Reviewer in UCSP • Prof.

Appadorai - government as the agency

through which the force of the State is
formulated, expressed, and realized.
Module 1: Definition, Forms, and Functions of
• C.F. Strong - in order to make and enforce
State laws the state must have highest authority.
This is called the Government.
State - taken from the Latin stare (to stand) is a political 4. Sovereignty – which means supreme and final
community that occupies a definite territory, government legal authority above and beyond which no legal
of their own, a great number of inhabitants render power exists.
obedience and enjoy freedom from external control. • Internal sovereignty - supreme over all its
• Aristotle - the state as a “union of families and citizens, and associations.
villages having for its end a perfect and self- • External sovereignty - independent and free
sufficing life by which it meant a happy and good from foreign or outside control.
life” The word “nation” is derived from Latin word “natio”
• Woodrow Wilson - “state is a person organized which means birth or race.
for law within a definite territory” State Nation
• Garner - “state is a community of people live in Also existed in the ancient Modern phenomenon or
a definite form of territory free of external control period. occurrence.
and possessing an organized government to Legal political Ethnic cultural.
which people show habitual agreement” People organized for law People psychologically
ARTICLE II, SECTION I OF THE 1987 within a definite territory. joined together with
CONSTITUTION → The Philippines is a democratic common will to live
and republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people together.
and all government authority emanated from them. ➢ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATE AND
Three branches: GOVERNMENT
• Executive State Government
• Legislative branch – authorized to make laws, Consists of population, Part of a state.
alter, and repeal territory, government, and
sovereignty.
• Judicial
Permanent Temporary
Physical bases of State Political bases of State Possess original powers. Powers of the government
Population Government are derived from the state.
Territory Sovereignty ARISTOTLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT
➢ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATE AND
Number of Normal Form Perverted
SOCIETY Ruler/s Form
The society consists of a large number of individuals, One Monarchy Tyranny
families, group and institutions. Few Aristocracy Oligarchy
State is a part of society but is not a form of society. Many Polity Democracy
State Society FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
State came into existence Society is prior to the 1. Protect the Natural Rights
after the origin of the state. • to protect the basic human rights which include
society.
right to life, liberty and to possess property.
Scope is limited. Scope is much wider
2. Defend Against External Enemies
Has power to enforce Has no power to enforce
laws. laws. • a responsibility to ensure peace within its borders.
➢ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATE AND 3. Managing Economic Conditions
NATION • has a duty to fight poverty and improve the
1. Population - the people who make the state quality of life of its citizens.
2. Territory - there can be no state without a fixed 4. Redistribution of Income and Resources
territory. It may be remembered that the territory • should ensure economic pie grows larger to
of the state includes land, water and air – space. redistribute fruits of prosperity.
3. Government - the working agency of the state as
well as the political organization of the state.
Module 2: Types of Authority and Legitimacy as supreme over the private will, by integrating
nationalism, democracy, and limited government.
TYPES OF AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY • Carl Joachim Friedrich (1901-84) said that,
Authority - the power of an individual/a group to enforce in dividing political power among the organs
rules upon the members of a certain group. of the government, constitutional law
1. Traditional authority - legitimated by the effectively restrains the actions of the
sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule government.
are passed down, often through heredity. 3. Democracy: In a democracy, government
2. Charismatic authority - is based upon the legitimacy derives from the popular perception
perceived extraordinary characteristics of an that the elected government abides by democratic
individual. A leader whose vision and mission principles in governing, and thus, is legally
inspire others. accountable to its people.
3. Legal-rational authority - as a bureaucratic • Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the
authority, where power is legitimized by legally USA, “Democracy is the government of the
enacted rules and regulations such as people, by the people, and for the people.”
governments. 4. Fascism: Based its political legitimacy upon the
Legitimacy - the popular acceptance of an authority, arguments of traditional authority. Fascism is a
usually a governing law or regime. political system headed by a dictator in which the
• John Locke (1632-1704) - said that the political government controls the lives of the people and
legitimacy derives from the popular explicit and opposition is not permitted.
implicit consent thus, the government is not 5. Monarchy: The divine right of kings establishes
legitimate unless it is carried on with the consent the political legitimacy of the rule of the monarch.
of the governed.
• Robert A. Dahl - explained legitimacy as a Module 3: Forms of Government and Functions of
reservoir; so long as the water is at a given level, Non-state Institutions
political stability is maintained. If it falls below
the required level, political legitimacy is FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
endangered. 1. Anarchy - a nation or state operates without a
TYPES OF LEGITIMACY central governing body.
1. Traditional legitimacy - societal customs and 2. Aristocracy - wealthy nobles are given power
habits that emphasize the history of the authority over those in lower socioeconomic strata.
of tradition. The institutions of traditional 3. Bureaucracy - non-elected government officials
government usually are historically continuous, carry out public responsibilities as dictated by
as in monarchy and tribalism. administrative policy-making groups.
2. Charismatic legitimacy - the ideas and personal 4. Capitalism - production is driven by private
charisma of the leader, a person whose ownership.
authoritative persona charms and psychologically 5. Communism - idea of common, public
dominates the people of the society to agreement ownership of the economy, including
with the government’s regime and rule. infrastructure, utilities, and means of production.
3. Rational-legal legitimacy - a system of - idealized by thinkers Karl Marx and
institutional procedures, where government Friedrich Engels,
institutions establish and enforce law and order in 6. Democracy - the people are given a direct role in
the public interest. choosing their leadership.
FORMS OF LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT 7. Federalism - both combines and divides powers
1. Communism: The legitimacy of a Communist between a centralized federal authority and an
state derives from having won a civil war, a array of regional and local authorities.
revolution, or from having won an election thus, 8. Kleptocracy - the ruling party has either come to
the actions of the Communist government are power, retained power, or both, through means of
legitimate, authorized by the people. corruption and theft.
2. Constitutionalism: The modern political 9. Meritocracy - authority is vested in those who
concept of constitutionalism establishes the law have demonstrated the merits deemed pertinent to
governing or public administration.
 10. Dictatorship - a nation ruled with absolute 4. Trade Unions 1.wages and working
power, in the absence of a democratic process, - organization condition terms.
and typically under the thumb of a single membership consists of 2.relations between
authority figure. workers and union workers.
11. Monarchy - of rule in which absolute power and leaders, to protect and 3.raise new demands on
authority are held by a single member of a royal promote their common behalf of its members.
interests.
bloodline.
The unions and networks we have in the Philippines:
12. Oligarchy - a smattering of individuals rule over
A. The Trade Union Congress of the Philippines
a nation.
(TUCP)
13. Plutocracy - power is determined as a direct
- the biggest confederation of labor
function of wealth.
federations in the Philippines also known as
14. Republican - power is vested in the citizenry.
Katipunan ng Manggagawang Pilipino.
15. Socialism - which the people own the primary
- was founded on December 14, 1975 by 23
means of production.
labor federations.
16. Theocracy - a specific religious ideology informs
B. Transnational advocacy groups networks
the leadership, laws, and customs of a nation.
- fluid and open relationships among
17. Totalitarianism - recognizes no limitations
knowledgeable, committed actors.
whatsoever on its power, either in the public life
- goal is to give powerless constituencies
or private rights of its citizens.
Kinds of issues that motivate advocacy
FUNCTIONS OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
networks:
What are these non-state institutions? These are
establishments which are not owned and controlled by the • Human rights
government and not related to the components of the state. • Women’s rights
Non-state Institutions Functions • Consumer rights
1. Banks 1.depository of savings. • Environmental issues
- where people place their 2.largely responsible for • International peace
money or savings with the payment system. C. Development Agencies
corresponding on a given 3.issue loans to both - an organization committed/dedicated to
period of time and, or people and companies. distributing aid.
assets for safekeeping. Aid can be subdivided into two categories:
2. Corporation 1.ability to issue stock are • Humanitarian Aid - emergency relief
- company or group of referred to as “stock efforts, in response to natural disasters.
people authorized to act as corporations” and owners
• Development Aid - foreign aid, aimed at
a single entity and of stock are known as
recognized as such in law. stockholder”. helping countries to achieve long-term
- It is a legal entity created 2.allowed to “for profit” sustainable economic growth and with the
under state law and is or “not-for-profit”. aim of achieving poverty reduction.
designed to generate a 3.legal personality and are D. International Organizations
profit. owned by shareholders - organization with an international
whose liability is limited membership, scope or presence.
to their investment. Two main types:
3. Cooperative 1.often share their • International Non-governmental
- legal entity owned and earnings with the Organizations INGOs) - operate
democratically controlled membership as dividends. internationally.
by its members. 2.members are local
• International Governmental Organization
residents, business profits
remain and circulate (IGOs) - useful for mobilizing public
within the community. support, monitoring the effectiveness of
3.to values of openness, international aid, and providing information
social responsibility and and expertise.
caring for others.
Module 4: Brief Overview of Education in the
Philippines
What is education? Here are the other functions of education:
For the layman, education is equated with schooling and 1. Building character.
a change for the better. 2. Giving training in specific skills or the basic
To the biologist, education is a way of adaptation; to the general education literacy.
psychologist, it is a teaching learning process; to the 3. Prepare people for occupational roles.
economist, it is an investment; to the traditional 4. Producing patriotic citizens through lessons
philosopher, it is the transmission of knowledge for the illustrating the country’s glory.
maintenance of social order. 5. Developing the person’s ability to think rationally
CURRENT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM and independently.
From 1945 until 2011, the basic education is composed 6. Preserving the culture from one generation to the
of six years of elementary education and four years of next.
high school education. 7. Encouraging democratic participation by
In 2011, the country started the transition from its 10-year teaching verbal skills.
basic educational system to K-12 educational system. 8. Enriching life by enabling the student to expand
In 2013, the Philippine government initiated the his /her intellectual and aesthetic horizons.
extension of the country’s basic education cycle from ten 9. Improving the health of the nation’s youth by
to twelve years – a major reform that former Education providing physical exercise and courses in
• Secretary Armin Luistro - called “the most hygiene.
comprehensive basic education reform 10. Improving personal adjustment through personal
initiative ever done in the country since the counselling and such courses as applied
establishment of the public education system psychology, sex education, family living and
more than a century ago”. drug abuse.
EDUCATION UNDER THE SPANISH REGIME • Horace Mann - a pioneer of American
- had absolutely no intention of training the people for public schools in the 19th century, famously
eventual independence and self-rule. called education the “great equalizer of the
- some schools were exclusively established for the conditions of men.”
education of some Spanish nationals in the archipelago.
- education was mostly religion-oriented and controlled Module 6: Formal Education and Non-Formal
by the Catholic Church. Education
EDUCATION UNDER THE AMERICAN REGIME
- education was focused on the development of new social Formal Education - the systematic and deliberate
patterns that would prepare the nation for a self-governing process of hierarchically structured and sequential
democracy. learning corresponding to the general concept of
- primary level curriculum consisted of English, elementary and secondary level of schooling.
Arithmetic, Geography, singing, drawing, physical Elementary Education - first part of the educational
education and character training. Grammar and social system, and it includes the first six years of compulsory
studies were included in the intermediate level. education from grade 1 to grade 6.
- education should be for all and that the primary purpose Secondary Education - concerned primarily with
of education was to prepare the individual for present-day continuing basic education on the elementary level and
living. expanding it to include the learning employable, gainful
skills, usually corresponding to four years of junior high
Module 5: Functions of Education in a Society school and two years of senior high school.
Tertiary Education - Most institutions of higher learning
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION are regulated by the Commission of Higher Education.
1. Productive Citizenry - enable citizens to be a Colleges typically offer 1 or more specialized programs
productive member of the society. while universities must offer at least 8 different
2. Self-actualization - develops one’s sense of self. undergraduate degree programs and at least 2 graduate
• Abraham Maslow - self-actualization is the programs.
highest form of human need. It was defined Vocational Education - Accredited private institutions
as “to become more and more what one is, to offer technical and vocational education. Programs
become everything that one is capable of offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two years.
becoming.”
On completion, students may take centrally-administered • achieved status - by choice, personal
examinations to obtain their diploma or certificate. development, personal efforts, talents, and
Non-Formal Education - any organized systematic achievements.
educational activity carried outside of the framework of Social Role - the expected and actual behavior of the
the formal system to provide selected types of learning to person which corresponds to his or her status.
a segment of the population. The Three Paradigms (Perspectives)
Characteristics of Non-formal Education: 1. Structural-Functionalism - argues that
1. planned and takes place apart from the stratification is functional for society.
school system. • Kingsley Davis-Wilbert Moore Thesis -
2. timetable and syllabus can be adjusted. there should be greater economic and social
3. has no age limit. rewards for the socially important and
4. practical and vocational education. difficult jobs in the society.
5. full time or part time learning and one 2. Social Conflict - argues the macro-perspective of
can earn and learn together. society.
Informal Education - a lifelong process of learning by • Karl Marx and Melvin Tumin -
which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, stratification unjust and unnecessary.
skills, attitudes and insights from daily experiences at 3. Symbolic Interactionism - tells about the society
home, at work, at play, and from life itself. looks like in everyday life.
Special Education - the preparation of teaching Systems of Social Stratification
procedures and materials, and other interventions 1. Open Class System - has more opportunity to
designed to address the needs of a child with learning move up and move within the social class.
differences, disabilities, and giftedness. • San Juan and Centeno 2011 - interpreted as
“equality in opportunity” because everyone
Module 7: Social Stratification has a chance to improve and achieve their
positions.
Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification 2. Closed or Caste System - this is determined at
Social stratification birth, family origin, and other ascribed
- deals with the inequality, this is a system that categorizes characteristics.
people and ranks them in a hierarchical arrangement • Sweeney 2017- although the caste system in
(Panopio 1989). India (with Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas,
- the way it characterizes the society, not the individual Shudras, and untouchables) has adecreasing
differences (Sweeney 2017). importance, it cannot hide the history and the
- age, intelligence, gender, physical appearance, and experiences are carried over in most of rural
family are some of the human differences (San Juan and India.
Centeno 2011). 3. Meritocracy - an ideal system wherein it is
- beliefs are what systems of social stratification work acquired based on individual talents and
(Crash Course 2017). achievements. No society only considers personal
The Components of the Social Stratification worth.
Social Class - category of persons based on their socio- Social Inconsistency – Another instance is, Sunny didn’t
economic privileges. finish her study in college. But,she worked hard, then
• upper class - experiences the luxury standard started her own business and she earned a lot of money.
of living, which is the highest standard of
living. Module 8: Social Stratification
• middle class - professionals, skilled workers,
entrepreneurs whose incomes provide a Social Inequality - the circumstances of unequal access
comfortable lifestyle. to resources and privileges (Arcinas 2016).
• lower class - unskilled and lowly paid 1. Power - ability to influence other people. If someone
workers who experience bare living and has power, he or she can get what he or she wants despite
poverty living. the unwillingness of the others.
Social Status - social standing of a person or group within 2. Prestige - individual’s position in society. He or she
the social stratification system. can use his or her status to have more opportunities.
• ascribed status - since birth.
3. Wealth - number of resources and assets that an Types of Mobility
individual has. 1. Horizontal Mobility – changes occupation but
Global Inequality remains in the same level or social standing.
1. High Income Economies ex: Engineer to teaching career
- Their Gross National Income (GNI) is $12,536 per year. 2. Vertical Mobility – change in occupational,
- The standards of living are higher. They are highly economical, and political status.
urbanized. ex: businessman to low status
2. Upper-Middle Income Economies young entrepreneur to high status
- Their Gross National Income (GNI) is around $4,046 to 3. Intergenerational Mobility – one generation
$12,535 per year. changes its social status. The movement is across
- They are also heavily urbanized. Most citizens are generations.
experiencing a comfortable standard of living. ex: upward - Maria’s father is a tricycle driver
3. Lower-Middle Income Economies and Maria is an accountant.
- These countries have $1, 036 to $4, 045 Gross National downward - Julie is a teacher and her son JC
Income (GNI) per year. is a factory worker.
- They have limited quality of health care and education. 4. Intra-generational Mobility – one changes his
4. Low Income Economies or her position, the other does not. It moves up or
- The Gross National Income (GNI) of these countries is down the social ladder.
$1, 035 or less per year. ex: Cinderella was an only child. Her father
- They are known as “world’s farmers”, they struggle remarried a widow with two daughters. Later, her
with a poor economy. father died and she lived with her stepmothers
Theories of Global Stratification and two stepsisters. Fast forward, she met the
Modernization Theory - It views the structural- Prince and got married. Cinderella is no longer
functionalist approach. It argues that the most functional the maid of her step family.
individuals in society should be rewarded the most. This 5. Occupational Mobility – this is the shift to one
theory explains the function of the technological and occupation to another. This is affected by the
cultural differences. skills and educational requirement of the jobs.
The first event that contributed to the Western Europe ex: upward vertical - Robert is a factory worker
developing at a faster rate is the Columbian Exchange. then he decided to put up his own business.
The second event was the Industrial Revolution. It was Now, he is an owner of the Samgyupsal
the transition from human labor to machines when they Restaurant in Pasig.
started using technology like the steam power and downward - Ayi is a former call center agent,
mechanization. then she decided to be a swindler.
Factors of Social Mobility
Module 9: Social Mobility 1. Motivation – This is the driving force to improve
social standing and better way of living.
Social Mobility - shift, change, and movement in the 2. Achievements and Failures – The way to boost
position of an individual or groups to another position or the self-esteem of individual is through
status. remarkable achievement and recognition.
• Sorokin in his book, “Social and Cultural 3. Education – This is known as the passport for
Mobility” that no society is completely any positions and the social equalizer in society.
closed system and absolutely open system. 4. Skills and Training – It gives improvement for
• Barber in his own understanding, interpreted the position.
social mobility as to see the significant role is 5. Migration – This is a pull or push factors. This is
evaluated as either higher or lower. set for different openings and opportunities.
Social Positive Effects of Social Mobility
Mobility 1. Everyone aims for improvement in living standards.
System 2. People can interact with different communities and new
culture.
3. There can be greater affinities for personal freedom.
4. It can adapt the obsolete customs like traditions and
norms.
Negative Effects of Social Mobility Transnational Migration - process of people transfer
1. Social mobility can have a negative impact on ethnic from one country to another getting a job or look for
and cultural heritages. greener pasture as their form of survival.
2. Some people were encourage by the luxurious lifestyle In the Philippines, working abroad individuals are called
of others that can increase the crime. Overseas Filipino Workers.
3. Social mobility can increase unemployment. 1. RA 10801 - mandated as provider of programs
4. Unequal division of population in industrial areas and and services for the welfare Overseas Filipino
cities. Workers (OFWs) through OWWA (Overseas
Welfare Workers Association)
Module 10: Capital Forms 2. RA 10364 - The Expanded Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act of 2012. It combats trafficking and
Let us first define the word Capital, from the point of violators.
view of Pierre Bourdieu, Capital is a force inscribed in 3. RA 10906 - new law that protects married
the objectivity of things so that everything is not equally women from their foreign husbands that caused
possible and impossible. their anxiety and also strengthening the Anti-Mail
FORMS OF CAPITAL Order Bride Act of 1990.
1. Social Capital - the ability of a collective to act
together to pursue a common goal. Module 12: Global/Social Inequality and
2. Political Capital - the context of local and Government Programs
national has been observed dramatically in this
level especially in the Philippines. Social Inequality - the society for people of different
3. Symbolic Capital - resources that one possesses social status or position
which is function of honor, prestige or • Jean Jacques Rousseau, a French Philosopher
recognition or any other trait that one values wherein in his principle amour propre, deals with
within a culture. the tendency of the person to compare himself
• Max Weber - German sociologist and political from others drives the person to control and
economist known for his relationship thesis about dominate other human beings increasing his
Protestantism to capitalism and bureaucracy. personal happiness.
• Pierre Bourdieu - French Sociologist, Social Contract Theory - allowed the society to be
emphasized the power of positioning in a social aligned with the purpose of its government enjoying
network as greater advantage over people. common interests among each other.
Conflict Theory - wherein the working class might be
abused or exploited by the landowners paving the way the
rise disparity or uneven distribution of salaries and wealth
based on their skills, educational attainment and others.
Types of Social Inequality
1. Political Inequality - no inclusion of civic
equality in the eyes of the law, unequal influence
over decisions made by political bodies and the
unequal outcomes of those decisions.
2. Income and Wealth Inequality - outcome or
result is concentrated merely on the individual
Module 11: Poverty and Transnational Migration earnings, analyzed through the male vs. female,
ethnicity, geographic location, occupation and
Poverty is a social condition that is characterized by the historical income.
lack of resources necessary for basic survival or necessary 3. Life Inequality - there is an evidence of
to meet a certain minimum level of living standards inequalities of opportunities to improve the
expected for the place where one lives. quality of life, access to more resources allows
According to the United Nations Sustainable individuals to live longer.
Development Goal, Poverty is he number 1 goal that 4. Inequality of Treatment and Responsibility -
should be zeroed in 2030. generate problems inagency and responsibility,
unfair treatment of a group/groups lead to
 purpose act that takes away resources, - man- made cause and a periodic modification of Earth’s
opportunities in direct and indirect pattern. climate brought about as a result of changes in the
5. Inequality of Membership - usually happen in atmosphere
the membership of faith, family and nation. - a result of global warming.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization) - covers universal respect for Module 14: Different Forms of Gender Issue,
justice, rule of the law of human rights and fundamental Labor Issue, and Climate Change
freedom without discrimination
WHO (World Health Organization) - a state of Gender Inequality - a social and cultural phenomenon in
complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not which there is a discrimination against people due to their
merely the absence of disease or infirmity. gender.
• Carolina Sherwood Bigelow, three most
Module 13: Gender Inequality, Labor Issue, and prominent from her list are in line with
Climate Change education, violence against women, sexual
assault, rape and representation in the
Gender Inequality - a social and cultural phenomenon in Government.
which there is a discrimination against people due to their Forms of Gender Description
gender. Inequality
Sex - biological characteristics of men and women. 1. Education Less than 40 % of
Gender - socially defined roles and behaviors for men countries offer girls and
and women. boys equal access to
Gender has three perspectives based on structures: education and only 39
1. Socio Cultural Sphere - A system of social percent of countries have
organization that grants equal proportions of the
greater power and sexes enrolled in
privileges to men. secondary education.
- A series of beliefs that 2. Violence against The incidence of violence
legitimize and maintains Women, Sexual Assault, against women and sexual
this social structure. and Rape assault is deep and
2. Relational Sphere - A dynamic process of systemic in nature.
representation. 3. Representation in the There is growing evidence
- A representation of what Government that women in positions of
is to be a man and a leadership and political
woman in all walks of life. decision-making improve
3. Personal Sphere - An aspect that influences the systems in which they
identity and personal work.
attitudes. These are other manifestations in which women are
- A set of expectations, oppressed, abused and neglected.
interests, fantasies and - Some of which are women are working longer
beliefs. hours than men in which at home they spend a
The orientation is dictated by this culture leads to lot of household chores.
disparity that cause inequality. The sad fact about Gender - Inequality in their works and earnings because
inequality affects most of the women because the mostly of the women are employed in
vulnerability of their roles in the society as weaker households, electronics, food and beverages
individuals. Same with the LGBTQ+ community, they which is called “Female Industries”.
also struggle to win recognition for their civil rights. - Ownership Inequality wherein mostly women
Inhumane treatment - for the laborers treating them as in here have lesser opportunity to own properties.
material commodity. - Survival Inequality wherein in populated
Absence of job security - getting cheap wages with countries like India and China. They wanted male
limited contracts and because of the automation system children over female children called as “Son
they can be displaced and replaced anytime. preference“ culture.
Climate Change Labor - the amount of physical, mental and social effort
used to produce goods and services in an economy.
Youth unemployment - 15-24 years old 5 years ago and of employment quality, lack of legal protection and many
now. more.
Educated unemployment - very high even at this time. 3 Major Organizations 3 Major Organizations
Job and Skill mismatch - trigger labor problem also Promoting Gender Promoting Gender
because employers are hardly finding applicants with the Equality (Globally) Equality (Nationally)
right competencies and qualifications for the jobs. 1. Organization for 1. National Economic
Forms of Labor Description Security and Cooperation Development Authority
Problems in Europe
1. Discrimination The rate of unemployment 2. UN Women 2. Department of
of women is higher than Education
of men. There are also 3. The Gender and 3. Philippine Commission
women that are not given Development Network on Women
fair opportunities in career In the global level,
advancement. Organization for Security and Cooperation in
2. Poor working Inadequate physical Europe - aims to provide equal opportunities for
conditions facilities and occupational women and men, as well as to integrate gender
safety measures in equality into policies and practices.
dangerous chemicals, United Nation Women - works for the
unreasonable work elimination of discrimination against women and
schedules, unjust girls.
compensation. Gender and Development Network - diverse,
3. Low wages The Filipino workers’
effective, and inclusive membership network and
wage is second to the
working on gender, development and women’s
lowest in the world.
rights issues.
In the Philippines,
Forms of Climate Description
Change Contributors National Economic Development Authority -
1. Green House Effect when certain gases such aims to promote a whole-society approach to
as carbon dioxide, water strengthen the linkages between government and
vapor and methane are non-government.
focused in the atmosphere Department of Education - created a gender-
that cause the radiation to responsive basic education policy (DepEd Order
be trapped as results to the No. 32, s. 2017) integrating the principles of
increase in earth’s gender equality, gender equity, gender
atmosphere. sensitivity, non-discrimination and human rights
2. Burning Fossil Fuels burns the substances like Philippine Commission on Women - its own
oil, natural gas and coal mandates and functions such as instituting the
that produces more carbon gender responsiveness of national development
dioxide in the air.
plan
3. Aerosols composed of small
3 Major Organizations 3 Major Organizations
particles in the air that can
for Labor Support for Labor Support
bring impact in the
(Globally) (Nationally)
temperature to be get up
or down except for the 1. International Labor 1. Department of Health
aerosols made of volcanic Organization (ILO)
activity 2. Fair Labor Association 2. Department of Labor
and Employment
3. Industrial Workers of 3. Department of Trade
Module 15: Cause to End Gender Inequality, the World and Industry
Labor Issue, and Climate Change In the global level,
International Labor Organization (ILO) -
According to the World Economic Forum as an mandate is to advance social and economic
estimator, it would take another 10 years for the gender to justice through setting international labor
equally achieve because of the gaps made by the standards.
following causes such as uneven access to education, lack
 Fair Labor Association - aims is to find Module 16: Human Responses to Emerging
sustainable solutions to systemic labor issues. Challenges in Contemporary Societies (Inclusive
Industrial Workers of the World - opposed the Citizenship and Participatory Governance)
American Federation of Labor’s acceptance of
capitalism, and its refusal to include unskilled Inclusive citizenship and participatory governance are
workers in craft unions. an important part of understanding what people, as
In the Philippines, citizens in society, can do to respond to the challenging
Department of Health and Department of issues in today’s society.
Labor and Employment - both have greater Inclusive citizenship - people’s understandings of what
concern for workers on mental health issues and it means to be a citizen go to the heart of the various
correct the stigma and discrimination associated meanings of personal and national identity, political and
with mental health conditions. electoral participation, and rights (Kabeer, 2005).
Department of Trade and Industry - functions Citizenship - the legal status of an individual in a
will be covered the safety measures of the particular state that allows him or her to enjoy certain
employees whether it will be private or public. rights and protection.
3 Major Organizations 3 Major Organizations Political efficacy – an individual’s perception of his
that monitors Climate that monitors Climate capacity to influence the political system toward a
Change (Globally) Change (Nationally)
political end.
1.UNIDO – United 1.DOE (Department of
Political Will – extent of engagement that an individual
Nations Industrial Energy)
Development has with the political system in the attempt to achieve a
Organization goal.
2.UNEP- United Nation 2. DA (Department of Public governance - “the process and institutions that
Environment Programme Agriculture) contribute to public decision-making”.
3.World Meteorological 3. DPWH (Department of Participatory governance - state-authorized processes
Organization Public Works and that allow citizens to voice their opinions and cast their
Highway) votes.
In the global level,
United Nations Industrial Development Module 17: Human Responses to Emerging
Organization - aims to assist in the Challenges in Contemporary Societies (New
industrialization of the developing countries by Forms of Media)
coordinating other UN organizations
United Nations Environment Programme
Media - the plural form of the word medium, refers to all
(UNEP) - leading environmental authority in the
print, digital, and electronics means of communication.
United Nations system.
New Form of Media - generic term for various forms of
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) -
electronic communication made possible by digital or
serve as the voice on the state and behavior of the
computer technology.
Earth’s atmosphere,
Social media - computer-based technology that facilitates
In the Philippines,
the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through
Department of Energy - makes fossil energy
the building of virtual networks and communities.
technologies cleaner and less harmful to the
Social Networking - forms of electronic communication
people and the environment.
that facilitate social interaction and the information of
Department of Agriculture - take into
online communities through the exchange of user-
consideration new technologies towards
generated text.
promotion/ development of Climate-Smart
10 Types of social media and what they’re used for:
Agriculture.
• Social networks - to connect with people
Department of Public Works and High Way -
online.
primarily address flooding problem holistically
ex: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn
and not in a comforting manner.
• Media sharing networks - to find and share
Mitigation Approach is reducing the flow of heat
photos, video, live video, and other media
trapping greenhouse gases into atmosphere.
online.
Adaptive capacity is the ability of the community to
ex: Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube
adjust and modify their lives.
 • Discussion forums - to find, discuss, and Reformative social movement is the opposite of
share news, information, and opinions. alternative social movements, but the
ex: Reddit, Quora, Digg membership of the movement is on a wider scale.
• Bookmarking and content curation Redemptive social movements tend to gather
networks - to discover, save, share, and participants from specific sectors of the society
discuss new and trending content and media. with a goal of radically changing the status of
ex: Pinterest, Flipboard individual members.
• Consumer review networks - to find, Revolutionary social movement is when the
review, and share information about brands, change that is expected is radical and the
products, and services, as well as restaurants, beneficiary includes everyone.
travel destinations, and more. Types of Social Movements
ex: Yelp, Zomato, TripAdvisor 1. According to Scope:
• Blogging and publishing networks - to a. Reform movement advocates changing
publish, discover, and comment on content some norms or laws
online. b. Radical movement is dedicated to
ex: WordPress, Tumblr, Medium changing value systems in some
• Interest-based networks - to connect with fundamental way.
others around a shared interest or hobby. 2. According to Change:
ex: Goodreads, Houzz, Last.fm a. Innovative movement wants to
• Social shopping networks - to spot trends, introduce or change norms and values
follow brands, share great finds, and make b. Conservative movement seeks to
purchases. preserve existing norms and values.
ex: Lazada, Shopee, Zalora, etc. 3. According to Targets:
• Sharing economy networks - to advertise, a. Group-focused movements focus on
find, share, buy, sell, and trade products and influencing groups or society in general;
for ex, attempting to change the political
services between peers.
ex: Airbnb, Uber, TaskRabbit system from a monarchy to a democracy.
b. individual-focused movement seeks to
• Anonymous social networks - to
affect individuals.
Communicate anonymously.
4. According to Methods of Work:
ex: Omegle, Whisper, Ask.fm
a. Peaceful movements utilize techniques
such as nonviolent resistance and civil
Module 18: Human Responses to Emerging
disobedience.
Challenges in Contemporary Societies (Social b. Violent movements resort to violence
Movements) when seeking social change.
5. According to Range:
Social movement a. Global movements, such as
- “conscious, collective, organized attempt to bring about Communism in the early 20th century,
or resist change in the social order by noninstitutionalized have transnational objectives.
means.” b. Local movements are focused on local
- a process that involves three elements: the individual, or regional objectives such as preserving
the group, and the society. an historic building or protecting a
Social movement organizations - formally established natural habitat.
associations arising from a social movement. LEVELS OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
• David Aberle (1966) - stated that LOCAL - movements are those actions that push change
movements can be categorized according to in a local area.
the number of their participants and the REGIONAL - movements are social movements that are
extent of the movement’s impact structure. bigger in area and in scope compared to local movement.
Alternative social movements have limited goals that NATIONAL - movements concerns the whole nation or
often relate to specific parts of the structure that specific country and it involves national politics or economy.
individuals would like to alter. GLOBAL - movements concerns all people around the
world.
Stage 1: Emergence
when people realize that there is a specific
problem in their society that they want to address.
Stage 2: Coalescence
social unrest or discontent passes without any
organizing or widespread mobilization.
Stage 3: Bureaucratization (formalization)
social movements have had some success in that
they have raised awareness to a degree that a
coordinated strategy
Stage 4: Decline (institutionalization)
does not necessarily mean failure for social
movements though.
• Repression
• Co-optation
• Success
• Failure