Column Design to Eurocodes

Dr. (Eng.) Samith Buddika

Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Peradeniya
[email protected]
0772171984
COLUMNS
COLUMNS
COLUMNS
 COLUMNS
COLUMN = ELEMENT SUBJECTED TO:

ECCENTRIC
BENDING MOMENT& COMPRESSIVE FORCE
COMPRESSIVE FORCE

5
 COLUMNS
RECTANGULAR
SECTION

Eccentric Compression
compressio with biaxial
n bending

CIRCULAR RING-SHAPED
SECTION SECTION

6
 COLUMNS

COLUMNS + GIRDERS = FRAME

SENSITIVE TO LATERAL
DISPLACEMENT

HIGH VALUES OF THE BENDING

MOMENTS IN COLUMNS AND
GIRDERSS

7
 COLUMNS
THE ENDS OF THE COLUMNS CAN HAVE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTIONS WITH
NEIGHBORING ELEMENTS:

• RESTRAINED DISPLACEMENTS & ROTATIONS (AS

FOUNDATIONS)

• PARTIALLY FREE DISPLACEMENTS & ROTATIONS

DEPENDING ON:
- stiffness of neighboring elements
- with or without bracings
• FREE DISPLACEMENTS & ROTATIONS
8
 COLUMNS
BRACING SYSTEMS ARE USED IN
ORDER TO REDUCE THE
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
Perete din
beton armat Contravântuire
Reinforced Metal
metalică
concrete bracing
wall

Metal bracing

AS A RESULT OF THE ABOVE:

• BRACED
COLUMNS
• UN-BRACED
COLUMNS 9
COLUMNS
 COLUMNS
DEFINITIONS
First order effects - M0Ed: action effects calculated without
consideration of the effect of structural deformations, but
including geometric imperfections

Second order effects - M: additional action effects

caused by structural deformations

Second order moment - MEd = M0Ed ( > 1,0) :

bending moment, taking into account the influence
of structural deformations

11
 COLUMNS
The second order effects are produced by two types of
deformations:

Lateral deformations of the story:

- depends on the structural stiffness,
- characteristic for unbraced structures

Individual deformations of the element:

- depends on slenderness &
neighboring elements
- characteristic for braced structures
- may cause buckling

12
 COLUMNS

Buckling: failure due to instability of a member or structure

under perfectly axial compression and without transverse load

Buckling load: the load at which buckling occurs; for isolated

elastic members it is synonymous with the Euler load

Effective length: a length used to account for the shape of the

deflection curve; it can also be defined as buckling length.

Isolated members: members that are isolated, or members in a

structure that for design purposes may be treated as being isolated

13
 COLUMNS

1. GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS

2. SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

3. COLUMNS WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

4. BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH RECTANGULAR

CROSS SECTION

5. CIRCULAR/RING-SHAPED COLUMNS

6. DETAILING OF COLUMNS

1
0
 GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS
The unfavorable effects of possible deviations shall be taken into
account in the analysis of members and structures.
Deviations:
- cross section dimensions
- geometry of the structure
- position of loads

Deviations in cross section dimensions:

- are normally taken into account in the material safety factors
- these should not be included in structural analysis
- for cross section design it is necessary to assume the minimum eccentricity,
e0 = h/30 but not less than 20 mm where h is the depth of the section

h 11
 GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS

Deviations in the geometry of the structure:

• shall be taken into account in ultimate limit states in:
- persistent design situations
- accidental design situations

• need not be considered for serviceability limit states

16
 GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS
IMPERFECTIONS MAY BE REPRESENTED BY AN INCLINATION
i  0  h  m

0 1/200 - basic value

GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS
UNBRACED STRUCTURE
Hi  i  F

18
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

TOPIC OF SECOND ORDER EFFECTS

First order effects - M0Ed: action effects calculated without
consideration of the effect of structural deformations, but including
geometric imperfections
Second order effects - M: additional action effects
caused by structural deformations
Second order moment - MEd = M0Ed ( > 1,0) : bending
moment, taking into account the influence of structural
deformations
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

ELEMENT SENSITIVITY TO SECOND ORDER EFFECTS DEPENDS ON

SLENDERNESS RATIO

Cantilevered column
Longitudinal force increases from zero till column
failure M0Ed = Ne
M = N
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Slender columns 35 <   120

• important second order effects
• bending moment increases faster
than longitudinal force  curve b
• element failure is produced by
exhaustion of bearing capacity
force b
to a equal to Rd < NB
• NNBbb - is the buckling
force

Very slender columns  >

•120buckling occurs at the force B
Nc
Short columns   • deformations increase
•35 negligible second order effects indefinitely
under constant
• bending moment is proportional to force
• in Nc  B
this case bearing capacityRd
the longitudinal force  line a Nc
• element failure is produced by
exhaustion of bearing capacity
to a force equalRdto Na 1
8
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE
2

N B  2EI - Euler formula for buckling load of isolated
l0 columns

(1707 –
1783)
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

 2 EI
NB  2
l
Euler formula does not correctly describe the correlation between
bearing capacity and element slenderness
2nd order
effects may EC2 defines
be ignored
Real correlation lim

lim
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

SLENDERNESS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF ISOLATED MEMBERS

a) double pined column in braced structures; not suitable in seismic

areas
b) column in one level unbraced precast structure
c) column in one level braced precast structure
d)double fixed column in braced structure; bottom end =
foundation !; top end = very stiff girder ?
e) case d in braced structure
f) column in braced structure; node rotation is possible
g) foundation rotation of case b
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Double Double Real

Braced structure:
pinned fix colum
- no lateral
column column n
deformations Extreme
- node rotations situations
 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

- this structure sways

-this is a sway
structure
OR

Unbraced structure: Double fix column & Real

- lateral free lateral colum
deformations deformations n
- node rotations
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Static
analysis is
required
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

1 – fixed to foundation; monolithically connected to a beam hb

 hc 2 – connected to a slab; monolithically connected to a
beam hb < hc 3 - connected to simple supported beam
4 – unrestrained
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

For members with varying normal force and/or cross

section

EIrepr – representative stiffness

NB – buckling load calculated by
appropriate software or numerical
methods
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

CREEP INFLUENCE
1ST order bending moment:
M 0Ed  N Ed e

2nd order bending moment without

creep influence:
MEd  M0Ed  N Ed 
2nd order bending moment with creep
influence:
MEd  M0Ed  N Ed 1  
M 0Edqp
The duration of loads may be taken into account by: ef   ,t 0 

M 0Ed
M0Edqp - calculated for section with maximum bending moment
 or
M0Ed - a representative mean value
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORC
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Second order effects may be ignored if they are less than

10 % of the corresponding first order effects

Slenderness criterion for isolated members

Second order effects may be ignored if   lim

lim  20ABC n
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORC
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL
FORCE
lim based on accepted simplifications for coefficients A, B
&C
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Methods of analysis
General method based on nonlinear analysis
EC2 – 5.8.6

Method based on nominal curvature Method

based on nominal stiffness

Last two methods are simplified solutions.

There is the possibility of the second order static analysis (nonlinear static analysis)
based on nominal stiffness. Efforts resulting from this calculation include second
order effects.
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Method based on nominal curvature

Method is suitable for isolated columns with constant NEd and defined l0

For the calculation of this term, a sinusoidal

distribution of displacements along the
columns is assumed:
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Method based on nominal curvature

Method is suitable for isolated columns with constant NEd and
defined l0

sine-
shaped l0
curvature max M2 = NEde2
distributio sine-shaped moment M2
n distribution

M0E
d
Second order effects depends on element deformed shape
Maximum deflection e2 depends on curvature 1/r in the moment of
failure 1/r depends on NEd & creep 3
4
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

CURVATURE
For members with constant symmetrical cross
sections, including reinforcement:
1 r  K r K  1 r0
Kr – correction factor for axial load
K – correction factor for creep
1 r0 - maximum curvature corresponds to
balance situation (maximum bending
moment)
1 yd

r0 d  xlim
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORC
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORC
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Correction factor Kr
Higher NEd smaller curvature
1/r
N u  Nbal N u  Nd


N u  A s, tot f yd  A c f cd  N cRd
Nbal  ξlimbdfcd 0,4bdfcd  N lim
Chp. 6
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Correction factor K

K   1  ef  1,0

  0,35 fck 200  150

M0Edqp
ef  ,t 0 
M 0Ed
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

BENDING MOMENTS

3
8
 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

1st order bending moment  linear diagram; maximum value at the column
ends
2nd order bending moment  sine-shaped diagram between inflexion
points
Unbraced
column
Braced column
Inflexion
point

algebraic arithmetic
summation summation
3
9
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Braced columns

Different first order end moments M01 and M02 may be replaced
by an equivalent first order end moment M0e

M0e  0,6M02  0,4M01  0,4M02

M01 and M02 should have the same sign if they give
tension on the same side, otherwise opposite signs.
Furthermore, M02 M01. 4
0
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Maximum 1st order bending moments occur at the element ends

The maximum 2nd order bending moment occurs at about mid-length of
column Therefore it is possible that the maximum bending moment is no
longer at
the element ends

In such cases, the design bending moment is

defined by:

MEd  maxM02 ;M0e  M2 ;M01  0,5M2 

 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Unbraced
columns
Lateral displacements may be generated by:
- asymmetry of the structure;
- horizontal seismic or wind forces.
All columns have the same mode of
deformation due to high stiffness of
reinforced concrete floors.
Therefore, it is reasonable to use an average
curvature, even though the columns may have
different rigidities.

Maximum 2nd bending moment occurs at

that end of the column which has the
highest stiffness.
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Addition of 2nd bending moment to 1st bending moment

For the same rigidity at the both ends of column addition is done to the
maximum 1st bending moment
For different rigidities of column ends the addition is done as follows:
- to the maximum 1st bending moment (which corresponds to highest
rigidity)
- at the opposite end, the additional bending moment may be
reduced in proportion to the ratio of the rigidities at the two ends
of the column
COLUMNS WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Balance situation

F = 0
Nlim  Fc  Fs2  Fs1
Nlim  Fc  0,8bxlim fcd  0,8lim bdfcd
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL FORC
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Independent design in each principal direction, disregarding

biaxial bending, may be made as a first step.
Imperfections need to be taken into account only in the
direction where they will have the most unfavourable
effect.
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

No further check is necessary if the slenderness

ratios satisfy the following condition:

(4a) ….………….. 0,5   y z  2

and if the eccentricities ey and ez satisfy one
the following conditions:
ey h ez b
(4b)  0,2 o  0,2
….………….. e z b r ey h
BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Definition of Graphical representation

eccentricities of the condition (4b)
ey and ez
If the condition of Expression (4) is not fulfilled,
biaxial bending should be taken into account
including the 2nd order effects in each direction
BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Basics of calculation

Reinforcement is distributed on all sides of the

section
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS
WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS
SECTION
Force line is characterized by tg  M Edy  e y e z
M Edz

Calculation is based on the assumptions from chp. 6.1

Position of the neutral axis is selected in such a way that

internal forces (namely Fc+Fs2 and Fs1) to be located on
the line of forces

Failure is produced by:

- yielding of the most tensioned bars followed by
crushing of compression concrete, according to pivot
B;
- crushing of compression concrete without yielding of
tension bars, according to pivot C;
- whatever is the way of failure, there are bars which
are not yielding
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
INTERACTON SURFACE FOR COMPRESSION WITH BIAXIAL
BENDING

Static analysis: NEd; MEdy ;

MEdz By vectorial summation
results: R Ed  N 2Ed  M 2Edy  M 2Edz  N 2Ed  M 2Ed

Bearing capacity is:

R Rd  N 2Rd  M 2Rdy  M 2Rdz  N 2Rd  M 2Rd

The two vectors are in the

same meridian plan P
The cross section resists to loads if point 2 (corresponding to the
vector REd) is inside the interaction surface or overlapped on the
point 1:
(5) R Ed  R Rd
…………………………..
……….
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Simplified procedure of calculation

Load Contour Method

Simplified procedure, taking into account the interaction of

bending moments MEdy and MEdz for a constant axial force NEd,
may be used for calculation by hand

This method is suitable for structures located in seismic

areas because the bending moments increase under
constant gravitational load.

In this case, equation (5) becomes:

N 2Ed  M 2Ed  N 2Rd  M 2Rd

(6) M Ed  M Rd
……………………….………..
7
………. 8
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

The simplified procedure is based on the replacement of actual

curve of interaction, dependent on angle , with a simplified
elliptic curve
Interaction curve My 

Calculation procedure is
safe because simplified
curve is located inside the
real one

MRdy0 – bearing capacity in uniaxial bending for NEd when

Mz

MEdz = 0 MRdz0 – bearing capacity in uniaxial bending for NEd

when MEdy = 0
Unfavorable conclusion: due to biaxial bending there is a
decreasing in uniaxial resistance
BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Total area Defining areas Asy and

As,tot Asz
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

b
y

a
x

 x 2  y 2
   1
  b 2
a
2
   M Rdy 
    MRdz  1
 MRdy0   MRdz0 
Checking relationship (6)    
becomes: a a
MEdy 
(7)   MEdz   1
……...  MRdy0   MRdz0 
   
BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

EXPONENT a

SR EN 1992-1-1:2004

N Rd  bhfcd As ,totf yd

 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Cross section check

Input data Output data
b; h; As,tot; NEd; MEdy; MEdz; fcd; fyd; Fulfillment of the condition (7)
cnom

Section verification involves the following steps:

- design axial resistance of section: NRd = Acfcd + As,tot fyd

- determination of the coefficient a depending on the ratio
NRd/NEd
- establishing reinforcements (As1 = As2)y and (As1 = As2)z; bars
in the corners are considered for every direction
- calculation of resisting bending moment MRdy for NEd and Asy
- calculation of resisting bending
a moment a MRdz for NEd andAsz
M  M 
- checking condition Edz   1
MRdy0   MRdz0 

 Edy   
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
Brace Non-Slender Column Design Biaxial Bending
Design of column between the ground floor and first floor. Assume the foundation is at the
ground floor level. Hence, moments at the ground floor level are considered as zero amusing
pin support conditions.
Mz = 130 kNm
My = 110 kNm
NEd = 3000 kN
1.400mm square column
Clear height = 4000-500 =
2.Axial Load NEd = 3000kN 3500mm
Effective length = lo = factor * l
3.Moments at top My = 110kNm and Mz = 130kNm
Factor = 0.85 (concise Eurocode 2,
4.Moments at Bottom are zero Table 5.1. This may more conservative).
lo = 0.85* 3500 =
5.fck = 30N/mm2
2975mm
6.fyk = 500N/mm2 Slenderness λ = lo/i
i = radios of gyration = h/√12
7.Nominal Cover 25mm
λ = lo/( h/√12 ) = 3.46*lo/h =
8.Floor to Floor height 4000mm 3.46*2975/400 = 25.73
9.Depth of the beam supported by the column 500mm
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Limiting Slenderness λlim

Consider My,
λlim = 20ABC/√n
Assume there is no moment at ground floor level as
A = 0.7 if effective creep factor
foundations are at that level.
is unknown
MEdy = Max{Mo2, MoEd +M2, Mo1 +
B = 1.1 if mechanical
0.5M2}
reinforcement ratio is unknown
Mo2y = Max {Mtop, Mbottom}
C = 1.7 – rm = 1.7-Mo1/Mo2
+ ei*NEd = 110 +
Mo1 = 0 kNm
(2.975/400)*3000 ≥ Max(400/30, 20)*3000 =
Mo2 =
110+22.3 ≥ 60 = 132.3kNm > 60kNm
130kNm where lMo2l ≥ lMo1l
Mo1y =0
C = 1.7 – 0/130) = 1.7
MoEdy = 0.6*Mo2+
n = NEd / (Ac*fcd)
0.4*Mo1 ≥ 0.4*Mo2 = 0.6*132.3 + 0.4*
fcd = fck / 1.5 =
(0) ≥ 0.4*132.3 = 79.4≥ 52.9
(30/1.5)*0.85 = 17
M2y = 0 , Column is not slender
n = 3000*1000 /
MEdy =
(400*400*17) = 0.94
Max{Mo2, MoEd +M2, Mo1 + 0.5M2} = Max{132.3,
λlim = 20*0.7*1.1*1.7/√0.94 =
79.4+0, 0 + 0.5*0} = 132.3 kNm
27
λlim > λ hence, column is not slender.
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Consider Mz,
Assume there is no moment at ground floor level as foundations are at that level.
MEdz = Max{Mo2, MoEd +M2, Mo1 + 0.5M2}Mo2z = Max {Mtop, Mbottom}
+ ei*NEd = 130 + (2.975/400)*3000 ≥ Max(400/30,20)*3000 = 130+22.3 ≥ 60 = 152.3
kNm > 60 kNm
Mo1z =0
MoEdz = 0.6*Mo2+ 0.4*Mo1 ≥ 0.4*Mo2 = 0.6*152.3 + 0.4*0) ≥ 0.4*152.3 =
91.4≥ 60.9
M2z = 0 , Column is not slender
MEdz = Max{Mo2, MoEd +M2, Mo1 + 0.5M2} = Max{152.3, 91.4+0, 0 + 0.5*0} =
152.3 kNm
Imperfection needs to be considered only in one direction, which has the most unfavorable effect.

Therefore,
MEdz = 132.3kNm and MEdy = 130kNm
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
Consider Critical Moment
MEdz = 132.3kNm
MEd/ [b*(h2)*fck] = (132.3*10^6) / [400*(400^2)*30] = 0.07 = (3000*10^6) /
(400*400*30 = 0.63
Assume 25mm diameter bars as main reinforcement and 10mm bars as shear links
d2 = 25+10+25/2 = 47.5mm
d2/h = 47.5 / 400 = 0.12
Note: d2/h = 0.15 chart is referred to find the reinforcement area, but it is more
conservative. Interpolation between charts d2/h = 0.10 and d2/h = 0.15 can be used to
find more accurate answer.
As*fyk / b*h*fck = 0.3As = 0.3*400*400*30 / 500 = 2880mm2

Provides six 25mm bars (As Provided 2940mm2)Six 25mm bars are provided for bending,
but column have to be reinforced symmetrically. Therefor total no of base provided for the
column are eight.
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

MEdz = 130 kNm

MEdy = 132.3 kNm
Check for Biaxial Bending (ey/heq)/(ez/beq) = 130/132.3 = 0.98 >
Further, a check is not required if 0.2 and < 5
0.5 ≤ (λy/ λz) ≤ 2.0 For rectangular column Therefore, biaxial check is required.
and (MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a ≤ 1
0.2 ≥ (ey/heq)/(ez/beq) ≥ 5.0 MEdz = 130kNm
Here λy and λz are slenderness ratios MEdy =132.3kNm
λy is equal to λz as beam height is each direction is MRdz and MRdy are the moment resistance in
similar. respective direction, corresponding to an axial
Therefore λy/λz = 1 load NEd.
Hence, λy/λz < 2 and > 0.5 OK
ey/heq = (MEdz / NEd) / heq
ez/beq = (MEdy / NEd) / beq
(ey/heq)/(ez/beq) = MEdz / MEdy
Here h=b=heq=beq, column is square
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

For symmetric reinforcement section

MRdz = MRdy
As Provided = 2940mm2
As*fyk / b*h*fck = 2940*500/(400*400*30) = 0.31
NEd / (b*h*fck) = 0.63
From the chart d2/h =0.15
MEd/ [b*(h2)*fck] = 0.075
MEd = 0.098*400*400*400*30 = 144kNm
a = an exponent
a = 1.0 for NEd / NRd = 0.1
a = 1.5 for NEd / NRd = 0.7
NEd = 3000kN
NRd = Ac*fcd + As*fyd
NRd = 400*400*(0.85*30/1.5) + 3920* (500/1.15) =
4424kN
NEd / NRd = 3000/4424 = 0.68
By interpolating, a = 1.48
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a = (130 / 144)1.48 + (132 / 144)1.48 = 1.74 > 1

Hence, check for biaxial bending is not ok

Therefore, increase the number of bars to 12 (In this design, the reinforcement along the two
sides have only taken to account for this design and effect of the other reinforcement bars
at in opposite direction have not been considered).

Therefore no of reinforcements, which are effective for moment resistance are eight
(3920mm2) and twelve are effective for axial capacity (5880mm2).
 BIAXIAL BENDING OF COLUMNS WITH
RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

As*fyk / b*h*fck = 3920*500/(400*400*30) = 0.41

NEd / (b*h*fck) = 0.63
From the chart d2/h =0.15
MEd/ [b*(h^2)*fck] = 0.105
MEd = 0.105*400*400*400*30 = 202 kNm
a = an exponent
a = 1.0 for NEd / NRd = 0.1
a = 1.5 for NEd / NRd = 0.7
NEd = 3000kN
NRd = Ac*fcd + As*fydNRd = 400*400*(0.85*30/1.5) + 3920* (500/1.15)
= 4850kN
NEd / NRd = 3000/4850 = 0.62
By interpolating,
a = 1.43
(MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a = (130 / 202 )1.43 + (132 / 202 )1.43 = 1 (nearly equals to
one)
Hence, provided reinforces are ok.
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- shear force;
TRANSVERSAL - compressed concrete confinement;
REINFORCEMENTS - no buckling of longitudinal bars between
stirrups
Weak stirrup = small  & large distance between
stirrups
Northridge Earthquake,

San Fernando,
1971
1994

Weak stirrups:
- buckling of longitudinal
bars between stirrups
-no confinement of Buckling in lap High VEd with weak
compressed concrete zone with weak stirrups (0,6 9
m) 6
stirrups
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ARRANGEMENT OF Changes In Column
BARS Size

if tg > 1/12

the spacing of transverse
reinforcement should be
calculated, taking account
of the lateral forces
involved
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inner
enclosing stirrups
stirrup

links
enclosing
stirrup

enclosing
stirrup

inner stirrups
Every longitudinal bar placed in a corner of the
section should be held by transverse
reinforcements
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No bar should be further than 150 mm from a

restrained bar (in corner of stirrup; connected to a
link)

stirru
p Due to compressive force there is
lin longitudinal shortening & transversal
A k swelling of concrete
Red curves: deformed shape of the
stirrup produced by swelling of
concrete
Arrows show bars in tension due to
swelling of concrete
B
Link in case A has contribution to
confinement
Link in case B has no
contribution to confinement
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