International Journal of Trend in Scientific

Research and Development (IJTSRD)

International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 5

Power Management in
n PV/Wind/Battery Based Hybrid Power System
Dipti
M.Tech Scholar
Scholar, Electrical Engineering Department,
E-Max School of Engineering
ngineering and Applied Research
Research, Gadhauli, Ambala, Haryana,
Haryana India

ABSTRACT
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is one of cell/electrolyzer hybrid system [20], [21], have been
the main means of smoothing wind- or solarsolar-power proposed to smooth wind power fluctuation or
generation fluctuations. Such BESS--based hybrid enhance power quality. Thanks to the rapid
power systems require a suitable control strategy that development of batteries, battery energy
energ storage
can effectively regulate power output levels and systems recently have begun to be utilized for
battery state of charge (SOC). This paper presents the multiple applications such as frequency regulation,
results of a wind/photovoltaic (PV)/BESS hybrid grid stabilization, transmission loss reduction,
power system simulation analysiss undertaken to diminished congestion, increased reliability, wind and
improve the smoothing performance of solar energy smoothing, spinning reserve, peak- p
wind/PV/BESS hybrid power generation and the shaving, load leveling, uninterruptible power sources,
effectiveness of battery SOC control. A smoothing grid services, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations,
control method for reducing wind/PV hybrid output and others.
power fluctuations and regulating battery SOC under
the typical
pical conditions is proposed. A power These days, the issue of how power fluctuations in PV
management method is proposed for balancing the and wind power generation are to be smoothed has
power between different components of hybrid power attracted widespread interest
rest and attention. And even
system. The effectiveness of these methods was as this issue is being resolved, another one, that of the
verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. application of an energy storage system such as
BESS, has arisen. When using BESS to control PV
Keywords: Battery energy stora storage systems, and wind power fluctuations, there is a trade-off
trade
photovoltaic, renewables, solar, proportional integral between battery effort and the degree of smoothness.
regulator, power quality. That is, if one is willing to accept a less smooth
output, the battery can be spared some effort. Thus
I. INTRODUCTION far, although various effective BESS-based
BESS methods
In recent years, electricity generation by photovoltaic of smoothing power fluctuations in renewable power
(PV) or wind power (WP) has received considerable generation systems have ve been proposed [2], [3], [5],
attention worldwide. The battery energy storage smoothing targets for grid-connected
connected wind and PV
system can provide flexible energy management farms generally have not been formulated. Smoothing
solutions that can improve the power quality of control by way of power fluctuation rate limits, for
renewable-energy
energy hybrid power generation systems. such systems, has rarely even been discussed.
To that end, several control strategies and
configurations for hybrid energy storage systems, The control strategies published in [1]–[5]
[1] were
such as a battery energy storage system [1] [1]–[5], a formulated mainly for single source BESS-based
BESS
superconducting magnetic energy system (SMES) [6], smoothing; hence, they did not consider power
a flywheel energy system (FES) [7], an energy allocation among several sources BESS. A suitable
capacitor system (ECS) [8]–[12], [12], and a fuel and effective control strategy for multisource BESS,
therefore, remains an urgent necessity.
neces

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug

Aug 2018 Page: 427
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
This article presents a stand-alone wind–PV hybrid such cells are connected in series we get a solar PV
generation system with battery for remote or isolated module. For obtaining higher power output the solar
areas. The keys are to extract the maximum power PV modules are connected in series and parallel
from the wind turbine and to harness the maximum combinations forming solar PV arrays. Figure 1
power from the PV panels. Our objectives are: shows the well-known equivalent circuit of the solar
cell composed of a light generated current source, a
1. to achieve effective control coordination among diode representing the nonlinear impedance of the p-n
the wind generator, PV system and battery to junction, and series and parallel resistances. The
maintain the dc-link voltage constant and series resistance Rs represents the internal losses due
2. to maintain constant and balanced voltages at the to the current flow. The parallel resistance Rp in
load bus as three phase dynamic loads need a parallel with the diode, this corresponds to the leakage
balanced three-phase supply for their proper current to the ground. The one diode model is the
operation. A coordinated control scheme is most commonly used circuit in the literature and the
developed in order to manage power between the solution of the circuit is not as complicated as is the
maximum power captured from the wind turbine case in other models. The parameters in the circuit
and solar arrays, battery and consumed load are; ID, IL, ISH, RSH, RS, I and V.
power.

This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents

the modeling of each power source. Section III
describes a SOC-based novel adaptive power control
strategy for smoothing power fluctuations of
WPPVGS output. Simulation results are discussed in
Section IV through three cases. Section V is the
conclusion. Figure 1 Equivalent circuit of a solar cell.

II. MODELLING OF POWER SOURCES From the circuit;

Because the variable nature of the output power of the I  I PH  I D  I SH (1)
WECS and PV system, the need of energy storage is IPH is photo-generated current.
very important. Consequently, temporary and/or While I is the output current of the cell.
durable energy storage, such as batteries, SMES or From Shockley’s diode equation;
super-capacitors and/or hydrogen storage tanks,   V  IRS  
essential to attain a dependable and safe process and I D  I 0 exp   1 (2)
  nVt  
to keep the mandatory power supply during power
Where;
oscillation, disturbance, failure or high power peak
kT
conditions. To attain this, system components should Vt  (3)
q
be designated with judgment and the control system
must ensure that hybrid power system components are By Ohm’s Law
V  IRS
well achieved and scrutinized properly. This chapter I SH  (4)
RSH
will cover a brief description of the important hybrid
system components used in this work:
1. PV System. Equation (5) is the overall solar cell characteristic
2. Wind energy conversion system. equation.
3. Battery Energy Storage System.   V  IRS   V  IRS
I D  I PH  I 0 exp   1 
 (5)
  AVt   RSH
A. PV System
Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity B. WIND ENERGY COVNVERSION SYSTEM
generation and the solar energy is directly converted Wind generation is classified into two major wind
into electrical energy by solar photovoltaic module. power generating units i.e. fixed speed generation and
Electricity from the sun can be generated through the variable speed generation (VSG). The fixed speed
solar photovoltaic modules (SPV). The photovoltaic generators operate at a fixed rotor speed to obtain
modules are made up of silicon cells. When many maximum efficiency. Deviation from the pre

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 428
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
determined speed causes reduction in efficiency. The
amount of power generated by the turbine can be C. BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
associated with the torque generated by the wind. The (BESS)
model base equation represents the mechanical power, In this paper, a generic battery model is implemented.
Pmech, harnessed from the wind, Equation 6. The model uses only the battery SOC as a state
variable in order to avoid the algebraic loop problem
1 and can accurately represent four types of battery
𝑃𝑎 = 𝜌𝜋𝑟 C (λ, β)V (6) chemistries including lead acid battery.
2
Ω
𝜆 = (7)
The modeling is attempted using a simple controlled
voltage source with a constant resistance as shown in
Here 𝑃 = Electrical output Fig.3, where the controlled voltage source is
𝜋𝑟 = rotor swept area described through (7) The model is implemented
Cp= power co-efficient through a controllable voltage source regulated by
λ =tip speed ratio Equation 7 and Equation 8.
β = pitch angle and
Vw= wind speed.
𝐸 =𝐸 −𝐾 +𝐴 ∫ (7)
∫
The tip speed ratio is defined as the ratio between the 𝑉 =𝐸 −𝑖 𝑅 (8)
blade tip speed and the wind speed V w
Where Ω is the turbine rotor speed and R is the radius Where, E is the internal voltage, Vbattis terminal
of the wind turbine blade. voltage and ibattis the current. The battery parameters,
A, B, K, R, Q and E0, are defined in Table1.
The mechanical rotor power generated by the turbine
as a function of the rotor speed for different wind
speed is shown in Fig. 2. The optimum power is also
shown in this figure.

Fig.3. Generic battery model.

Table-I Parameters of BESS

Parameter Definition
A Exponential zone amplitude (V)
B Exponential zone time constant
Fig.2. Mechanical power generated by the turbine as a inverse (Ah-1)
function of the rotor speed for different wind speeds K Polarization voltage (V)
Rbatt Rbatt Battery internal resistance (Ω)
The optimum power curve (Popt) shows how E0 E0 Battery constant voltage (V)
maximum energy can be captured from the fluctuating Q Q Capacity (Ah)
wind. The function of the controller is to keep the
turbine operating on this curve, as the wind velocity III. CONTROL SCHEME
varies. It is observed from this figure that there is The proposed standalone PMSG-based wind turbine
always a matching rotor speed which produces power system is shown in Fig. 4. Neutral wire is
optimum power for any wind speed. If the controller provided between the capacitors connected before the
can properly follow the optimum curve, the wind inverter, as shown in Fig. 3. By providing the neutral
turbine will produce maximum power at any speed system, we can feed to both single-phase as well as
within the allowable range. three-phase loads. The battery is connected to the dc
link through a dc–dc bidirectional buck-boost
converter. Using a bidirectional buck-boost converter,

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 429
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
the battery voltage can be kept lower as compared to
reference dc link voltage and hence fewer batteries
need to be connected in series. In the proposed system,
battery voltage is kept at about 300 V while V. In this
paper, the rating of the battery bank, considering
60%depth of discharge (DOD) [8], is decided based on
the assumption that even when the wind power is zero
and dump load not used, it should cater to the energy
requirement of a 6-kW load for approximately an
hour.

The schematic of the dc–dc converter controller used

to regulate the charging/discharging current of the Fig.4. Proposed control scheme.
battery to maintain the dc bus voltage constant is
depicted in Fig. 4. Treating the controller output as the IV. Results and Discussion
reference current for the battery, a hysteresis band The solar-wind constructed power system is
approach is adapted to switch either or of the dc–dc demonstrated and realized in MATLAB/Simulink.
converter. In addition, the control signal is constrained The particulars of the forming are specified in section
within a limit so that the actual charging/discharging II. In this section the suggestedstructure is exposed to
current will be as per the specification of the battery; inconstant solar irradiance as well as inconstant wind
as a result the longevity of the battery will be speed. In addition to this flexible load is associated to
enhanced. the system. These will lead to the endless difference
A proper real power management scheme needs to be between supply and demand. So BESS overcome this
formulated to maintain the dc bus voltage constant to difficult and the results are shown in the following
keep modulation index within a reasonably practical figures. For examining the legitimacy of the solar-
limit, when the ac output voltage (PCC voltage) of the wind based power system is exposed to altered levels
inverter needs to be maintained constant. In our of solar irradiance. For the time interval 0-2 second
system (Fig. 3), apart from wind there are two other the solar irradiance level is 1000 W/m2. For second
devices, namely battery and dump load. Out of these time interval between 2-6 second the solar irradiance
equipment, the battery can act either as a source or as a level is reduced to 800W/m2 shown in the figure 3. As
sink. As a result it should discharge (charge) within the irradiance level is reduced the output current and
specified limits when there is deficit (surplus) of wind the output power of the PV system also decreased. For
energy due to low (high) wind speed. The dump load the ease merely one time change in the solar
can only act as a sink for the system. In this work, it is irradiance is done else the other waveforms will be
assumed that, due to high wind speed, the excess congested and cannot be evidently observable.
energy produced is first pushed into the battery until it 1200

reaches its upper limit of charge carrying capacity and 1100

then the excess power is fed to the dump load and is

1000
Irradiance value (W/m2)

900

regulated via the chopper control. The decision about 800

switching on the control action is carried out by 700

comparing the upper limit of the state of charge (SOC)

600

500

of the battery and the present status of SOC. When the

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Sec)

SOC becomes higher than its limit, the controller will Fig. 5.Solar Irradiance level
increase the duty cycle as a function of over voltage in
the dc bus voltage. The schematic of the control Figure 6 is showing solar irradiance against MPPT
scheme is depicted in Fig. 4.In case of a long-term no- voltage waveform. From this it is obviouslyimplicit
wind or low-wind condition, the battery is integrated that the irradiance level picks the MPPT voltage. As
with WECS. the irradiance level decreased the MPPT voltage also
reduces.

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 430
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
12000
Irradiance requirement. In the earlier case it is described that
deficit in the PV system is recompensed by the BESS.
MPPT voltage
10000

Here also when the load surges, this extra requirement

8000

Irradianc e V s M P P T v oltage
6000

4000
is satisfied by the BESS if the PV system WECS are
2000
not capable of meeting the need.
0

-2000

V. CONCLUSIONS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Sec)

Fig. 6.Solar Irradiance level Vs PV MPPT voltage The modeling and performance analysis of stand-
alone hybrid Wind/PV/Battery power generation
For compensating the deficit in the PV system power system with MPPT Controllers using
BESS responds conferring to the need. MATLAB/Simulink environment is presented in this
paper. The variations in wind velocity, solar
For these persistence BESS controllers gives the irradiation and dynamic load conditions are
command to the converter circuit and further it supply considered for the simulation study. Perturb and
power to the demand. If the BESS state of charge Observe (P&O) technique is used for maximum
(SOC) less than the minimum value then BESS does power tracking for wind power system.
not comes in to action. In the figure 7 BESS current
waveform is shown. From the figure it is found that For PV system MPPT algorithm based on incremental
when the PV system output decreases, BESS power conductance is used to get maximum power output.
increased to compensate this shortfall. The algorithm changes the duty cycle of the DC/DC
converter to maximize the power output of the array
60

50

40
and make it operate at the peak power point of the
Output curren of BESS (A)

array. The PV control strategy of a DC/AC converter

30

20

10

0
connected to the load has been proposed. The system
-10
is also able to meet the variable load demand while
maintaining dc-link voltage constant. It has been
-20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Sec)

Fig. 7 Output current of the BESS. demonstrated that the proposed hybrid system
performs satisfactorily under different dynamic
For the second case, there is variation in load is made conditions while maintaining constant voltage and
at the time 4 sec. firstly the system is connected to the frequency.
10 KW resistive load. There is a step increase of
additional 3 KW load is made at time 4 sec. this extra The power balance between wind, PV power system,
load is removed at time 5 sec. Figure 8 shows the battery and load has been maintained while extracting
waveform of the power drawn by the load. maximum power for both sources. The simulation
results showed the effectiveness of the integrated
15000

10000
control strategy adopted.
Load Power (W)

5000
REFERENCES
1. Nishad Mendis, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Saad Sayeef
and Sarath Perera, ‘StandaloneOperation of Wind
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Sec)

Fig.8. Power drawn by the load. Turbine-Based Variable Speed Generators with
x 10
4
Maximum Power Extraction Capability’ IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 27,
3
Load
BESS
2 WT

2012, no. 4, pp. 822-834.

Power output of different components

PV
FC
1

-1 2. V. Galdi, A. Piccolo and P. Siano., ‘Dynamic

-2
Performances and Control of Dispersed
Generators Connected through Inverter’,
-3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Sec)

Fig. 9 Power waveform of load, WECS, PV and Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference
BESS CIMCA-IAWTIC’05

When the load is greater than before the HPS system 3. E. Cetin, ‘A micro-DC power distribution system
start providing more current to come across the for a residential application energized by

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 431
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
photovoltaic-wind/fuel cell hybrid energy 10. Akie Uehara, Alok Pratap, Tomonori Goya,
systems,’ Energy and Buildings, 2010, vol. 42, pp. Tomonobu Senjyu, Atsushi Yona, Naomitsu
1344 -1352. Urasaki and Toshihisa Funabashi ‘A Coordinated
Control Method to Smooth Wind Power
4. Chunhua Liu, K. T. Chau and Xiaodong Zhang,
Fluctuations of a PMSG-Based WECS’ IEEE
‘An Efficient Wind–Photovoltaic Hybrid
Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 26,
Generation System Using Doubly Excited
2011, No. 2, pp. 550-558.
Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machine’ IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, 11. Jayalakshmi N. S. and D. N. Gaonkar, ‘Dynamic
2010, no. 3, pp. 831-839. Modeling and Performance Analysis of Grid
Connected PMSG based Variable Speed Wind
5. C. N. Bhende, S. Mishraand Siva Ganesh Malla,
Turbines With Simple Power Conditioning
‘Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-
System’ IEEE International Conference on Power
Based Standalone Wind Energy Supply System’
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES-
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, VOL.
2012) CPRI, Bangalore, India.
2, 2011, NO. 4, pp. 361-373.
12. Mutoh N., Ohno M. and Inoue T. “A Method for
6. Fakham, H., L. Di and B. Francois, ‘Power control
MPPT Control while searching for Parameters
design of a battery charger in a hybrid active PV
Corresponding to Weather Conditions for PV
generator for load-following applications’, IEEE
Generation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on
Trans. Ind. Electr., 2011, 58(1): 85-94.
Industrial Electronics, vol.53, 2006, no.4,pp.
7. S. A. Daniel and N. Ammasai Gounden, ‘A novel 1055-1065.
hybrid isolated generating system based on PV fed
13. Slootweg J. G., Haan S. W. H., Polinder H and
inverter-assisted wind-driven induction
Kling W. L., ‘General Model for Representing
generations’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.
Variable Speed wind Turbines in Power System
19, 2004, no. 2, pp. 416–422.
Dynamics Simulations’, IEEE Trans. On Power
8. S. M. Raza Kazmi, H. Goto, G. Hai-Jiao, and O. Systems, Vol. 18, 2003, No. 1, pp. 144-151.
Ichinokura. “Review and critical analysis of the
14. Akie Uehara Alok Pratap, Tomonori Goya,
research papers published till date on maximum
Tomonobu Senjyu, Atsushi Yona, Naomitsu
power point tracking in wind energy conversion
Urasaki, and Toshihisa Funabashi, ‘A Coordinated
system,” in Energy Conversion Congress and
Control Method to Smooth Wind Power
Exposition (ECCE), 2010, IEEE, pp. 4075-4082.
Fluctuations of a PMSG-Based WECS’, IEEE
9. Yuanye Xia, Khaled H. Ahmed, and Barry W. Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, NO.
Williams., ‘A New Maximum Power Point 2, 2011, pp. 550-558
Tracking Technique for Permanent Magnet
15. Abo-Khalil A.G., Lee D.C. and Seok J. K.,
Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy
‘Variable Speed Wind Power Generation System
Conversion System’ IEEE Transactions On Power
Based on Fuzzy Logic Control for Maximum
Electronics, Vol. 26, 2011, No. 12, pp. 3609-3620.
Output Power Tracking’, Pro.

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 432