Project
Project
Project
mARCH
INVESTIGATORY
2023
PROJECT
Mr / Miss……………………………………………………………..
in the ………………………………………………………...on the
topic ………………………………………………………..during
the year 2022-2023.
Teacher-in-charge
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus
Chemicals Required
Result
Conclusion
Precaution
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A coin is a small, flat, round piece of Metal used primarily as a medium of
exchange. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities to
facilitate the trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have
images, numerals, or text on them. Coins are usually metal or an alloy, or
sometimes made of manmade materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins
made of valuable metal are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Exceptions
to the rule of face value being higher than content value also occur for some
bullion coins made of copper, silver, or gold (and, rarely, other metals, such
as platinum or palladium)
THEORY
They are generally harder than their components with reduced malleability and
ductility. Alloys are prepared to enhance certain characteristics of the constituent
metals, as per requirement.
Coins that are intended for circulation have some special requirements based on
the conditions they will encounter. For example, a coin may be in circulation for
up to 30 years, and so must have excellent wear resistance and anti-corrosion
properties. Achieving this goal necessitates the use of base metal alloys. Some
metals like manganese have occasionally been used in coins, but suffer from
making the coins too hard to take an impression well.
7. pH Paper
CHEMICALS REQURIED
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Sodium Hydroxide
Ammonium Acetate
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Chromate
Potassium
Ferrocyanide
Ammonium
Hydroxide
Ammonium Chloride
Potassium Sulphocyanide
Potassium Nitrite
Ammonium Thiocyanide
Dimethyl Glyoxime
Bromine Water
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Phosphate
Twenty Paise Coin (India)-Made in 2003
Experiment Observation Inference
Zero Group:
Add concentrated solution of sodium No white fumes observed. Ammonia (NH4+) is absent.
hydroxide(NaOH) to it
Group I:
Add dilute solution of hydrochloric No white precipitate formed. Pb2+, Ag2+ and Hg22+ are absent.
acid to the original solution.
Group II:
Group III:
Add NH4Cl and NH4OH(in excess) to A white precipitate is obtained. Al3+ may be present.
the original solution.
RESULT
Twenty Paise Coin of India contains Aluminum (Al3+) and Magnesium (Mg2+).
Twenty Paise
One Cent Coin (U.S.A)-Made in 1987
Experiment Observation Inference
Zero Group:
Add concentrated solution of sodium No white fumes observed. Ammonia (NH4+) is absent.
hydroxide (NaOH) to it.
Group I:
Pb2+, Ag2+ and Hg22+ are
To one part of the blue solution add acetic obtained. Cu2+ is present.
acid and potassium ferrocyanide solution.
Potassium Iodide test:
A white precipitate is formed in
To another part add acetic acid and the brown coloured solution. Cu2+ is present.
potassium iodide solution.
Group III:
Al3+,Cr3+,Fe3+,Fe2+ are
Add NH4Cl and NH4OH(in excess) to the A white precipitate is obtained. absent.
original solution.
Group IV:
A dull white precipitate is
Use the same solution as used in Group III obtained. Zn2+ may be present.
tests and pass H2S gas through it.
Confirmatory for Zn2+:
To one part of the original solution add Add more NaOH to dissolve the
sodium hydroxide
precipitate. Zn2+ is present.
solution drop-wise.
Zero Group:
Add concentrated solution of sodium No white fumes observed. Ammonia (NH4+) is absent.
hydroxide(NaOH) to it.
Group I:
No white precipitate Pb2+, Ag2+ and Hg22+ are
Group II:
and pass H2S gas through it. precipitate formed. Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+ are absent.
Group III:
A reddish brown precipitate
Add NH4Cl and NH4OH(in excess) to the original is obtained. Fe3+ may be present.
solution.
Dissolve the reddish brown precipitate in dilute HCl, and divide the solution into two parts.
Potassium sulphocyanide test:
Blood red colouration
RESULT
Two Rupee Coin of India contains Iron (Fe3+).
Zero Group:
Add concentrated solution of sodium No white fumes observed. Ammonia (NH4+) is absent.
hydroxide(NaOH) to it.
Group I:
No white precipitate Pb2+, Ag2+ and Hg22+ are
Group II:
A black precipitate
Add dilute solution of HCl to the original obtained. Cu2+ may be present.
solution and pass H2S gas through it.
white precipitate, add NH4OH in excess. solution obtained. Cu2+ may be present.
To one part of the blue solution add acetic acid precipitate is obtained. Cu2+ is present.
and potassium ferrocyanide solution.
A white precipitate is
A black precipitate is
obtained.
RESULT
Two Rupee Coin of India contains Copper (Cu2+) and Nickel (Ni2+).