. Hydraulic Clutch - The torque is transmitted by the moving fluid
4. Electro Magnetic Clutch - The torque is transmitted by means of a magnetic field.
DESIGN FORMULAE
I. PLATE or DISC CLUTCH

POWER

P = 2πTN
Where:
T = Torque N = rotational speed
T = nfFa r f
Fa = Axial force f = coefficient of friction
n = number of pairs of friction surface
Fa = πF ( ro2 − ri 2 ) rf = mean friction radius
2 ⎡ ro3 − ri3 ⎤
F = pressure between friction surface
rf = ⎢ 2 ⎥
for uniform

ro = outside radius
3 ⎣ ro − ri 2 ⎦ pressure clutch
(unworn new
clutch)
ri = inside radius
ro − ri
rf =
2
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For uniform wear

clutch
(worn clutch)

II. CONE CLUTCH

TORQUE TRANSMITTED
Fa fr f
T =
sin α
AXIAL FORCE
Fa = Fn sin α
Where:
Fa = axial load
Fn = normal load
f = coefficient of friction
rf = mean friction radius
α = cone angle
o o
= usually 7 ½ to 30
BRAKES
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ BRAKE
- is a machine element for applying friction to moving surfaces to slow it
down or bring to rest.
¾ TYPES OF BRAKE
a. Mechanical Brakes
a. Band Brake
b. Differential Brake
c. Block Brake
d. Brake Shoe
e. Disk Brake
f. Spot Brake
b. Hydrodynamic Brakes
c. Electric Brake
B. DESIGN FORMULAE
a. BAND BRAKE

TENSION RATIO

F1
= e fθ
F2
TORQUE
T = ( F2 − F1 ) R
ACTUATING FORCE
F2 ( a )
Fa =
L
MAXIMUM UNIT PRESSURE
F1
Pmax =
wR
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS
F1
S max =
wt
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Where:
F1 = force on tight side
F2 = force on slack side
R = drum radius
L = lever arm
f = coefficient of friction
= angle of contact
a = distance between F1 and F2
w = band width
t = band thickness
Pmax = maximum unit pressure
Smax = maximum allowable stress
b. DIFFERNTIAL BRAKE

ACTUATING FORCE
Clockwise rotation

F2 (a) − F1 (b)
Fa =
L
Counter clockwise rotation

F1 (a) − F2 (b)
Fa =
Where:
L
F1 = force on tight side
F2 = force on slack side
a = distance from fixed point to F2
b = distance from fixed point to F1
L = lever arm
c. BLOCK BRAKE

BRAKING TORQUE
T = fFr h
o
For large angle of contact > 60
P max WR
T= (θ + sin θ )
2
Where:
T = braking torque
f = coefficient of friction
h = effective moment arm

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Fr = radial force
Pmax = maximum normal pressure between block and drum
W = axial width of the drum
R = radius of the surface of the drum
= angle of contact
d. BRAKE SHOE
HEAT DISSIPATED in BRAKES
fFr V
H =
778
FOR LOWERING BRAKES, HEAT DISSIPATED
Wh
H=
778
TEMPERATURE RISE
H
tr =
Wr C
Where:
H = heat dissipated, BTU/min
f = coefficient of friction
h = total distance traveled, ft
Fr = radial load, lb
V = surface velocity, ft/sec
W = weight lowered, lb
Wr = weight of brake drum and flange, lb
C = specific heat of material
o
= 0.13 Btu/lb- F for cast iron
o
= 0.116 Btu/lb- F for cast steel
Tr = temperature rise
BEARING
a. DEFINITION OF TERMS
¾ BEARINGS
o is a machine member which supports, guides and control toe motion of others
¾ LUBRICATION
o Any substance that will form a film between the two surfaces of a bearing
¾ BABBITT
o A tin or lead base alloy which is used in bearing material
¾ VISCOSITY
o Resistance to flow or the property which resists shearing of the lubricant
¾ ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY
o Viscosity which is determined by direct measurement of shear resistance
¾ KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
o absolute viscosity divided by the specific gravity
¾ CLASSIFICATION OF BEARING ACCORDING TO FRICTION
a. Sliding Bearing
ƒ type of bearing where essentially sliding friction exists.
b. Rolling Bearing
a. Ball Bearing – type of rolling-element bearing which uses
spherical balls as rolling elements
b. Roller Bearing – type of rolling-element bearing which uses
cylindrical rollers as rolling application
c. Needle Bearing
¾ CLASSIFICATION OF BEARING ACCORDING TO LOAD APPLICATION
a. Radial Bearing
ƒ supports radial load
b. Thrust Bearing
ƒ carries a load collinear to axis
c. Guide Bearing
ƒ primarily guides the motion of a machine member without
specific regard to the direction of the load application.

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F. DESIGN FORMULAE

I. SLIDING BEARINGS

DIAMETRAL CLEARANCE
Cd = D − d
BEARING PRESSURE

F F
P= =
A LD
ECCENTRICITY
Cd
e= − hO = C r − hO
2
BEARING MODULUS
μn
BEARING MODULUS =
P
FRICTIONAL TORQUE
(Vallance)

Ff b D
Tf =
2
(Faires)
4 μπ 2 r 3 Ln s
Tf =
Cr
FRICTIONAL POWER

Pf = 2πT f N = fWV
HEAT DISSIPATION
Ch LD
H=
778
Where:
P = bearing pressure, psi, kPa
Cd = diametral clearance, in, m
Cr = radial clearance, in, m
D = diameter of the bearing (bore) in, m
d = diameter of the journal (shaft) in, m
F = radial load, lb, N
L = axial length of the journal, in, m
H = heat dissipitated, Btu/min
2
Ch = heat dissipated coefficient, ft-lbs per min-in of projected area
e = eccentricity
hO = film thickness, lubricants space, in, m
= viscocity in reyns
n = speed in rps

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fb = coefficient of friction
ns = journal speed, rps

II. BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS

BEARING CAPACITY BASED ON STRESSES

K 1nD 2
Fr = (ball bearing)
5
K 2 nLD 2
Fr = (roller bearing)
5
Where:
Fr = total radial load, lbs
n = no. of balls and rollers
D = ball diameter or roller diameter, in
L = length of roller, in
K1 = 550 for unhardened steel
= 700 for unhardened carbon steel
= 1000 for hardened alloy steel on flat races
= 1500 for hardened carbon steel
= 2000 hardened alloy steel on groove races
K2 = 7000 for hardened carbon steel
= 10,000 for hardened alloy steel

GEARS
DEFINITION OF TERMS

¾ GEARS
− Are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth.
¾ ADDENDUM
− Height of tooth above the pitch circle or the distance between the pitch circle and the
top of the tooth.
¾ ADDENDUM CIRCLE
− The circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
¾ ARC of ACTION
− Arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the first point of contact with
the mating tooth to the point where the contact ceases.
¾ ARC of APPROACH
− Arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the point of contact with the
mating tooth to the pitch point.
¾ ARC of RECESS
− Arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its contact with the mating
tooth at the pitch point to the point where the contact ceases.
¾ AXIAL PLANE
− In a pair of gears it is the plain that contains the two axes, in a single gear, it may be
any plane containing the axis and the given point.

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¾ BACKLASH
− The amount by which the width of the tooth space exceeds the thickness of the
engaging tooth on the pitch circles.
¾ BASE CIRCLE
− The circle from which an involute tooth is generated or developed.
¾ BASE HELIX ANGLE
− The angle, at the base of the cylinder of an involute gear, that the tooth makes with
the gear axes.
¾ BASE PITCH
− In an involute gear it is the pitch on the base of the circle or along the line of action
¾ NORMAL BASE PITCH
− Is the base pitch in the normal plane.
¾ AXIAL BASE PITCH
− Is the base pitch in the axial plane.
¾ CENTER DISTANCE
− The distance between the parallel axes of spur gears and parallel helical gears, or
between the crossed axes of helical gears and worm gears. Also it is the distance
between the center of the pitch circle.
¾ CENTRAL PLANE
− in a worm gear this the plane perpendicular to the gear axis and contains the
common perpendicular of the gear and the worm axes.
¾ CHORDIAL ADDENDUM
− The height from the top of the tooth to the chord subtending the circular thickness arc.
¾ CHORDIAL THICKNESS
− Length of the chord subtended by the circular thickness arc (the dimension obtained
when a gear tooth caliper is used to measure the thickness at the pitch circle)
¾ CIRCULAR PITCH
− Length of the arc of the pitch circle between the centers or other corresponding
points of adjacent teeth.
¾ NORMAL CIRCULAR PITCH
− Is the circular pitch in the normal plane.

¾ CIRCULAR THICKNESS
− The length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth, on the pitch circles unless
otherwise specified.
¾ NORMAL CIRCULAR THICKNESS
− Is the circular thickness in the normal plane.
¾ CLEARANCE
− The amount by which the dedendum exceeds the addendum of the mating tooth. It is
also the radial distance between the top of a tooth and the bottom of the mating tooth.
¾ CENTRAL DIAMETER
− The smallest diameter on a gear tooth with which the mating gear makes contact.
¾ CONTACT RATIO
− The ratio of the arc of action to the circular pitch. It is sometimes thought of as the
average number of teeth in contact. For involute gears, the contact ratio is obtain
most directly as the ratio of the length of action to the base pitch.
¾ CYCLOID
− The curved form by the path of a point in a circle as it rolls along a straight line. When
the circle rolls along the outer side of another circle, the curve is called an
Epicycloid; When it rolls along the inner side of another circle it is called
Hypocycloid.
¾ DEDENDUM
− The depth of the tooth space below the pitch circle or the radial dimension between
the pitch circle and the bottom of the tooth space.
¾ DIAMETRAL PITCH

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− the ratio of the number of teeth to the number of millimeters of pitch diameter.
¾ NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCH
− is the diametral pitch as calculated in the normal plane and is equal to the diametral
pitch divided by the cosine of helix angle.
¾ EFFECTIVE FACE WIDTH
− that portion of the face width that actually comes into contact with mating teeth, as
occasionally one member of a pair of gears may have a greater face width than the
other.
¾ EFFICIENCY
− the actual torque ration of a gear set divided by its gear ratio.
¾ EXTERNAL GEAR
− a gear with teeth on the outer cylindrical surface.
¾ FACE OF TOOTH
− that surface of the tooth which is between the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
¾ FACE WIDTH
− The length of the teeth in axial plane.
¾ FILLET CURVE
− the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins the bottom of the tooth space.
The approximate radius of this curve is called the fillet radius.
¾ FLANK OF TOOTH
− that surface which is between the pitch circle and the bottom land. The flank
includes the fillet.
¾ HELICAL OVERLAP
− the effective face width of a helical gear divided by the gear axial pitch; also called
the Face Overlap.
¾ HELIX ANGLE
− the angle that a helical gear tooth makes the gear axis.
¾ HIGHEST POINT OF SINGLE TOOTH CONTACT
− the largest diameter on a spur gear at which a single tooth is in contact with the
mating gear.
¾ INTERNAL DIAMETER
− the diameter of a circle coinciding with the tops of the teth on an internal gear.
¾ INTERNAL GEAR
− a gear with teeth on the inner cylindrical surface.

¾ INVOLUTE
− the curved formed by the path of a point on a straight line, called the generatrix, as it
rolls along a convex base curve. This curve is generally used as the profile of gear
teeth.
¾ LAND
− the top land is the top surface of the tooth, and Bottom land is the surface of the gear
between the fillets of adjacent teeth.
¾ LEAD
− the distance a helical gear or worm would thread along its axis one revolution of
it were free to move axially.
¾ LENGTH OF ACTION
− the distance on an involute line of action through which the point of contact moves
during the action of the tooth profile.
¾ LINE OF ACTION
− the path of contact in involute gears. It is the straight line passing through the pitch
point and the tangent to the base circles.
¾ LOWEST POINT OF SINGLE TOOTH CONTACT
− the smallest diameter on a spur gear at which a single tooth of one gear is in contact
with its mating gear.
¾ MODULE

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− the ratio of pitch diameter in millimeter to the number of teeth. English module is the
ratio of the pitch diameter in inches to the number of teeth.
¾ NORMAL PLANE
− a plane normal to the tooth surface at a point of contact, and perpendicular to the
pitch plane.
¾ OUTSIDE DIAMETER
− the diameter of the outside circle.
¾ PITCH
− the distance between similar, equally spaced tooth surfaces, in a given direction and
along a given curve or line.
¾ PITCH CIRCLE
− a circle the radius of which is equal to the distance from the gear axis to the pitch
point.
¾ PITCH DIAMETER
− the diameter of the pitch circle.
¾ PITCH PLANE
− in a pair of gears it is the plane perpendicular to the axial plane and tangent to the
pitch surfaces.
¾ PITCH POINT
− this is the point of tangency of two pitch circles and is on the line of center,
¾ PITCH SURFACE
− the surface of the rolling cylinder that the gear may be considered to replace.
¾ PLANE ROTATION
− any plane perpendicular to a gear axis.
¾ PRESSURE ANGLE
− the angle between the tooth profile and a radical line at its pitch point. In involute
teeth, the angle between the line of action and the line tangent to the pitch circle.
¾ PRINCIPAL REFERENCE PLANES
− these are a pitch plane, axial plane, and transverse plane, all intersecting at a point
and mutually perpendicular.
¾ RATIO OF GEARING
− ration of the numbers of teeth on mating gears.
¾ ROLL ANGLE
− the angle subtended at the center of a base circle from the origin of an involute to the
point of tangency of the generatrix from any point on the same involute.
¾ ROOT CIRCLE
− a circle coinciding with or tangent to the bottoms of the tooth spaces.

¾ ROOT DIAMETER
− diameter of the root circle.
¾ TANGENT PLANE
− a plane tangent to the tooth surfaces at a point or line of contact of material is
removed near the tip of the gear tooth.
¾ TIP RELIEF
− an arbitrary modification of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is
removed near the tip of the gear tooth.
¾ TOOTH THICKNESS
− the width of tooth measured along the pitch circle.
¾ TOOTH SPACE (SPACE WIDTH )
− the space between the teeth measured along the pitch circle.
¾ TOTAL FACE WIDTH
− the actual width dimension of a gear blank.
¾ TRANSVERSE PLANE
− a plane perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch plane.
¾ TROCHOID

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MACHINE DESIGN REVIEW GUIDE 2008
PREPARED BY: Engr. Jessie Ledesma

− the curve formed by the path of a point on the extension of a circle as it rolls along
the curve or line. It is also the curve formed by the path of a point on a perpendicular
to a straight line as the straight line rolls along the convex side of a base curve.
¾ TRUE INVOLUTE FORM DIAMETER
− the smallest diameter on the tooth at which the involute exists. Usually this is the
point of tangency of the involute tooth profile and the fillet curve. This usually
referred to as the TIP diameter.
¾ UNDERCUT
− a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside a line
drawn tangent to the working profile at its lowest point.
¾ WHOLE DEPTH
− the total depth of a tooth space, equal to addendum plus addendum, also equal to
working depth plus clearance.
¾ WORKING DEPTH
− the depth of engagement of two gears, that is, the sum of their addendums.

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