Photography Sensitized Materials

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Nature and characteristics sensitized

Materials
Different type of Photographic Films
Kinds of Photographic Paper
The term sensitized
materials refers to FILM
and PHOTOGRAPHIC
PAPER that us basically
composed of emulsion
containing silver halides
suspended in a gelatin and
coated on a transparent o
reflective support.
 It carry minute specks of metallic silver – so called sensitivity
specks with amount in mass to about 1/1,000,000,000 part of the
silver halide crystals.
 It is a compound silver with fluorine , chlorine , bromine or iodine
crystal.
 Electric charge on the specks attract silver ions from the
neighboring silver halides, and as the silver ions accumulate ,
they become metallic silver, causing the speck to grow halide
ions at the same time migrates to the surface of the silver halide
crystal and are absorbed by the gelatin emulsion.
 It is a cellulose tape or plate where silver salts are suspended
capable of recording lights.
 It is primary function is to record the image that is focused upon
it by the lens of the camera.

Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film


base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing
microscopically small light sensitive silver halide crystals. The
sizes and other characteristics of the crystal determine the
sensitivity , contrast and resolution of the film.
 1. Ordinary Film /Panchromatic film – sensitive to all
colors especially in blue and violet. It is suitable for
general use in the preparation of black and white
photographs.
 2. Blue sensitive film- a film especially treated that
makes it more sensitive to blue
 3. Orthochromatic / Kodalith Film – sensitive to all
colors except red. Good for fingerprint or document (
high contrast)
4. Polaroid Film – a special type of sensitized
material that produces a photographs immediately
after exposure.
5. Color film- all film ending COLOR
- color negatives – for prints, ends in the word
Color
- color transparency – for slides ,ends in the
word Chrome
• 6. X-Ray film – a material which is sensitive to the
X-Ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
7.Color Infrared Film – a special of film
which is sensitive to infra-radiation , to violet
and blue green.
In investigative photography , it is useful in
laboratory analysis of questionable
documents.
In the discovery of old or faded tattoos or
areas where small objects are hidden under
the skin, and in the construction of camera
tarps.
110 film – it is very small, not good for
enlargement
35mm film – use for 35 mm adjustable
cameras and widely use today.
120 and 220 roll film – used by medium format
cameras
4x5 inch film – sharp photographs are
possible.
 Most modern black & white films, called panchromatic
films to record the entire visible spectrum. Some films
are orthochromatic , recording visible light
wavelengths.
 There are number of black and white films available for
35 mm film cameras and medium format film cameras
that can still be found in stories. While there are also
number of special films that require unique processing,
it would be best to work with the basic black and white
film types and learn how to works before using these
special films.
.Emulsion – it is consist of crystals of light sensitive
compounds (silver nitrate) evenly distribute throughout
plastic base material. Silver emulsions are
universally sensitive to ultra-violet radiations
and some wavelengths of blue- lights. Gelatin
is universally used as the medium that holds
the crystals in the emulsion.
Gray or antihalation backing - This layer is
placed between the emulsion and the plastic
base of a film to prevent whatever light that
passes through the emulsion and reflected by
the base back to the emulsion which forms a
"halo."
Base - Generally film base are made of
plastic material. They serve as a support
to the emulsion.
 The image on the black & white films negative is actually the inverse of
the actual image. That is to say , all the areas that show clear on the
negative will be black on the print and all black areas of the negative
will show white.
 When printing onto photo paper light is able to pass through the clear
areas of the negative resulting in more light hitting the paper and
leading to the dark spot. Black areas if the negative are the opposite ,
resulting in less light hitting the paper leave and white spot. There are
many shades of gray in between depending on the density of the
negative.
 1. Emulsion speed – it is the measure of photographic film’s
sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and
measured various numerical scales the most recent being
the ISO system.

Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower


speed index requires more exposure to light to produce the
same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus
commonly termed fast films.
EMULSION SPEED INDICATORS

 ASA- otherwise known as American Standard Association


, it is expressed in arithmetical in rating: 12,
25,50,100,200,400,800,and 1600.
 The speed in numbers is directly proportional to the
sensitivity of the materials.
 In the market ASA 100 is commonly known as plus X ,
double for ASA 200 and tri-X as for 400.
EMULSION SPEED INDICATORS DIN

12

15

18
DIN (Deutche Industri Normen) rating, 21
which is expressed in logarithmic value
24
system. In this system an increase of 3
27
degrees double the sensitivity of the film.
30

33
EMULSION SPEED INDICATORS

ISO (International Standards Organization) rating. This is


expressed in the combined arithmetical and logarithmic
values.
The ASA rating as follows: 12/12, 25/15, 50/80, 100/21,
200/24, 400/27,800/30 and 1600/33
2. Spectral Sensitivity – refers on the
sensitivity of the film in the colors of
light which illuminated in the object
being photographs.
BLUE SENSITIVE - type of
film sensitive to ultraviolet
rays and blue light only.
ORTHOCHROMATIC
FILM- A film which is
sensitive to ultraviolet rays
and blue light only. Not
sensitive to red color
PANCHROMATIC FILM --
Type of film which sensitive to
ultraviolet radiation to blue,
green, and red light or all
colors of light .
INFRARED FILM- this film
is sensitive to ultra-violet
rays, to blue, green , red
light and infra-red rays
 3. GRANULARITY OR GRAININESS OF FILM - This refers to the
size of the metallic silver grains that are formed after development of
an exposed film. Generally , the size metallic silver grains are
dependent on the emulsion speed of the film and the type of
developing solution that is used in processing

The rule is : the lower the emulsion speed rating of the film , the finer is
the grain and conversely, the higher the emulsion speed rating of film ,
the bigger are the grains. Likewise, a film developer will produce a
finer grain that a paper developer when used for film processing.
 The earliest attempt to produce colors films involved hand painting the
negative or tinting it dye. Stencil based techniques such as pathechrome and
the handschiel color process were an extension of this . Several dyes were
rolled over the negative , each with an appropriate stencil underneath to
restrict the dye to the desired parts of the print.

 Since transparent dye preserve the varying brightness of the black and white
image, the result could look naturalistic, but in fact the choice of what colors
to use and where was made by a person.
 Kinemacolor was the first process to capture natural color on film stock.
 A color film is consist of 7 layers
1. emulsion
2. base
3. anti – halation backing
4. yellow filter
5. Subbing layer
6. Ultraviolet absorbing layer
7. Super coat.
1. Emulsion – it is the most fundamental layer of a film. It is the emulsion
layers , adhered to the base by means of binder. The emulsion is the
photographic part of the film, consist of dispersion of light sensitive
materials in colloidal medium, usually gelatin , carried as a thin layers on a
film base. Emulsion is made by dissolving silver bullion in nitric acid to
form silver nitrate crystals.

These crystals are dissolved and mixed with other chemical to form silver
halide grains, and then suspended in the gelatin emulsion coating. The size and
degree of light sensitivity of these grains determines the speed or amount of
light required to registered an image.
 In color film , three dye layers register in the various parts of the
color, one on top of the another , for the full color effect in cyan ,
magenta and yellow dyes. In fact, each color may have up to three
layers ( fast, medium , slow) to capture the full range of scene
brightness from the deepest shadows to the brightest highlights and
to provide good exposure latitude.

 The three component also optimize the color , contrast, and tonal
reproduction of film. In each emulsion layer , color couplers are
dispersed in tiny oil droplets around silver halide crystals. During
subsequent processing steps , the silver is removed, leaving only
colored dye clouds where films grains used to be.
 Three types of color coupler in the emulsion layer.

1. Yellow Dye Forming Coupler – it is located in the blue


sensitive emulsion layer.
2. Magenta Dye forming Coupler- is located in the green
sensitive emulsion layer. This emulsion layer is not sensitive to
red light . It is not only sensitive to green light but also to blue
light. However , the blue light cannot reach it because of yellow
filter.
3. Cyan Dye Forming Coupler – it is located in the red sensitive
emulsion layer.
2. Base – it is the supporting layer in film is
called the base. This base has to be
transparent with some optical density, free
from imperfections, chemically stable ,
insensitive photographically and resistant to
any moisture and processing chemicals , while
remaining mechanically strong , resistant to
tearing , flexible and dimensionally stable.
3. Anti- Halation Backing – it is the light penetrating the
emulsion of a film can reflect from the base emulsion
interface back into the emulsion, causing a secondary
exposure around image of bright objects. The secondary
image(halation) causes an undesirable reduction in the
sharpness of the image and some light scattering. An anti-
halation layer, a dark coating on or in the film base, will
absorb and minimize this reflection.
4.Yellow filter – it is the layer in between the yellow
dye forming coupler magenta dye forming in the
emulsion which absorbs any unused blue light and
prevents it from reaching the two layer emulsion
layer the magenta dye and cyan dye forming
couplers. The yellow colors in the filter layer have no
permanent effect on the appearance of the films
because it is destroyed during processing.
5. Subbing layer – it is the subbing
layer applied to the film base so that
emulsion adheres to the base.
6. Ultraviolet absorbing layer – although we
can’t see ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
photosensitive silver halide crystals can be
exposed by it. An ultra-violet absorbing layer is
included to protect the imaging layers from
exposure by UV radiation.
7. Super coat – it is the top layer of the film.
The purpose of this clear layer of hardened
gelatin is to protect the emulsion from
damage during transport to the camera.
 1. Color Reversal Film – commonly called slide film or color
positive film, creates the opposite of color negative film or black and
white film. Instead of creating negative to be printed to a positive,
the slide film is positive of the image. As such, the slide film
produces extremely rich and vibrant colors that come closer to the
actual colors and tones present during exposure.
 Alternatively, slide film is not nearly as flexible as color negative o
black and white film . Exposure must be precise ad areas if high
contrast are much more difficult to properly expose with slide film.
Sides can be printed in the breakdown , but the process is generally
more expensive.
 As the name reversal suggest slide film works the opposite of
print film. In print film the red , green and blue emulsion layers
are exposed and leave a negative dye of cyan , magenta and
yellow. Slide film is a subtractive process that starts with layer of
cyan , magenta and yellow.
 When the film is exposed , the dye is subtracted to reveal red,
green and blue colors. Thus, when processed the film reveals the
actual, positive of the image.
2. Color Negative Film – it is also known
as color print film , is the type of film usually
found in convenience stores. Color
negative film is very much “ what you see is
what you get” when it comes to coloration. It
yields true to life colors contrast, which is
preferred by portrait an wedding
photographers.
It is suffix "color” being given to negative or
nor – reversal film. Its example are follows:
KODACOLOR, FUJICOLOR, AGFACOLOR
etc.
 Color films consist of an acetate or polyester film base with multiple
emulsions coated on the base. Each emulsion layer is only sensitive to specific
color or lights. In the classic example of color sensitivities are red, green and
blue. The top layer of film is blue sensitive as al silver – based films have
some sensitivity to blue- light. Beneath the blue layer are green and red
sensitive layer.
 Because of the complexity of emulsion layer, color film can be exposed over a
wide range of lighting conditions and is much more flexible than black and
white slide film. When the color film is developed, dye coupler within each
red, green and blue sensitive layer will produce cyan, magenta and yellow
dyes when developed , resulting in an inverse image.
Photographic paper is paper coated with a
light sensitive chemical formula , used for
making photographic prints. When
photographic paper is exposed to light it
captures a latent image that is then developed
to form a visible image. The light sensitive layer
of the paper is called emulsion.
All photographic papers consist of a light –
sensitive emulsion, consisting of halide salts
suspended in colloidal materials, usually gelatin
coated onto a paper, resin coated paper or
polyester support. In black and white papers, the
emulsion is normally sensitized to blue and green ,
but is insensitive to wavelength longer than 600
nanometer in order to facilitate handling under the
red or orange safe lighting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
1. EMULSION SPEED
1.1 CHLORIDE PAPER - it is a relatively slow printing paper
coated with an emulsion of silver chloride used mostly for contact
prints.
1.2 BROMIDE PAPER – it is used printing paper coated with an
emulsion of silver bromide used mostly for enlargements.
1.3 CHLOROBROMIDE PAPER – it is a photographic paper
coated with a sensitive layers of a mixture of silver bromide and silver
chloride , giving a medium emulsion speed , used for contact printing
or enlarging.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
2. EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT LATITUDE
2.1 LATITUDE – it is a degree or amount of which you can
deviate from the ideal exposure or development without
appreciable loss of pints quality.
2.2 EXPOSURE LATITUDE – it is extents to which a light
sensitive materials can be overexposed or underexposed and still
achieve an acceptable result.
2.3 DEVELOPMENT LATITUDE – papers do not change
appreciable in contrast and image tone with reasonable variation in
development has good latitude . However, for best quality the
developing time should be as near as those prescribe by the
manufacture.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
3. CONTRAST – RANGE OR GRADE
3.1. GRADE 0 AND 1 – Are used on over –exposed or
low contrast negative
3.2 GRADE 2 – is used in normal exposed or normal
contrast negative.
3.3 GRADE 3 to 5 – are used under –exposed or high
contrast negative
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
4. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 SURFACE – photographic papers vary in surface texture or
degrees gloss or sheen. They are the glossy and smooth semi- matte
or silk, and the matte or the rough surface.
4.2 BASE WEIGHT OR TICKNESS – under this category, we have
the light weight, single weight , medium weight and double weight.
4.3 COLOR – may be cold or white with a very slight blue cast,
and the warm or cream where the white has a slight yellow brown
line.
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER

 Photographic printing papers are coated with light


sensitive emulsion and usually made up of three
emulsion layers, each sensitive to a different wavelength
of light.
 As they are sensitive to all light, they must be handled
with care in a pitch –black darkroom or with very dim
and obscure amber safelights.
 All photographic papers come packaged inside a light –
proof black plastic bag inside a cardboard box.
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
 Make sure to keep paper inside the sealed bag and box
at all times, especially when printing in a community lab
where someone might turn on the white light without
warning.
 Color photographic paper that is accidentally exposed to
light will be fogged. Fogged paper is unusable as it
produced a gray colored veil in affected areas.
 Handles papers by the edge and corners , do not bend (
paper will crease or touch the image area ) fingerprints
will be permanent. Fingerprints are more likely to show
up on glossy papers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER

1. COLOR – each brand of color paper tends to


reproduce certain colors differently. The
variations are slight and are not advertised, but
you may notice that one brand prints a little
warmer or cooler than another or that certain
colors are more or less vibrant. This is a result of
the different dyes and papers base used by
manufacturer.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER

2. SURFACE – papers are available in matte,


semi-matte (also called pearl or luster) and
glossy surfaces. Matte papers are lesser
reflective than glossy papers. Glossy
papers tend to make the image sharper .
Higher contrast , and with greater color
saturation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER

3. WEIGHT –most color paper are medium


weight , though each brand will have a slightly
different thickness. Boxes containing sheets of
paper come in the following standard sizes:
8x10”, 11x14”, 20x24”, 20x30” and 30x40”. For
mural prints ,paper are usually available in
rolls, which can be as large as 72x100” . If
processing in a machine processor , check to
see the width of the freed tray.

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