Horizontal rows are known as periods. (Represent number of electron shells.) - Number of protons increases - Number of electron shells increases Vertical rows are known as groups. (Represent number of valence - Atomic radius increases electrons.) - Metallic properties remain constant
Metallic elements will form cations as they lose their
PERIODIC TABLE valence electrons to form positively charged ions.
For example, Group I elements like Sodium (Na) will form Na+ with charge +1.
Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Valence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 electro ns
Period Li Be B C N O F Ne II
Ion Li+ Be2+ B3+ - N3- O2- F- -
Non-metallic elements will form anions as they gain Period Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar electrons to form negatively charged ions. III For example, Group VII elements like chlorine (CI) will form CI - with charge of –1. Ion Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ - P3- S2- Cl- -
TRANSITION METALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METALS
Transition metals has high melting points and high densities
due to the strong metallic bonds.
They are good electrical and thermal conductors.
Transition metals also form coloured compounds.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METALS
Transition metals has the ability to exhibit multiple oxidation
states.
Hence, they are frequently used as catalysts.
For example, iron is used in the Haber process to produce
TRANSITION METALS ammonia, and nickel is used in making margarine through the process of adding hydrogen to vegetable oil (hydrogenation). Transition metals are found in between the Group II and Group III elements in the periodic table.
ALKALI METALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS Name of element Melting points / °C Density / gcm-3 - Low melting points Lithium (Li) 180 0.534 - Low densities, lithium, sodium and potassium can float on water Sodium (Na) 98 0.971 - Good conductor of electricity & heat Potassium (K) 63 0.862 Rubidium (Rb) 39 1.532 Densities of alkali metals generally increase down the group while Caesium (Cs) 28 1.873 melting points decrease down the group. Francium (Fr) 27 - This is due to the increase in atomic radius down the group. (decreases down the (increases down the group) group)
GROUP I: ALKALI METALS Chemical properties of alkali metals
Group I elements are called alkali metals as they react with water to give As they have only one valence electron in their outermost shell, they alkaline solutions. form ionic compounds, with their resulting ions of +1 charge.
Reactivity of alkali metals increases down the group due to the
extra electron shells and the nucleus is further away, which increases Metal Chloride Nitrate Carbon Sulfate Oxide Hydroxid the ease of losing the valence electron. ate e
- Low melting and boiling points that has an increasing trend
down the group Name of element State Colour - Densities of the halogens increase down the group - Dissolve sparingly in water (chlorine, bromine and iodine) generally, but soluble in organic solvents. - Does not conduct electricity due to a lack of mobile charge carriers Fluorine (F2) Gas Pale Yellow Chlorine (Cl2) Gas Green Yellow Bromine (Br2) Liquid Reddish brown CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOGENS Iodine (I2) Solid Black Astatine (At2) Solid Black Reactivity decreases down the group. The ease of gaining a valence electron decreases as the valence shell is further away from (increases down (increasing colour intensity) the nucleus, making it more difficult to attract an electron. the group)
DISPLACEMENT REACTION
A more reactive halogen is able to displace a less reactive halogen
GROUP VII: THE HALOGENS from an aqueous solution of its ions.
Halogens usually exist as diatomic molecules. Cl2 (aq) + 2KBr (aq) 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)
The solution will turn reddish brown due to the aqueous bromine produced.
Name of Melting points / °C Boiling points / °C State - Do not conduct electricity (lack of charge carriers) element - Very low melting and boiling points - Increasing melting and boiling points going down the group Helium (He) - -269 Gas - Increasing densities of noble gases going down the group Neon (Ne) -248 -246 Gas Argon (Ar) -189 -186 Gas USE OF NOBLE GASES Krypton (Kr) -157 -153 Gas Xenon (Xe) -111 -108 Gas Element Application Reason Radon (Rn) -71 -62 Gas
(increases down the (increases down the Helium (He) Fill airships & hot air balloons Low density comparative group) group) to air
GROUP 0: THE NOBLE GASES
Neon (Ne) Fill interior of neon light tubes Unreactive gas All noble gases have a fully filled valence shell.
Noble gases are unreactive and inert since they have a stable electronic configuration. Argon (Ar) Fill light bulbs Unreactive gas
They exist as mono-atomic particles (single atoms).
9 Try it yourself! (TYS Question)
Answer: Try it yourself! (TYS Question)
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