WINDOWS

OPERATING
SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of routing protocols is to enable end-to-end network layer connectivity
between endpoints. There is always a forward and reverse path selected between
endpoints for each session. The routing table is comprised of multiple routes to
different destination subnets that are learned from different route sources. The route
source can be classified as either connected, static, default, or dynamic. The
distinction is in how the local router learns of the route. For example, dynamic and
connected routes are automatically learned, while static and default routes are
manually configured.

Finding reputable sources for Windows versions 1.0 to 3.0, as well as Windows
ME, was the most difficult task. The former three because of their age and
collector's value in their user guides, while the latter merely because its shelf life
was somewhat longer than a year, and therefore there were not as many user
guides and books published on its user interface in depth. These problems arose
from the decision to build this thesis on literary works rather of real experience.

Definition of an operating system

Operating systems are programs that operate as a bridge between the user's
applications and the computer's hardware, allowing the user to interact with the
computer. They are in charge of managing computer users, preventing
problems, running programs, and regulating input/output devices (Liwei, Yong
& Yukun 2011.) As a result, the operating system is the most crucial application
on the computer since the user cannot access the computer's hardware without
it. A user trying to utilize a computer without an operating system may be
compared to a marionette with its strings severed. The user will be unable to
accomplish anything with a computer without its operating system, much as the
puppeteer will be unable to manage the marionette without its control bar.

Windows
Microsoft develops, markets, and sells a series of graphical operating systems known
as Windows. Windows was created in response to a surge in consumer interest in
graphical user interfaces (Bellis 2007). The series began with Windows 1.0 in 1985
and has progressed through highs and lows while adding new features, improving
performance, and becoming more aesthetically beautiful with each iteration. It has
grown in popularity to the point that four of the series' installments now hold the top
four slots in terms of desktop operating system market share, with Windows 7 taking
the top spot (NetMarketShare 2015).

EVOLUTION OF WINDOWS
To demonstrate how much has changed in the 30 years between 1985 and 2015.
While reading this, keep in mind that while some of the features may appear apparent
to today's client base, it's possible that some of them were simply not considered
previously, and that other advancements were just too much for normal computers to
handle at the time. The reader must keep in mind that Microsoft is offering a product
that should be utilized by everyone who owns a computer. This means that jumping
on brand-new technology is a waste of development time.

Version 1.0 of Windows

In the year 1985, On top of an existing MS-DOS installation, Windows 1.0 was
introduced as a graphical, 16-bit multi-tasking shell. The original Windows was met
with tepid critical acclaim (as well as some controversy, as we'll see). Many people
thought the mouse was a touch too new-fangled, and The New York Times mocked it
by comparing its performance to "pouring molasses in the Arctic" (we think that
means it was slow). Even yet, lowly beginnings...

Windows 2.0 is the second version of Windows.

On December 9, 1987, Microsoft announced Windows 2.0, a 16-bit GUI-based
operating system.
Microsoft's second operating system, perhaps the time when Windows became
Windows, enabled apps to overlay one another. It also introduced the "Minimize" and
"Maximize" choices, which are still prevalent in our computer usage today. As a
result, sales more than doubled.

3.0 is the third version of Windows.

In 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0. However, it is a graphical operating
environment that runs on top of MS DOS, not an operating system.
It contains clickable icons to represent the apps, as well as multimedia functionality
for sound recording and playback and CD-ROM compatibility.

3.1 the version of Windows.

The first of a series of 16-bit operating systems was Windows 3.1. It ran on a
minimum of a 286 PC with 1 MB of RAM, improving system stability over 3.0,
which was prone to crashes. In 386 Enhanced Mode, it could access up to 4 GB of
memory. On April 6, 1992, it was released. It was also a Microsoft DOS-based
platform with increased system stability, expanded multimedia features, TrueType
fonts, and workgroup networking. On December 31, 2001, Microsoft's official
support for Windows 3.1 came to an end.

Windows 95 is a computer operating system that was released

The release of Windows 95 marked the beginning of the true Windows experience.
On August 15, 1995, it was released. Windows 95 was a graphical user interface
(GUI) and "plug-and-play" operating system that merged Microsoft's formerly
separate MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows products. It had significant improvements
over its predecessor, most notably in the graphical user interface (GUI) and simplified
"plug-and-play" features. There were also significant changes to the operating
system's essential components, including as switching from a 16-bit cooperatively
multitasked architecture to a 32-bit preemptive multitasking architecture, at least
while only 32-bit protected mode applications were being executed. The taskbar, the
"Start" button, and the ways the user might browse were all introduced in Windows
95, and they were all included in succeeding Windows versions.

Windows 98 is a computer operating system that was released in

Windows 98, like Windows 95, is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit operating system featuring an
MS-DOS-based boot stage. Ken Kato, a Microsoft sound engineer, created the iconic
Windows 98 startup sound. Improved USB connectivity and accessibility, as well as
support for hardware improvements like as DVD players, are among the features he
considers a "difficult act to follow." It was the first version of Windows to use the
Windows Driver Model. Disk Cleanup, Windows Update, Multi-monitor support, and
Internet Connection Sharing are all included. Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE were
released on June 25, 1998 and May 5, 1999, respectively.

Windows 2000 is a computer operating system that was released

Windows 2000 came in four flavors: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and
Datacenter Server. Many system utilities, such as the Microsoft Management Console
and standard system management apps, were shared by Microsoft. NTFS 3.0,[8]
Encrypting File System,[9], as well as basic and dynamic disk storage, are all
introduced in Windows 2000. Despite its best attempts, Windows 2000 would be
infected by a number of viruses, including the legendary Code Red and Nimda.

Me (Windows XP) (Windows Millennium Edition)

Windows ME, dubbed the "Mistake Edition" by PC World, was welcomed with a
mixture of scorn and bewilderment that Microsoft had never experienced before. It
came with Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7, and Windows Movie
Maker software, and was aimed towards home PC users. On September 14, 2000, it
was made available to the entire public.

XP (Windows XP)
Windows XP is a member of the Windows NT operating system family.
On October 25, 2001, it was made available to users.
The development of Windows XP began in the late 1990s as "Neptune," an operating
system (OS) based on the Windows NT kernel and targeted at mainstream consumers.

Vista is the version of Microsoft's operating system

Windows Vista is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is
a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.
On January 30, 2007, it was released.
It was made accessible for purchase and download from the Windows Marketplace on
a global scale[3].
Windows Vista comes with an overhauled graphical user interface and visual style
known as Aero, a new search component known as Windows Search, revamped
networking, audio, print, and display subsystems, and new multimedia capabilities
such as Windows DVD Maker.
Vista was designed to improve communication between machines on a home network
by utilizing peer-to-peer technology to make file and media sharing between
computers and devices easier. Version 3.0 of the was included with Windows Vista.

Windows 7 is the version of Microsoft's operating

Windows 7 is a Microsoft operating system that was introduced as part of the
Windows NT series of operating systems.
It was made available to the general public on October 22, 2009. Several standard
software, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, and Windows Media
Center, were also updated with Windows 7.

Windows 8 is a new operating system from Microsoft.

It was part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.
On October 26, 2012, it was released.
Windows 8 made significant modifications to the platform and user interface of the
operating system in order to improve the user experience on tablets, as Windows was
now competing with mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS.
A touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the
Start screen, a new platform for developing "apps" with a focus on touchscreen input,
integration with online services, and the Windows Store, an online distribution for
downloading and purchasing new software, were all included.
USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud
computing are now supported in Windows 8. To prevent malware from infecting the
boot process, additional security features were added, including built-in antivirus
software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service, and
support for UEFI Secure Boot for supported devices with UEFI firmware.

Windows 10 is the latest version of Microsoft's operating

Windows 10 is part of the Microsoft NT operating system family.
On July 29, 2015, it was released. Windows 10 was released as a free update for retail
versions of Windows 8 and Windows RT customers via the Windows Store and
MSDN and Technet. Universal apps, an expansion of the Metro-style apps first
introduced in Windows 8, are one of Windows 10's most significant features. The
Microsoft Edge web browser, a virtual desktop system, Task View, a window and
desktop management feature, support for fingerprint and face recognition login,
enhanced security measures for enterprise environments, and DirectX 12 were also
included in Windows 10.
The bundled software in Windows 10 is superior to that in Windows 8.1, including
Xbox Live integration, Cortana personal assistant functionality and capabilities, and
the replacement of Internet Explorer with Edge. Changes to operating system
behaviors, such as required update installation, privacy concerns regarding data
gathering performed by the OS for Microsoft and its partners, and adware-like tactics
used to market the operating system on its debut, have been criticized by media
publications.

Advantages of Windows operating system :

Support for all equipment — Because Windows OS is used by 95% of customers, the
majority of equipment manufacturers create drivers for Windows.
Convenience - All versions of Microsoft Windows feature a consistent design that
makes it easy for clients to go from one form to the next. Because a big number of the
features of Windows 10 are comparable to those of Windows 7, Windows 7 users will
have no issue upgrading to Windows 10. Windows has a more user-friendly interface
than UNIX and MAC.
Support for programming — The Windows stage is ideal for game and programming
developers. Because of the large number of people who use Windows, designers want
to create utilities, games, and programming for the operating system. Because Linux
clients are unable to create Windows apps, it is preferable to use Windows for
application development.
Attachment and play feature - Most equipment can be differentiated by their
attachment and play feature. You do not need to physically install the equipment; but,
once linked, it is ready to use, such as a webcam, console, mouse, cell phone, and so
on.
Workspace and touch screen — Windows 10 is designed to work on both touch
screen devices and PCs. The UI of Windows 10 is designed to work well with a
Windows gadget.

CONCLUSIONS
As can be seen, Windows evolved and introduced various features, some of which
have stayed to this day, such as the Start menu and taskbar, while others, such as
Active Desktop and Gadgets, have been removed. This demonstrates that Microsoft
is always willing to attempt new ideas but also retreating from their positions when
people speak up, as evidenced by the elimination of the Start menu in Windows 8
and its return in Windows 10. Technology advances at a breakneck pace, with no
end in sight, and Redmond's corporation isn't hesitant to incorporate features that
take advantage of these advancements.

REFERENCES
 Beal, V. 2012. The History of Microsoft Operating Systems. Available:
http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/
history_of_microsoft_windows_operating_system.html
 Accessed 17 May 2015 Bellis, M. 2007 The Unusual History of Microsoft
Windows. Available:
http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1
Accessed 17 May 2015
 Boncler, D. 1991. Windows 3.0. Opis systemu. Warsaw: Komputerowa
Oficyna Wydawnicza “HELP”
 Computer Hope 2015. MS-DOS and command line overview. Available:
http://www.computerhope.com/overview.htm Accessed 26 May 2015
 Download.com. 2014. Start Menu 8. Available:
http://download.cnet.com/Start-Menu-8/3000-2072_4-75852660.html
Accessed 7 June 2015
 Microsoft. 2006b. The sound of Windows Vista. Available:
 https://web.archive.org/web/http://blogs.windows.com/windows/archive/b/
windowsvista/archive/2006/11/09/the-sounds-of-windowsvista.aspx Accessed
5 March 2015
 Microsoft. 2007a. Start a program by using the run command. Available:
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/start-a-program-by-
using-the-runcommandAccessed 12 May 2015