Web Development
Web Development
Web Development
TECHNOLOGIES
Lecturer: Parvin
Alizada
UNIT 2 Headings and paragraphs
Bold, italic, emphasis
Structural and semantic markup
TOPICS TO BE C O V E R E D
When creating a web page, you add tags (known as markup) to
the contents of the page. These tags provide extra meaning and
allow browsers to show users the appropriate structure for the
page.
In this unit we focus on how to add markup to the text that
appears on your pages.
element is the smallest. The exact size at which each browser shows the
headings can vary slightly. Users can also adjust the size of text in their <h5>
browser. You will see how to control the size of text, its color, and the <h6>
fonts used when we come to look at CSS.
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Paragraphs
<p>
<b>
By enclosing words in the tags <b> and </b> we can make characters appear bold.
The <b> element also represents a section of text that would be presented in a
visually different way (for example key words in a paragraph) although the use of
the <b> element does not imply any additional meaning.
<i>
By enclosing words in the tags <i> and </i> we can make characters appear italic.
The <i> element also represents a section of text that would be said in a different
way from surrounding content — such as technical terms, names of ships, foreign
words, thoughts, or other terms that would usually be italicized.
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Superscript & Subscript
<sup>
The <sup> element is used to contain characters that should
be superscript such as the suffixes of dates or mathematical
concepts like raising a number to a power such as 2(2).
<sub>
The <sub> element is used to contain characters that should
be subscript. It is commonly used with foot notes or chemical
formulas such as H(2)0.
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White Space
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Line Breaks & Horizontal Rules
<br />
As you have already seen, the browser will automatically show each new paragraph or
heading on a new line. But if you wanted to add a line break inside the middle of a paragraph
you can use the line break tag <br />.
<hr />
To create a break between themes — such as a change of topic in a book or a new scene in a
play — you can add a horizontal rule between sections using the <hr /> tag.
There are a few elements that do not have any words between an opening and closing tag.
They are known as empty elements and they are written differently.
An empty element usually has only one tag. Before the closing angled bracket of an empty
element there will often be a space and a forward slash character. Some web page authors
miss this out but it is a good habit to get into.
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Semantic Markup
There are some text elements that are not intended to affect the
structure of your web pages, but they do add extra information to the
pages — they are known as semantic markup.
In the rest of the tutorial, you will meet some more elements that will help you when
you are adding text to web pages. For example, you are going to meet the <em>
element that allows you to indicate where emphasis should be placed on selected
words and the <blockquote> element which indicates that a block of text is a quotation.
Browsers often display the contents of these elements in a different way. For example,
the content of the <em> element is shown in italics, and a <blockquote> is usually
indented. But you should not use them to change the way that your text looks; their
purpose is to describe the content of your web pages more accurately. The reason for
using these elements is that other programs, such as screen readers or search engines,
can use this extra information. For example, the voice of a screen reader may add
emphasis to the words inside the <em> element, or a search engine might register that
your page features a quote if you use the <blockquote> element.
Strong & Emphasis
<strong>
The use of the <strong> element indicates that its content has strong
importance. For example, the words contained in this element might be
said with strong emphasis. By default, browsers will show the contents of
a <strong> element in bold.
<em>
The <em> element indicates emphasis that subtly changes the meaning of
a sentence.
By default browsers will show the contents of an <em> element in italic.
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Quotations
There are two elements commonly used for marking up quotations:
<blockquote>
The <blockquote> element is used for longer quotes that take up an entire paragraph. Note
how the <p> element is still used inside the <blockquote> element.
Browsers tend to indent the contents of the <blockquote> element, however you should not
use this element just to indent a piece of text — rather you should achieve this effect using
CSS.
<q>
The <q> element is used for shorter quotes that sit within a paragraph. Browsers are supposed
to put quotes around the <q> element, however Internet Explorer does not — therefore many
people avoid using the <q> element.
Both elements may use the cite attribute to indicate where the quote is from. Its value should
be a URL that will have more information about the source of the quotation.
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Abbreviations & Acronyms
<abbr>
If you use an abbreviation or an acronym, then the <abbr> element
can be used. A title attribute on the opening tag is used to specify the
full term.
In HTML 4 there was a separate <acronym> element for acronyms. To
spell out the full form of the acronym, the title attribute was used (as
with the <abbr> element above). HTML5 just uses the <abbr> element
for both abbreviations and acronyms.
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Citations & Definitions
<cite>
When you are referencing a piece of work such as a book, film or research paper, the
<cite> element can be used to indicate where the citation is from.
In HTML5, <cite> should not really be used for a person's name — but it was allowed in
HTML 4, so most people are likely to continue to use it.
Browsers will render the content of a <cite> element in italics.
<dfn>
The first time you explain some new terminology (perhaps an academic concept or some
jargon) in a document, it is known as the defining instance of it.
The <dfn> element is used to indicate the defining instance of a new term.
Some browsers show the content of the <dfn> element in italics. Safari and Chrome do
not change its appearance.
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Author Details
<address>
The <address> element has quite a specific use: to contain contact
details for the author of the page.
It can contain a physical address, but it does not have to. For example, it
may also contain a phone number or email address.
Browsers often display the content of the <address> element in italics.
You may also be interested in something called the hCard microformat
for adding physical address information to your markup.
Online extra:
You can find out more about hCards on the website accompanying this
book.
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Changes to Content
<ins> / <del>
The <ins> element can be used to show content that has been inserted into a document,
while the <del> element can show text that has been deleted from it.
The content of a <ins> element is usually underlined, while the content of a <del> element
usually has a line through it.
<s>
The <s> element indicates something that is no longer accurate or relevant (but that
should not be deleted).
Visually the content of an <s> element will usually be displayed with a line through the
center.
Older versions of HTML had a <u> element for content that was underlined, but this is
being phased out.
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