VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM, PADAPPAI

Physics project
2022-23
Class: xii

NAME: barath Eswar

ROLL NO: 12a202
 VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM
PADAPPAI
NAME :
CLASS :
ROLL NO :
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of project work done by

Mr / Miss……………………………………………………………..
in the ………………………………………………………...on the
topic ………………………………………………………..during
the year 2022-2023.

Teacher-in-charge

Submitted for the practical examination in ……………………at

……………………………………………………………………held
on ………………….

Principal Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher as well as our director
and vice principal who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project. It
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came
to know about so many things, I am really
thankful to them.

I would also thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot finalizing within the limited time
frame.
Investigatory
Project on
Self-Inductance
 INDEX
S.No Topic Page no

1 Aim 3

2 Apparatus Required 3

3 Theory 6

4 Principle 7

5 Formulae 7

6 Circuit Diagram 11

7 Procedure 12

8 Experimental Setup 13

9 Observation 14

10 Result 14

11 Precaution 15

12 Source of Error 15

13 Bibliography 15
AIM
To study the factors on which the self-inductance of the coil depends
by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor in a
circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.

Apparatus Required
1. A coil with number of turns

2. An A.C. source with adjustable frequency

3. A.C. Ammeter of suitable range (5V)

4. Rheostat
5.A soft iron rod 6. one way key

7. Connecting wires
Theory
Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that resists
or opposes the change of current flowing through it. This occurs mainly due
to the self-induced emf produced in the coil itself. In simple terms, we can
also say that self-inductance is a phenomenon where there is the induction
of a voltage in a current-carrying wire.
The self-induced EMF present in the coil will resist the rise of current
when the current increases and it will also resist the fall of current if the
current decreases. In essence, the direction of the induced emf is opposite
to the applied voltage if the current is increasing and the direction of the
induced emf is in the same direction as the applied voltage if the current is
falling.
The above property of the coil exists only for the changing current
which is the alternating current and not for the direct or steady current. Self-
inductance is always opposing the changing current and is measured in
Henry (SI unit).
Induced current always opposes the change in current in the circuit,
whether the change in the current is an increase or a decrease. Self-
inductance is a type of electromagnetic induction.
Principle
Self-inductance of the coil is works under principle Electromagnetic
Induction. Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of
voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states, “Whenever a
conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is
induced. Likewise, if the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced,
which is called induced current.”
Faraday’s second law states that “The magnitude of induced EMF is
equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the closed circuit
Lenz’s law
The law state that the direction of induced current in such that it
opposes the cause which produced it i.e., it opposes the change in
magnetic flux

Formulae
At any instant the magnetic flux ∅ linked with the coil is proportional to
the current I through it.

∅∝𝐼
∅= LI

Where L is the constant of self-inductance or coefficient of self-

inductance. Any change in current setup in an induced EMF in the coil is
given by
 𝑑∅
ε=-
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (𝐿𝐼)
ε=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
ε = -𝐿 𝑑𝑡

Self-inductance of a coil in the Air medium is given as

µoN2 A
L=
𝑙
Self-inductance of a coil in the any other medium is given as

µoµrN2 A
L=
𝑙
Were

µo Permeability in free space

µr Relative permeability

µ Permeability in a medium

µo
µr =
µ

𝑙 Length of the Coil

N Number of turns in the coil

 A Area of the coil

When the coil is connected to the bulb in series with an A.C. source
the current is given as
εrms
Irms =
𝑍
𝑧 Impedance

Impedance is given in an inductive circuit is

1
𝑧 = (𝑅 2
+ 𝜔2 𝐿2 )2
R Resistance of bulb

𝜔 Angular frequency of A.C. source

L Self-inductance of the coil

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑓 Frequency of A.C source

The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is

2
H = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 Zt
 Power consumed by the bulb is

𝐻
P=
𝑡
So,
2
P= 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 Z

1
2 2 2
2
P= 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 (𝑅 + 𝜔2 𝐿 )
Factors Affecting Self-inductance
µoµrN2 A
L=
𝑙
By the above Equation we can say that Self inductance of the circuit is
depends on
1. Permeability of the Material in the medium

L∝µ
2. Number of Turns of the coil

L ∝ 𝑁2
3. Geometrical shape of the material
1
L∝ , L∝A
𝑙
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
1. Make all connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant current in the
circuit by using the variable resistor (R1) (let frequency of source is
60 Hz and voltage is 6V).

3. Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the brightness of bulb.

4. Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and record the
current in A.C. ammeter and again check the brightness of bulb. The
current and brightness both decreases.

5. Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency of A.C. source
(say 50 Hz).

6. Again, switch on the supply and adjust the current in circuit at same
constant voltage 6V by using the rheostat. Note the current in
ammeter and brightness of bulb. The current and brightness both will
increases.

7. Again, insert the iron in the core of coil and note the current and
brightness. The current and brightness both decreases.

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of A.C. source

(say 40 Hz,30 Hz and 20 Hz).
Experimental setup
 Observation
1. Least Count Error= 0 A.
2. Zero error of ammeter =0 A.
3. Range of ammeter = 0-5 A.

S No. Frequency of applied Current in ammeter Current in ammeter

voltage(Hz) without iron rod in with iron rod in coil
coil (A) (A)

1. 60 2.0 1.8

2. 50 2.5 2.3

3. 40 2.9 2.6

4. 30 3.4 3.25

5. 20 4.1 4.0

Result
1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron rod in the core
of coil at constant frequency of applied voltage and brightness of bulb
decreases and vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the frequency of
applied voltage and vice-versa. Therefore, the brightness of bulb
increases.
Precautions
1. The coil should have large number of turns.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.

Sources of Error

1. The resistance of circuit may increase slightly due to heating effect of

current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.

Bibliography
https://www.tme.eu/en/news/library-
articles/page/42527/induction-coil-and-its-
application-in-the-practice-of-an-electronic-engineer/
https://i.stack.imgur.com/n6keG.jpg
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/working-with-
wire/all
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inducti
on
https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/inductor.html
NCERT Text book