Department of Computer Science Engineering

Name of the faculty : Mrs. M SilpaRaj

Name of the Subject : CLOUD COMPUTING (CS714PE)
Class and Section : VI B. Tech CSE
Semester : I (ODD Semester)

Lecture Number Unit Number Topic to be covered

UNIT- II

1. Motivation for cloud computing

2. The Need for Cloud Computing

3. Outlining Cloud Computing

4. Definition of Cloud Computing

9
5. Cloud Computing Is a Service

6. Cloud Computing Is a Platform

7. Principles of Cloud computing

8. Five Essential Characteristics

9. Four Cloud Deployment Models

 UNIT – II

NOTES

2. Motivation for cloud computing

• Cloud computing is a mechanism of hiring or getting the services of the computing
power or infrastructure to an organizational or individual level to the extent
required and paying only for the consumed services.
• Cloud computing it eliminates a large computing investment without compromising
the use of computing at the user level at an operational cost.
• Even if we lose our laptop or due to some crisis our personal computer—and the
desktop system—gets damaged, still our data and files will stay safe and secured
as these are not in our local machine (but remotely located at the provider’s
place—machine).
• It is a way to increase capacity or add capabilities without investing in new
infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software.
• Cloud computing encompasses the subscription- based or pay-per-use service
model of offering computing to end users or customers over the Internet .

2.1 Need for Cloud Computing

• The need and use of cloud computing are convenience and reliability.
• The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with friends, making it possible
to collaborate over the web.
 • There is always a risk in internet that someone may try to gain access to our
personal data therefore it is important to choose and access attention to privacy
settings for the cloud service that we are using.

Efficiency

 Accessibility- Cloud computing facilitates the access of applications and data from
any location worldwide and from any device with an internet connection.
 Cost savings- Cloud computing offers businesses with scalable computing
resources hence saving them on the cost of acquiring and maintaining them. These
resources are paid for on a pay-as-you-go basis which means businesses pay only
for the resources they use.
 Security- Cloud providers especially those offering private cloud services, have
strived to implement the best security standards and procedures in order to protect
client’s data saved in the cloud.
 Disaster recovery- Cloud computing offers the most efficient means for backup
and restore their data and applications in a fast and reliable way.

Flexibility
 Scalability- Cloud computing is the best option for businesses with fluctuating
workloads since cloud infrastructure scales depending on the demands of the
business.
 Tools selection- Cloud computing allows businesses to select specific prebuilt tools
and device support applications.
 Cloud options- Cloud computing offers private cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud
and community cloud features. Organizations can choose these options depending
on what best serves their need.
 Control choices- Businesses can determine their level of control with as-a-service
options offered by the cloud provider. These options include SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.

Strategic edge
 Increased productivity- Cloud service providers acquire and manage enabling
businesses to focus on their core business operations.
 Automatic software updates- All the software applications that are accessed
through the cloud are usually up-to-date. This enables businesses to access the
latest features without having to maintain the system themselves.
 Competitiveness- Businesses of organizations are compared to competitors who
devote their energies to acquiring and maintaining IT resources.
 Increased collaboration- With the capabilities of cloud computing, individuals
from different places can collaborate in business projects without necessarily
having to meet.
2.2 Defining Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing is storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet
from a remote location or computer.
• For cloud computing, we need to access our data or programs over the Internet
however, with an online connection, cloud computing can be done anywhere,
anytime, and by any device.

• University of California Berkeley : Key characteristics of cloud computing as:

“(1) the illusion of infinite computing resources; (2) the elimination of an up-
front commitment by cloud users; and (3) the ability to pay for use . . . as
needed . . .”

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) : A pay-per-use model

for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage,
applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

• Armbrust et al : Data center hardware and software that provide services.

• -Sotomayor et al : “Cloud” is more often used to refer to the IT infrastructure

deployed on an Infrastructure as a Service provider data center.

2.3 Outlining Cloud Computing

NIST Definition of CC :
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): ― Cloud computing is a
model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
• This cloud model is composed of
i. Five essential characteristics
ii. Four deployment models and
iii. Three service models
i. Five essential characteristics

1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any
human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and
manage computing resources as needed.
 AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud and
other public cloud platforms make
resources available to users at the click of a
button or API call.
 With data centers all over the world, these
vendors have vast amounts of compute and
storage assets at the ready. This represents
a radical departure for IT teams
accustomed to an on-premises
procurement process that can take months
to complete.
 Cloud computing's characteristic of self-
service provisioning goes hand in hand with
on-demand computing capabilities.
 Instead of waiting for new servers to be delivered to a private data center,
developers can select the resources and tools they need -- typically through a
cloud provider's self-service portal -- and build right away.

2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over
 standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
 A big part of the cloud's utility is its ubiquity.
 Users can access data or upload data to the cloud from anywhere with an
internet connection.
 Because most enterprises have a mix of operating systems, platforms and
devices, the cloud is an attractive option.
 Cloud providers preserve that broad network access by monitoring and
ensuring various metrics that reflect how customers access cloud resources
and data: latency, access time, data throughput, etc.
 These factor into quality of service requirements and service-level
agreements.

3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis.
 Resource pooling enables scalability for cloud providers and users because
compute, storage, networking and other assets can be added or removed as
needed.
 This helps enterprise IT teams optimize their cloud-hosted workloads and
avoid end-user bottlenecks.
 Clouds can scale vertically or horizontally, and service providers offer
automation software to handle dynamic scaling for users.
 Traditional, on-premises architectures can't scale as easily. Typically,
enterprises have to plan for peak capacity by purchasing servers and other
infrastructure assets; those extra resources sit idle during lulls in activity.
 While scalability tends to describe longer-term cloud infrastructure plans,
rapid elasticity is more of a short-term characteristic.
 When demand unexpectedly surges, properly configured cloud applications
and services instantly and automatically add resources to handle the load.
 When the demand abates, services return to original resource levels.

4. Resource pooling: The IT resource present are shared across multiple

applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are
provided service from a same physical resource.
 Public cloud providers rely on multi-tenant architectures to accommodate
more users at the same time.
 Customers' workloads are abstracted from the hardware and underlying
software, which serve multiple customers on the same host.
 Cloud providers increasingly rely on custom hardware and abstraction layers
to improve security and speed users' access to resources.
 5. Measured service:The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an
account of what has been used.
 Measuring service usage is useful for both a cloud provider and its
customers.
 The provider and the customer monitor and report on the use of resources
and services, such as VMs, storage, processing and bandwidth.
 That data is used to calculate the customer's consumption of cloud
resources, and feeds into the pay-per-use model.
 The cloud provider, meanwhile, can better understand how customers utilize
its resources and potentially improve the infrastructure and services offered.

ii. Four deployment models

 The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment
based on ownership, scale, and
access, as well as the cloud’s
nature and purpose.
 The location of the servers you’re
utilizing and who controls them are
defined by a cloud deployment
model.
 It specifies how your cloud
infrastructure will look, what you
can change, and whether you will
be given services or will have to create everything yourself.
 Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also defined by
cloud deployment types.

Public Cloud
- The public cloud makes it possible for
anybody to access systems and
services.
- The public cloud may be less secure as
it is open for everyone.
- The public cloud is one in which cloud
infrastructure services are provided over
the internet to the general people or
major industry groups.
- The infrastructure in this cloud model
is owned by the entity that delivers the
 cloud services, not by the consumer.
- It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily access
systems and services.
- This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting, in which
service providers supply services to a variety of customers.
- In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-use basis.
- Example: Google App Engine etc.

Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial
upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to
resources.
o No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service
providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
o Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not
necessitate infrastructure management.
o No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (Not
users).
o Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible.

Limitations of Public Cloud

o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully
protect against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users,
it can lead to malfunction and outages
o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with
tenants, there is a usage cap.
Private Cloud
- Now that you understand what the public cloud
could offer you, of course, you are keen to know
what a private cloud can do. Companies that look
for cost efficiency and greater control over data &
resources will find the private cloud a more
suitable choice.
- It means that it will be integrated with your data
center and managed by your IT team.
- Alternatively, you can also choose to host it
externally. The private cloud offers bigger opportunities that help meet specific
organizations' requirements when it comes to customization.
 - It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have frequently
changing requirements.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel
gets access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can help with
better access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access
the public cloud.

Limitations of Private Cloud

o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than the
public cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and
training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a
certain direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs also
increase.
Hybrid Cloud
- As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud
architectures.
- While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of the same
architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud computing model, the
internal or external providers can offer resources.
- Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will prefer
storing on a private cloud, while less sensitive data can be stored on a public cloud.
The hybrid cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It means, supposes an
organization runs an application on-premises, but due to heavy load, it can burst
into the public cloud.
Benefits of Hybrid Cloud
o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly
uses the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from
attackers are significantly reduced.
o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions
that fit their exact requirements
Limitations of Hybrid Cloud
o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two
or more cloud architectures
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have
multiple use cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

Community Cloud
- The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public cloud. There's
just one difference - it allows access to only a specific set of users who share
common objectives and use cases.
- This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and hosted
internally or by a third-party vendor. However, you can also choose a combination
of all three.

Benefits of Community Cloud

o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public
cloud and provides great performance
o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align
with industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.

Limitations of Community Cloud

o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community
resources often pose challenges.
 o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or
available across industries

iii. Three service offering model

The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based computing resources are
available to end customers are as follows:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) :

 Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the
cloud computing platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures
such as servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual machines, and other
resources. Customers access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per
use model.
 In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was
rented out for a specific period of time, with pre-
determined hardware configuration. The client paid
for the configuration and time, regardless of the
actual use. With the help of the IaaS cloud
computing platform layer, clients can dynamically
scale the configuration to meet changing
requirements and are billed only for the services
actually used.
 IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the
need for every organization to maintain the IT
infrastructure.
 IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and
hybrid cloud. The private cloud implies that the infrastructure resides at the
customer-premise. In the case of public cloud, it is located at the cloud computing
platform vendor's data center, and the hybrid cloud is a combination of the two in
which the customer selects the best of both public cloud or private cloud.
 IaaS provider provides the following services -
1. Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and
 virtual main memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the end- users.
2. Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.
3. Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such as
routers, switches, and bridges for the Vms.
4. Load balancers: It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

 Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

- There are the following advantages of IaaS computing layer -
1. Shared infrastructure : IaaS allows multiple users to share the same
physical infrastructure.
2. Web access to the resources : Iaas allows IT users to access resources over
the internet.
3. Pay-as-per-use model : IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-
per-use basis. The users are required to pay for what they have used.
4. Focus on the core business : IaaS providers focus on the organization's core
business rather than on IT infrastructure.
5. On-demand scalability : On-demand scalability is one of the biggest
advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS, users do not worry about to upgrade
software and troubleshoot the issues related to hardware components

 Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

1. Security : Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS
providers are not able to provide 100% security.
2. Maintenance & Upgrade : Although IaaS service providers maintain the
software, but they do not upgrade the software for some organizations.
3. Interoperability issues : It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider
to the other, so the customers might face problem related to vendor lock-in.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) :

 Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows
programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can
purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use
basis and access them using the Internet connection.
 In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so end-
users do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.
 PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform
(middleware, development tools, database management systems, business
intelligence, and more) to support the web application life cycle.
 Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.
 PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks,
Databases, and Other tools:
1. Programming languages : PaaS providers provide various programming
languages for the developers to develop the applications. Some popular
programming languages provided by PaaS providers are Java,
PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.
2. Application frameworks : PaaS providers
provide application frameworks to easily
understand the application development.
Some popular application frameworks
provided by PaaS providers are Node.js,
Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play,
Rack, and Zend.
3. Databases : PaaS providers provide various
databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, and Redis to communicate with the
applications.
4. Other tools : PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to
develop, test, and deploy the applications.

 Advantages of PaaS
There are the following advantages of PaaS -
1) Simplified Development : PaaS allows developers to focus on
development and innovation without worrying about infrastructure
management.
2) Lower risk : No need for up-front investment in hardware and software.
Developers only need a PC and an internet connection to start building
applications.
3) Prebuilt business functionality : Some PaaS vendors also provide
already defined business functionality so that users can avoid building
everything from very scratch and hence can directly start the projects
only.
4) Instant community : PaaS vendors frequently provide online
communities where the developer can get the ideas to share experiences
and seek advice from others.
5) Scalability : Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of
users without any changes to the applications.

 Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer

1) Vendor lock-in : One has to write the applications according to the
platform provided by the PaaS vendor, so the migration of an
application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.
 2) Data Privacy : Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be
private, so if it is not located within the walls of the company, there can
be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications : It may
happen that some applications are local, and some are in the cloud. So
there will be chances of increased complexity when we want to use
data which in the cloud with the local data.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

 SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution model
in which services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These services are
available to end-users over the internet so, the end-users do not need to install any
software on their devices to access these services.

There are the following services provided by SaaS providers –

- Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various
business services to start-up the business. The SaaS
business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship
Management), billing, and sales.
- Document Management - SaaS document
management is a software application offered by a
third party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and
track electronic documents.
Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.
- Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general
public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience and
handle the general public's information.
- Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail
services, many e-mail providers offering their services using SaaS.

 Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

1) SaaS is easy to buy : SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee
subscription, so it allows organizations to access business functionality at a low
 cost, which is less than licensed applications.Unlike traditional software, which
is sold as a licensed based with an up-front cost (and often an optional ongoing
support fee), SaaS providers are generally pricing the applications using a
subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annually fee.
2) One to Many : SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single
instance of the application is shared by multiple users.
3) Less hardware required for SaaS : The software is hosted remotely, so
organizations do not need to invest in additional hardware.
4) Low maintenance required for SaaS : Software as a service removes the need
for installation, set-up, and daily maintenance for the organizations. The initial
set-up cost for SaaS is typically less than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors
are pricing their applications based on some usage parameters, such as a
number of users using the application. So SaaS does easy to monitor and
automatic updates.
5) No special software or hardware versions required : All users will have the
same version of the software and typically access it through the web browser.
SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software
maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.
6) Multidevice support : SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as
desktops, laptops, tablets, phones, and thin clients.
7) API Integration : SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services
through standard APIs.
8) No client-side installation : SaaS services are accessed directly from the
service provider using the internet connection, so do not need to require any
software installation.
 Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) Security : Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an
issue for some users. However, cloud computing is not more secure
than in-house deployment.
2) Latency issue : Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at
a variable distance from the end-user, there is a possibility that there
may be greater latency when interacting with the application compared
to local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for
applications whose demand response time is in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet : Without an internet connection,
most SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult : Switching SaaS
vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very
large data files over the internet and then converting and importing
them into another SaaS also.
2.4 Cloud Computing Is a Service
• The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and retrieve
information.
• We can store our family photographs, our favourite songs, or even save movies
on it, which is also the most basic service offered by cloud computing.
• An example of a popular application called Flickr to illustrate the meaning of
this section.
• Flickr its an American Image hosting & video hosting service.
How Flickr is superior to storing the images than your computer
• First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where we are or
what type of device we are using.
• Second, Flickr lets us share the images. There is no need to burn them to a CD
or save them on a flash drive.
• Third, Flickr provides images to data security. By uploading the providing Flickr,
we are by overselves with data security creating a backup on the web.
Cloud Computing is a Service- Advantages
 Faster implementation and time to value
 Anywhere access to applications and content
 Rapid scalability to meet demand
 Higher utilization of infrastructure investments
 Lower infrastructure, energy, and facility costs
 Enhanced security and protection of information assets

2.5 Cloud Computing Is a Platform

The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for all our
Internet-based applications.
• The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which
applications run or give results to the users.
• For example, Microsoft Windows is a platform. But, a platform does not have to
be an operating system. Java is a platform even though it is not an operating
system.
• Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform.
 • The cloud offers quite a considerable amount of business agility, cost
improvements and service efficiencies to managers.
• The knowledge of objectives will give you an outline and align the organization
on the benefits that are expected.

Cloud Computing is a Platform- Need

 Cloud computing platforms offer a wide range of services.
 The types of service that these cloud computing platforms also determine their
type.
 Cloud computing is a scalable system, which made it adaptable to specific
conditions.
 Businesses in a wide range of sizes and industries have different problems and
needs.
 Cloud computing caters to these problems and needs by developing various
platforms.
 For instance, free cloud storage and paid storage service exist.
 The reason for this is to cloud computing could cater to small-scale and large-
scale usage receptively.
 This variety of solutions to various problems gave rise to the diverse cloud
computing platforms based on service models.

Cloud Computing is a Platform- Attributes

 A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of
machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service.
 It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-
resource computing and volunteer cloud.
Public-resource computing—This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive
definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing
than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing.
Volunteer cloud—Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of
public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing
infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this
type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to build it and the
dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-
hoc clouds.

2.6 Principles of Cloud Computing

Basic Principle of Cloud Computing:
 Federation: A cloud computing environment must be capable of providing
federated service providers which means that, these providers, must be capable
of collaborating and resource sharing at any point irrespective of their type. This
is usually needed when an organization extends its computing paradigm from
the private to the public cloud. Moreover, This federation must be kept
transparent so that the virtual application can be used on all the sites. This
makes the application be handled remotely and allows it to migrate from one
site to another. Apart from this, the federation must be carried out in a secure
and independent way.
 Independence: The user of cloud
computing services must be
independent of the provider’s
specific tool and the type of
service. According to this
principle, a user must be allowed
the required virtual resource
irrespective of the type of
provider. Moreover, it is the
responsibility of service providers
to handle infrastructure while
hiding confidential information.
 Isolation: According to this
principle, a service provider must ensure the user with respect to the isolation of
their data from others. Even the data in the same cloud must be separated from
different users and therefore should not be accessed.
 Elasticity: The user of cloud computing must be provided with ease of
accessing and releasing the resources as required. This is typically referred to as
elasticity. The rules associated with elasticity must be included within the
contract made between consumers and services providers.
 Business Orientation: To develop a more efficient computing environment, an
efficient platform must be developed before the applications are included in the
cloud. This typically ensures the quality of services and assist SLA (Service-
Level-Agreement).
Trust: To build a successful cloud computing environment, one of the major factors is
trust between consumers and service providers. Therefore, effective mechanisms must
be included to develop a trustworthy computing environment.