Ganesh Yuva
Ganesh Yuva
Ganesh Yuva
Engineering projects
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Table of Contents
1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................3
1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................3
1.2 RESEARCH RATIONAL..........................................................................................................4
1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM............................................................................................................4
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................4
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION...........................................................................................................5
1.6 RESEARCH OUTLINE.............................................................................................................5
1.7 RESEARCH SUMMARY..........................................................................................................5
2.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................7
2.2 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM)................................................................................7
2.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT.......................................................................................................8
2.4 SCM CHALLENGES FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOLUTION..............................................9
2.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR SUPPLY CHAIN.......................................12
2.6 SUPPLY CHAIN AND AGILE METHODOLOGY......................................................................15
3 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................17
3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................17
3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY.....................................................................................................17
3.3 RESEARCH APPROACH.......................................................................................................17
3.4 RESEARCH STRATEGIES.....................................................................................................18
3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN.............................................................................................................19
3.6 SAMPLING SIZE AND TECHNIQUE.......................................................................................19
3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHOD.............................................................................................20
3.8 DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................................20
3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION..................................................................................................20
3.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY......................................................................................................21
4 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS....................................................................................................22
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4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................22
4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN INDIA.......................................................22
4.3 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES FOR SUPPLY CHAIN IN INDIAN
ENGINEERING.............................................................................................................................24
4.4 CRITICAL CAUSES OF DELAY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS OF INDIAN ENGINEERING....26
4.5 PROJECT’S CHALLENGES AND SUCCESS IN INDIAN ENGINEERING.....................................28
4.6 CASES.................................................................................................................................29
4.7 DISCUSSION IN LIGHT WITH LITERATURE..........................................................................30
4.8 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................33
5 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................34
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1 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Supply chain management (SCM) and project management have direct resemblances. SCM
needs planned direction, and the cost is implemented from every phase of the supply chain. The
Project management also has built procedures that instruct and succeed the plan among each
member of the project team. Further, human resources are extremely engaged and adjusted in
such a procedure (Thome et al. 2016). Adopting SCM in a project-founded situation carries
considerable profits but needs careful execution and planning. Hence, in the last two decades,
both project management and SCM have strained growing attention and caused a substantial
publication in both areas.
Moreover, the supply chain and project management fields have overlying streams of research,
for instance, risk management. Further, project management is an excellent method to create
certainty and structure from complications (Madu and Kuei, 2015). Multilayered project
management is compulsory to assure that a clear supply chain mission finishes on budget, on
time, and within possibility. Hence, supply chain project management has an external and
internal opportunity comparative to the organisation. more specifically, it serves the exclusive
needs of projects that distance the active relationships of supply chain members situated outside
and inside the administrations. In evolving an information system utilised by the investors, both
the system users and project directors in every phase of the supply chain should engage in the
growth series. Thus, these joining actions assist stop a shortage of user sustenance to enhance
project presentation (Wei et al., 2021).
On the other hand, as projects become more complicated and engage SCM, project managers
need to assume the finest method that meets the needs of supervision. However, the probable
combination of both fields is mainly overlooked. Applying SCM-related plans generates
standards and enhances project acts for a project that includes various collaborations and
suppliers among different parties. Meanwhile the 1980s, the computer method has proceeded at
such an outstanding rate that it is currently far away from the competence of the supply field and
logistics to adequately apply the innovative skills (Harrison and Lock, 2017).
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1.2 Research Rational
A crucial factor of project management in the supply chain is to emerge and sustain perfect
delivery schedules that are relevant to project resources and addictions. Additionally, supply
chain project management makes certainty and order among other variable and complicated
needs. The strategies, changes, and resources that must arise become assessable and precise in
advance. Moreover, the success of any project depends on the prompt, cost-effective, and precise
delivery of materials, facilities, and systems (Demirkesen and Ozorhon, 2017). Naturally, the
main project contains numerous stakeholders working together with skilful capital to transport an
accomplished project. Further, managing Project Supply Chains shows how modified supply
chain management can be practical to project management, confirming project possessions are
provided as needed, decreasing costs and delays, and endorsing a positive consequence (Gosling
et al. 2016). Concerning this, the study delivers important information about effective supply
chain management by employing project management strategies.
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Evaluating how professional practices and other responsibilities work in supply chain
project management
Exploring the challenges associated with supply chain project management along with
their considerable outcomes
Furthermore, the fourth chapter is a discussion and analysis. It entails the study's outcomes and
further understands the importance of the findings related to what is already known about the
research problem. Finally, the fifth chapter is the conclusion and recommendation that
summarises the whole research in one chapter. This chapter includes the recommendations and
limitations for further studies.
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management projects. Along with this, the issues recognised in conceptualising the research
objectives are also tinted in this chapter. Furthermore, the structure of the overall research is also
demonstrated in the introduction chapter.
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2 Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The chapter is based on describing Supply chain management and project management. It
describes the understanding of practical supply chain management with regard to implementing
potential approaches to project management (Yuliadi & Nugroho, 2019). Different resources of
project management are used for defining the compulsory opportunities and assuring a clear
supply chain mission. It finishes by using the budget, possibilities of the time, and consideration
within possibility. Therefore, supply chain project management is associated with the external
and internal opportunities that can be compared to managing services in the organisation. The
process seems helpful for serving the exclusive needs related to the projects that define the
distance of the active relationships of supply chain members that are situated outside and inside
the services of the administrations.
Thus, the chapter uses the most important and significant role of practitioners in the
implementation of supply chain project management (Wei, Prybutok and Sauser, 2021). It seems
using and to implement the possibilities that are providing the critical path method. The links of
the supply chain for the critical path are considered as the technique that can define the implied
processes for the arrangement related to the various activities. The implementation of the project
management techniques defines the identification and management for involving a critical path
method.
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are used for transforming possible resources to the raw materials for gaining the final products.
The management of the supply chain helps the companies in cutting the excess costs and
delivering possibilities that can manage the products towards the consumers in the faster
manners. Efficient and effective supply chain management is used to keep the services out of the
headlines and provide them away to get the possible expensive recalls and definite lawsuits.
The possible critical elements of the implementation of the SCM are the development of a
strategy, sourcing of definite raw materials, production management and distribution processes,
and returning activities (Smith and Offodile, 2007). A supply chain manager is provided with the
task that can control and reduce the possible costs. Thus, the process of supply chain
management (SCM) in the organisations is used to represent an effort that is used by the
suppliers for the development and implementation of the supply chain services. It defines the
efficiency and description of the economic value as possible. The supply chain process can cover
everything from production to product development that can define the information systems to
manage the direct services of the undertakings.
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(Patil and Desai, 2020). The projects are considered temporary that define the effort for the
creation of value through describing a new product, service, or related result. The projects define
a beginning and also an end. It manages a team, a definite budget, and a possible schedule within
a set of expectations regarding team management. Therefore, a project is considered unique and
different from defining a routine operation where the ongoing services in the organisation are
successful due to the use of efficient projects and reaching a conclusion once achieving a goal.
There is a changing nature that can define work with the description of the technological
advances, globalisation management, and related factors while increasing the work to be
organised around the projects with defining the teams and can bring the service together
regarding skill management of the specific and definite tasks.
The management and success of the projects are associated with the services of Project
Professionals. They are known as people who can manage the process intentionally or by
circumstances that are asked to be processed. It ensures that a project team can meet the goals.
Therefore, the professionals in project management can use the implementation of different
tools, techniques, and approaches for fulfilling the needs and meeting the possibilities of a
project as well. The projects are allowed to get quick management for resolving the problems
and defining the understanding that can use the improvements (Nallusamy et al., 2015). The
project defines a longer duration that manages the production of a product and gaining possible
outcome that is associated with the needs of possible improvements within the projected
maintenance like the construction of the highways. Project professionals are responsible for
using a variety of skills and related knowledge for the engagement and motivation of others for
reaching the goals and objectives. Project professionals are considered critical to gaining the
success of the projects that are highly used for helping the organisations in achieving their goals.
The internal challenges arise in teamwork management that is due to the conflicting nature of the
restricting of the company's management within the purchasing of the policies and procedures.
There are some different supply-chain management constraints that are used for appropriate
levels of procurement and defining the signature management of the authority, mandatory
description of the competitive bid requirements, and restriction for the management of groups
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and teams as well (Lee, 2020). The employees may get the limiting resources within the
company that are based on the policies and using the stringent insurance services as well. The
differences in services are based on implementing the contractual requirements. Therefore,
various issues are seen in presenting significant challenges towards the project team's ability to
obtain the specific material and using the definite timeframe as well to the optimum support of a
price. The supply-chain risk involves managing the team and using the receipt related to the
damaged material. The management is unable to manage the teams and groups in an efficient
manner. The employees may get less resources in the organisation that can define the successful
completion of the tasks. It seems in defining incorporating challenges within the field.
• Business Integration
It shows the lack of supplier attention that is a risk factor where the project team can be
considered as the source of maintaining the supply-chain risks and desired challenges. The
possibilities in the supply chain can attribute to the indefinite recognition of the late placement of
the orders due to the conflicting nature of the concerned objectives and goals. Thus, the theory of
conflicting objectives and goals, the project team must balance competing objectives and goals
(Jawahar, Kumara and Padmanabhan, 2020). The project management team seems as facing
issues in the objective that can manage the cash flow as burning yet and can ensure the required
amount of resources that are available. The objectives seem as managing the conflict as
becoming the part of the cash flow management and can ensure that material can be procured as
seem with the required quantities. The management of business integration defines material that
can be purchased as well as using the material arrival in the support processes. It defines the
overall description of the cash flow objective as using the best price available and can be
obtained to use the material for the delivered processes as required. The challenges may arise as
defining lack of efficiency in the policies and deliverables in business integration.
The challenges are seen as managing two different functional departments that can work together
to manage and introduce a new product. The issues are seen in the management of forecasting
and planning processes as well. There will be undoubted management for using different points
of intersection. The points are considered typically more complex for the management and
creation of a higher degree related to the delays and issues (Fernando et al., 2018). It is based on
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the points that manage new product processes in the development services. The issues arise due
to the lack of development in a new product that can be collaborated with using the suppliers and
customers at the same pace. The customers are allowed for providing feedback and related
suggestions towards the fulfilment of their needs and considering the processes in the meantime
as well. The suppliers may face issues in collaborating with the new designs, new packaging
material, or different ways that can reduce the line scrap. The connection within the points can be
helpful for increasing the complexity that is the most effective way for the management the
complexities and use efficient resources for the project management processes as well.
• Customer Demands
The lack of customer demands is due to the poor fulfilment rates and providing the missing
solutions to the revenue targets as well. The projects are facing done sort of stock situations in
the business that can affect on attracting a larger customer base. The process is heavily
influenced with the situation that defines the accuracy-related to the demand forecast. The
demand forecast of the customers can be much more accurate where the company is considered
as likely to define the right product within the right quantities. It defines a lack of inventory
management and will define some less of the products in the inventory system as required
(Fahimnia et al., 2019). The process is not influencing the filling rates and manage the service
levels; however, it needs to keep the cost down and increasing the bottom line of the projects as
well. The organisations may face issues due to the lack of customer resources that are provided
to manage efficiency in the services. It needs appropriate management in the services and
defining accuracy within the service organisation as well.
Project management and supply chain management are the connected fields that overlap the
potential research streams like possibilities in risk management. The issues can arise in managing
market growth and changes that are possible in conjunction within the fields. It is considered
largely ignored. It seems that the project is involved the different manners of the suppliers and
collaboration among the multiple parties. It defines implementation of the SCM changes that are
related to defining the strategies and creating possible values as well. It needs improvement of
the project performance as well, which is considered often difficult for the management of
project managers and realising the potential benefits at the initial stages of a project (Carrera,
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Mayorga and Peng, 2020). The management needs holistic understanding related to the
integration and defining the conceptual level as well. The issues are seemed in defining the
suitable SCM processes that are related to the desired techniques and strategies. It needs to deal
with the possible resources for increasing the complexity all across the organisations. The
process is not actually generalised for managing the project-based cases within similar industries
and is not considered as critical for the antecedents’ elaboration within the interactions of the
overall conceptual model.
Agile is said to be a method that can be used for the development and creation of new software.
The approach is undertaken to define the agile that is known as an iterative approach. It means
that the new developments can define the forms of requirements that can be discovered or
needed in project management. They are used for added potential effects to the software. The
agile supply chain is considered as a very instance process that helps in understanding and
comprehending the management (Aloini et al., 2015). It helps in managing the flow of the
relevant goods and services. Therefore, it can be defined as using various types of products and
services. The process takes into consideration defining the motion of the products and services
and will be applied to define the stored processes as well. It defines the storage of the necessity
and needs management. The work can define the progress items that are needed to be taken into
consideration and profound as lastly to be delivered with the concerned products and services as
using the ultimate provision of the customers.
Agile is used for defining the meaning of flexibility that is seen within the context of
organisations that are expected to gain resources and become responsive towards the change as
well. It helps in managing services that can cause immediate management of the surroundings
and using the adaptation within the current movements and trends as well. It helps in managing
the markets and implementing positivity to the customer behaviours. The management identifies
the quicker actions as they can define positive changes within the strategy. It helps in using the
comfortable assistance to find themselves positive in the long-run processes. The method helps
in defining the particular area in the organisations where agile is considered essential for the
management of the supply chain management and related division. There are some ways that can
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manage the production and supply of the goods and services efficiently by defining the form of
the origination and using the network while following towards the desired consumer.
The agile methodology helps the companies in managing the ability and defining the innovation
towards the existing management of goods and services. It defines a way that can implement a
better description of the suitable customer demands and implement policies that are quickly used
for enabling the customers as well. It defines the implementation of the innovation that is known
as a crucial component for the management of an agile supply chain. The organisations are
allowed to provide the well-established resources for the internal principles that can serve as
providing the reference point and implementing the efficient resources to the productive system
of agile supply chain management (Akhavan, Ravanshadnia & Shahrayini, 2020). The principles
are based on defining the appropriate market study and implementing a review of the overall
management in definite situations. It seems to manage the business while facing many
difficulties within the leadership approaches of supply chain management. The described
principles are used to enable the company the quick making changes within the process that are
not disturbing other definite parts of the organisation.
The benefits of using agile in the process of supply chain management are defining the system
that can enable the process and using the existing management towards the change. It seems
quickly managed without considering the causes of the disturbances to the concerned parts
within the organisation. It helps in using the real-time data where the firms are responsible for
altering the process of production in order to meet the possibilities of the existing demands. It
helps in the process of reducing wastage and saving over the storage costs by defining possible
expenses. The use of real-time data is helpful for the firms in managing the projects that can
trend towards the future management accordingly. It seems that making plans within the place
can easily meet the demands and related contingencies with using the deviations from the related
demands.
Therefore, the industry can get possibilities as a whole while learning and dealing with the
volatility in managing the demands and using in turn for the impact of the profit levels. It helps
in managing the concerned parties that are accepted with finding possible ways towards the work
inefficient manners and defining potential management for the satisfaction of the customers as
well. It seems that the agile supply chain is considered the latest trend that defines the
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adaptability, flexibility measures, and forecasting management of the future identification of the
consumer trends with using the utmost importance.
• Waterfall Methodology
The Waterfall Model was initially introduced as the Process Model that is also referred to define
a linear-sequential life cycle model. The model is considered very simple for understanding and
using values. In using the waterfall model, every phase is considered to become completed that is
fully connected before the implementation of another phase in the services. Therefore, it uses the
type of software development model that is basically used for managing the projects that are
smaller and defining no uncertain requirements as well in the process (Ageron, Bentahar and
Gunasekaran, 2020). Thus, the waterfall methodology is defined as a linear project management
process that can help the stakeholder and manage efficiency in the customer requirements. It
helps in gathering the process at the start of the project and them defining a sequential plan for
the project while creating the required accommodations.
The waterfall model is also named for describing every phase directly as using the project
cascades within the next and following the steadily down processes like a waterfall. The
approach defines a thorough and definite structured methodology that is around for
implementation a longer time as it works. The industries can manage the regular use for the
implementation of the waterfall model such as construction management, IT development, and
software development as well. The waterfall software development is based on the life cycle that
manages the waterfall SDLC and is widely used for the management of the software processing
projects in the services. The waterfall is the methodology that is used often in the description of
the SAP projects, and it is also called the continuous management. It seems as becoming popular,
especially while implementing the technology as a mature act. For example, SAP defines a
mature technology. Artificial Intelligence is not considered as mature that has different emergent
uses in the services.
Waterfall provides "long" planning that is based on the blueprint and development recalling
phase. The process is usually used in the testing phase that can start considering the results for
the hard work of the teams. Therefore, the waterfall method is defined as a popular technique
that is used for the description of the project management software. The employees and
managers are responsible for implementing the specific order that is not associated with the
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return to get a previous phase after the completed services or moving ahead outside of the related
sequential order. It helps the projects in the designing phase, where the project team is
responsible for creating efficiency in a design specification document (DSD). It helps in
recording the effects that can manage the logistics for using the required processes of the
programming languages. It helps in defining efficiency in hardware, data layering management,
and more. The phase helps in managing the designs of everything that are associated with the
scenarios towards the layouts and data models resources. The implementation of the Waterfall
approach is associated with the assigning of different tasks that can manage team members and
efficiency in the developers. It seems helpful to monitor and track the progress that can ensure
the project to get progress on the related schedule. It seems adequate for managing the workload
and defining possibilities in the required resources. The process helps in updating the customer,
client management, or requirements of the stakeholders.
The waterfall approach helps in managing the project with the system of testing and verifying
and defining the details of the project. Team members can start with defining the quality
assurance and related testing strategy that can help in reporting different issues or challenges.
There must be checking of all products to meet the requirements (Yuliadi & Nugroho, 2019).
The stage of testing is complete as defining the team verification and meeting the results that can
exceed the standards of the customers and services. Test cases are used for creating efficiency
and using the designing of the documents that are presented with the personas. It defines the
project manager's duties related to the case scenarios. Therefore, it helps in providing the details
that are tested and verified by using the product plan and implementing resources that can
forward the process using the waterfall method.
Agile supply chain management (SCM) is said to be a supply chain that manages the activities in
a wider manner within the organisation. It is associated with the services around a new set of
principles that can emphasise the needs for new structure management, value chain resources,
communication management, and description of the information systems as defining the overall
production of new mindset while coming to define the supply chain operations. The
implementation of a new and definite supply chain management can define a paradigm that can
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allow the organisation's supply chain the operation without fixing the configurations and
managing the static structures. There are some obvious benefits to implementing and making
effectiveness in the supply chain. It defines a less vulnerable process to define sudden changes as
considering a flexible notion of the foundation and building a less vulnerable to get the damages
(Yuliadi & Nugroho, 2019).
The consideration of daily operations can help the agile supply chain in defining the flexibility to
become effective in the centre while using the rapid changing within the customer demand. The
process defines the ability that can react on sudden fluctuations in the customer demand and
helpful for the companies to manage and reach the potential market in the initial stages. It needs
to become innovative and act as a market leader that manages the competitors while struggling to
realign the process in the rigid supply chains. The description of agile supply chain strategies are
based on the use of modern agile supply chain and defining the process for using different
component in the strategies such as virtual integration, process alignment services, sharing of the
chain responsibility, and market management of the sensitivity. The agility in supply chains can
be used as rendering down to get five different areas that manage the agile methodologies and
can be easily applied as well.
The areas are considered forecasting, production management, and scheduling services,
manufacturing material, warehousing services, and distribution management as well. It helps in
increasing flexibility and providing efficiency to demand-driven services as well. It defines
planning that can allow companies while use the agile supply chain towards the reaction to
maintain the changing in the customer demand (Yuliadi & Nugroho, 2019). Therefore, it gives
the businesses the ability to take the potential advantage of defining a short profit window and
bringing the products towards the market in a faster manners as compared to the competitors.
The description defines the similar increase in the flexibility that can allow agile supply chains to
become more responsive and resilient towards the achievement of a sudden change. It also
imposes the loss of some definite manufacturing partner considering the significant effect of the
logistical bottleneck. The significant delays within the static supply chain can define the potential
agile supply chain is, enabling the quick adaptation for overcoming the issues.
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3 Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
Chapter 3 is known as the research methodology that is considered the essential part for the
completion of the research work. The chapter helps in implementing the systematic process of
using the data and collection of relevant information. There is a particular technique that is used
for the identification, selection, processing, and evaluation of the data regarding the selected
topic. The methodology is helpful for the readers as well in evaluating the validity and reliability
of the research work (Cr, 2020). Therefore, the chapter is used to identify the tools and
techniques that are used for gathering the concerned data. The chapter will be helpful for
understanding the research philosophy, approaches, data collection resources, data analysis
methods, and the other concerned procedures. Therefore, it helps in defining the ethical
consideration that is considered as essential for the completion of the research work.
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3.3 Research Approach
The consideration of the research approach is based on defining the planning processes within
the overall research work. The process is helpful for the creation of an adequate plan within the
study that can help in managing the imports services of the study and identifying the collection
of the required data as well. It seems helpful for analysing the gathered data and defining
accuracy in the interpretation for the completion of the study. Research approaches are
considered to define three different types that are like deductive approach, inductive approach,
and abductive approach (Newman and Gough, 2020). The analysis shows that the identification
of the deductive approach seems focusing on the researcher that can develop the hypotheses
related to the topic within the research work. It seems helpful for analysing the related theories
used in work, whereas; the inductive approach defines the contradictory nature to the deductive
approach as describing the inductive approach and exploring new efficient theory. The adductive
approach focuses on the researcher defining the overcoming of the weaknesses related to the
inductive and deductive approaches.
The existing research work uses an inductive approach that is considered as the particular
approach for the implementation of the interpretivism philosophy. It helps in applying the rule
that can manage the positivist services that are adopted within the inductive approach. The use of
the inductive approach seems to define the phenomenology philosophy. Therefore, the adoption
of the inductive approach helps in implementing the reasons that can identify several ways of
project management and provide potential improvements within the process of the supply chain.
It seems helpful in gathering the in-depth information and related data related that are eventually
identifying the accomplishment within the objectives of the research work.
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and is considered as efficient for completing the work. The selection of the approach helps in
defining the reasons for using the cost-effective methods that are helpful for the building of the
effective communication with using the respondents. It seems helpful in collecting the feedback
and opinions of the workers and staff for the identification of the use of project management in
supply chain practices. It seems helpful for discussing within the research strategies where the
part will be associated with the description of the research design.
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different manners (Snyder, 2019). The approach helps in managing the appropriate sample size
that can be selected for the accomplishment and fulfilment of the objectives within the study.
Therefore, the current study makes use of no primary data hence secondary data is the main
focus. The data has been collected with the help of secondary sources, including Google Scholar,
Science Direct, Emerald Insight etc.
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3.9 Ethical Consideration
It is also considered as the essential part for the research study that is providing the importance to
actual importance to the research in order to deduct the actions of failure. The part is based on
defining different aspects that can be covered as using the study and ensuring positivity in the
study towards the implementation of ethics. The significant aspects that can provide efficiency in
the anonymity is based on the responses of the respondents that can be maintained. Therefore the
description of the current study ensures the implementation of the personal information of the
respondents that can be used as anonymous and can be confidential for the surveys. The research
will also provide consent to the respondents as ensuring them to take part within the survey their
free will. It ensures that no unauthorised person will get the information of the respondents while
gathering the data and information and ensuring the data will not be misused by any personnel.
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4 Chapter 4: Analysis
4.1 Introduction
The chapter on data analysis provides in-depth and precise data about the theme of the study. It is
essential to provide accurate and anticipated data and information about the topic, as the chapter
is considered the main findings, which are concluded from the literature of different studies. The
key aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of effective supply chain management strategies on
the success or failure of the project. For this, the study is particularly emphasised the case study
of Indian Engineering projects. Concerning this, the data analysis chapter entails an overview of
the construction industry in India. Also, different methodologies that are associated with the
supply chain in Indian Engineering are discussed in this chapter. Moreover, different project
challenges in the construction projects and causes of delays are also highlighted in the data
analysis chapter. Some of the cases of construction projects were discussed, along with the
incorporation of different viewpoints.
Moreover, advanced methods of project management and procurement can satisfy the
requirements and bring additional value (Gulghane and Khandve, 2015). Furthermore,
agriculture construction is the second-largest economic sector in India. Construction is
23
responsible for approximately 65 per cent of the total asset in infrastructure. It is anticipated to
be the most extraordinary recipient of the flow in infrastructure assets over the next five years.
Thus, nearly 11 per cent of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is responsible for investment
in construction. Further, €239.68 billion is probable to be devoted to the infrastructure sector
over the next five to 10 years - in bridges, city infrastructure, power, airports, roads, ports, and
telecommunications, which would deliver a significant improvement to the construction industry
as an entire (Lyer, 2018).
Figure 1: Value of construction to India's GDP from January 2016 to January 2022
Instantaneously, the rapid development of the Indian economy has had a flowing impact on
requests for commercial possessions to benefit meet the requirements of corporate, for example,
hotels, modern offices, retail shopping centres, and warehouses. Moreover, development in
profitable office space obligation is led by the growing outsourcing and information technology
(IT) industry and arranged retail (Heffron et al. 2020). In addition, Liang et al. (2018) mention
24
that India's Construction and Infrastructure Sectors have departed from their emerging phases.
For the previous few eras, both private developers and the government directed the "Low
Hanging Fruits", such as plans that were easy to implement and delivered the maximum financial
profit. Though, now there is a big chance to assume complicated and complex projects in which
the challenging factor for building majors shall be cost competence and technical competence
and effectiveness.
India has one of the main road systems globally, behind only the China and United States. In
India, roads are responsible for 80 per cent of traveller traffic and 66 per cent of cargo traffic.
The yearly development of the road system in India is predictable at over 12 for traveller traffic
and over 16% for cargo traffic (Flayyih et al. 2017).
25
methodologies. According to the current study, agile methodology is a technique that can be
employed to grow and build innovative software. It is noted that agile construction management
can be most helpful and deliver benefits in the project and pre-design stage of a construction
plan. However, with Agile software expansion tools, the contrast between people professionals
and team resolutions will be examined, and the finest solutions and their assessment with
outdated project administration tools (Jethva and Skibniewski, 2022). The determination to
shorten the construction plan length frequently upsurges the difficulty of the project, creating real
difficulties for the planning team. Agile practice is essentially used for flattening any project or
procedure but for the construction sector, and it is genuinely innovative in India. Further, the
construction industry also has a few than the finest record of project management and may help
by accepting agile project administration. In order to solve an agile theory, the fundamental
foundations for agile have been discovered, leading to the documentation of further auspicious
study (Sohi et al. 2016).
On the other hand, a study has also discussed the waterfall methodology. According to the study,
the Waterfall Model was first presented as the Procedure Model that is also mentioned to express
a linear-consecutive life cycle model. The model is measured as very modest for the
26
understanding and employing of values. The waterfall model consists of five phases: design,
maintenance, business analysis, testing, and implementation. This method was an achievement,
and many expanding companies and industrial productions have approved this as their significant
growth context (Shylesh, 2017). Besides this, numerous people were employed to run diverse
sections, and the departments were their stages. It was ideal to discover several capitals that
should be allocated to complete the definite stages, which shaped much concern among project
directors and managers.
Additionally, the waterfall model arises from the procedure of production and construction,
where extremely structured events must be trailed, as late variations are exclusive or even
incredible. Thus, this method emphasised manufacturing the best conceivable end product with
little elasticity for variations when the product is completed (Kramer, 2018). The construction of
the house is the best example of the waterfall model. One after the other floor should be
constructed, first, the basement, second the floors, and the roof.
However, the construction industry has been rising for the previous years, but some issues are
devoted to it and making it one of the most muddled segments. Further, reasons for late
distribution contains rework due to errors, lack of expert labour, inflation, changes in design,
lack of preparation etc. This type of industry behaviour would have a thoughtful influence on
projects undergrowth or in the tube. It is noted that under the groups of contractor financial
difficulties and insufficient fund distribution are understood as the most significant delay issues
based on the complete examination correspondingly. Thus, these factors are directly related to
the workers' financial capability, which excessively disturbs the project's performance and is
responsible for the project's delay (Atibu, 2015). Further, advisors and contractors agreed that
clients' financial problems are more attached to delays than dealers, while clients think the
financial difficulties of contractors are more accountable for delays. However, the study points
out that the severe significant reasons for delay for the dealers are associated with the owner.
In contrast, clients and consultants recognise the highest recurrent issue of delay is presenting to
the lowermost buyer. The common reason for delay that all parties approved is the alteration of
orders by the consumer during building. Numerous common aspects cause delays among two
investors, such as inappropriate preparation and development by contractors, delay in growth
expenses, poor site administration and facilitation by contractors, problems in funding by
contractors and absence of employment. Therefore, all main stakeholders approve that the
succeeding causes are the least vital: accidents during building, limitations in location and traffic
control, changes in government regulations, and the impact of cultural and social factors.
Though, the study exposed that the workers recognised that the key sources of delay were
28
consultants and owners while both owners and consultants require contractor and labour
associated delays are the important sources of delay (Kumar, 2016).
29
effective cost management. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, and project team
performance is heavily reliant on individual skill levels (Anantatmula and Rad, 2018). It is easy
to create the ideal environment as a project manager, but if your team lacks the necessary skills
to solve the problem, your project will fail. This is a massive project management issue that can
only be resolved with the right experience and foresight.
It has been identified that cost and time are critical success factors for construction projects; in
the view of Zuniga-Teran et al. (2020), construction projects are not easy to manage as it
requires a lot of planning and strategic alignment. For this, it is the responsibility of engineers to
ensure that the cost estimation for projects is structured at the very start of the project. Similarly,
the use of technology is also a critical factor for the engineers, as if there proper and advanced
level technology is incorporated into the project, then it becomes easy to complete the project in
a timely manner.
4.6 Cases
It is noted that project managers supervise all of the significant features of structuring procedures
from development and planning to implementation as well as to final distribution. According to
Malav et al. (2020), project managers work thoroughly with out-workers and engineers in order
to create timelines and cost estimation for the project. Consequently, the key objective is to
complete the development of the project within an estimated time and scope. In regards to the
construction project in India, there are different projects that are described below;
The Ganga path project is categorised as one of the prominent projects that are supervised by the
Bihar State Road Development Corporation (BSRDC). The project is about the establishment of
a road that is about 11.9 km in length and comprises four lanes that create a path between Digha
and AIIMS in Patna (Abazajian et al., 2019). Accordingly, the project delivers great assistance in
dealing with the traffic congestion within the city. In particular, the road benefits the narrow
Ashok Rajpath because of its coverage range from Loknayak Ganga Path to the end of Digha. It
is a true fact that engineers are responsible for accomplishing the installation slog at the site area
of construction. The actions include the analysis and contracting of the entire system that is
needed to install and finish the project within a specified date and time. It is undoubtedly said
that the construction industry is the one which is considered the biggest waste generator on the
entire global level (Rana et al., 2021). Environmental sustainability is the key aspect of the
construction industry and projects related to it. Likewise, the project pathway causes different
30
challenges and hurdles for engineers and the project management team. As they need to focus on
the supply of essential resources and the availability of professionals and experts that have a
piece of immense knowledge and understanding about each and every aspect of road
construction.
There is a construction of a cable-stayed bridge in Bangalore; this is an aspiring project plan
which aims to create a connection between Chikkabanavara and Jalahalli. The plan is a part of
the residential rail project, K-RIDE, which needed to propose to defeat two prevailing rails over
bridge projects, i.e. 410A and 408B (Fang et al., 2022). These bridges connected Jalahalli and
Chikkabanavara and were reconstructed as suspension and cable-stayed bridges. In order to
construct the bridge, project management needs to make full-fledged strategic decisions and
planning, which all aim to offer the best possible outcomes. The bridge is generally categorised
as a landmark arrangement because of its projection, design, aesthetics as well as the facilities
provided after the completion of the bridge. Like, the cable-stayed bridge plays a significant role
in speeding up the undertaking of circulation between the East and North of Delhi, as there have
been a lot of traffic congestion issues in India from the start of June 2015. In the construction of
a cable-stayed bridge, effective supply chain management is needed as it plays an essential role
in ensuring the successful and on-time delivery of all the necessary materials that are needed.
Lakshmi et al. (2021) briefed that cable-stayed bridges carry the vertical main-span loads by
nearly straight diagonal cables in tension Cable-stayed bridge projects provide an assortment of
opportunities to all the contractors, engineers, designers, suppliers and many other stakeholders
about the supply of not only the resources for floor and cables, but it is essentially important for
the geometric preparation of the chains. In addition, construction of the bridge includes situating
up the flyovers, hoops and slopes that are comprised of about 4.2km western and 1.8km eastern
tactics on both the edges of the river.
4.7 Discussion in Light with Literature
It is evident that supply chain management and project management are interconnected with each
other, as they both are the influencers of each other. Yet, it is important to consider both aspects
in order to make a project successful. From the literature, it is explored that a project can become
complicated and challenging if there is a lack of effective project management strategies and
methods of supply chain management. The core theme of the study is to examine the use of
effective supply chain management with the incorporation of project management approaches. In
31
this regard, the literature identified that supply chain management is the technique that has a
direct relation with the management and the transformation of goods and services in an effective
manner. It is evident from the study of Xu (2019) that supply chain management involves the
dynamic management of streamlining in order to increase the effectiveness of business and
maximise the value of customers. With the help of supply chain management, it becomes
possible for companies to minimise the additional expenses and costs and mitigate the flow of all
the goods and services. The above literature demonstrated that supply chain management
promotes the activities related to central management, production, shipment, distribution of raw
materials, and many more aspects. Similar to this, project management is the term used to define
the set of specific techniques and knowledge which play a critical role in the development of a
project. It is important that a project should start with a clear beginning and ending strategy,
which all refers to project management. The entire success or failure of a project is directly
influenced by the involvement of project professionals and the project management team. In
construction projects, project management is a critical element, as construction projects require
lots of planning and effective management.
It is defined by Lee (2020) that there are different challenges associated with project
management, like; teamwork is a considerable challenge. While working in teams, there are the
chances of internal conflicts and arguments, as companies have different purchasing and selling
policies within their supply chain. Like, all the projects comprise different procurement strategies
and tactics, so yes, teamwork is the challenging aspect there. It can be said that business
integration is also a challenge for project management, as it refers to the lack of attention
provided by the supplier, causes a delay in project completion and show supply chain risks.
Jawahar and Padmanabhan (2020) highlighted that the project management teams face different
challenges when it comes to managing the cash flows and maintaining the flow of products and
services in a regulated way. Planning and forecasting are also categorised as challenging factors
for project management, as there are different points of intersection used by the management
team, and these points are somehow complex in the successful completion of the project. Not
limited to this, the literature has discussed that customer also demands influence project
management and supply chain processing. It is a true fact that when a company’s management is
associated with the proper management, then there will be more chances to succeed in the
project. According to Carrera et al. (2020), market change and growth are interconnected with
32
each other. It can be said that the management necessities an inclusive understanding of the
integration and defining the conceptual level within the project. It has seemed that project
management experiences issues in defining the best possible techniques and strategies for the
project.
The literature discussed that different methodologies could be used in supply chain management.
It is noted that agile methodology is used for the development and installation of new software.
With the help of this approach, it becomes possible for the companies to add potential effects to
the projects. The agile approach is considered the best to understand and comprehend the overall
management of the project and manage the issues related to the supply of goods and services.
The agile approach can be used to define the flexibility within the projects that have a direct
association with the expected resources and change. In addition, the agile approach enables the
project management team to define the system of the supply chain and use the existing
management for the change. Consequently, it aids in using the real-time data where the firms are
responsible for altering the process of production in order to meet the possibilities of the existing
demands. Waterfall methodology is also considered as the potential approach that reflects linear
sequence. It is undoubtedly said that waterfall is the simplest methodology that helps in
understanding the values. Moreover, in software development, this approach uses commonly and
manages projects which are of a smaller scale. According to Ageron et al. (2020), the waterfall
approach is used to collect the data at the very beginning phase of the project and then proceed
step by step throughout the processing. In construction projects, this approach is feasibly used, as
it provides small and critical guidelines from the beginning to the ending of the project. In
addition to this, the literature highlighted that waterfall methodology could be effectively used in
different sectors, like; IT development, software development, construction, and many other
related fields. It is observed that the application of waterfall methodology offers broad
knowledge and understanding of the testing phase and the expected outcomes. Conclusively, the
waterfall approach is the best approach that is used for the depiction of the project management
software.
In light of the literature, it is depicted that agile methodology is best used in order to maintain the
supply chain in an efficient manner (Yuliadi & Nugroho, 2019). Further, the contemplation of
daily operations assists the agile supply chain in describing the elasticity to develop operative
actions while using the swift change in the demands of customers. With the help of the agile
33
approach, the companies can be able to respond to an unexpected oscillation regarding customer
demand as well as assist the company in accomplishing and influencing the potential market
within the very initial stages. Despite this, the agile approach is used in different areas of
construction, including; forecasting, production management, scheduling services, industrial
material, warehousing facilities, delivery supervision and many more. Moreover, it aids in
cumulative flexibility and offers competency to demand-driven services as well. In particular, the
agile approach is the best way to maintain flexibility towards products and services.
4.8 Conclusion
The chapter entailed all the necessary information and data that is needed to understand the
theme of the study, which is to evaluate effective supply chain management using project
management approaches. It has been concluded that waterfall and agile approaches are most
commonly used in construction projects in Indian Engineering. Moreover, it is identified that
restricting the construction industry and insufficient resource allocation are the main challenges
that influence the success of the project.
34
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