1.1.1 Global and National Situation in OSH - CEC 003-CEC32S6 - Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH)

5/18/22, 1:54 PM 1.1.
1.1.1 Global and National Situation in OSH: CEC 003-CEC32S6 - Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH)
1.1.1 Global and National Situation in

OSH
LECTURE NOTES
OSH Global Situationer

Health and safety on the jobsite involves more than simply enforcing rules and regulations. A culture
of prevention, as well as innovative digital solutions, are needed to keep workers alive and healthy.
The International Labour Organization estimates that work-related injuries and ill health cost the
global economy $2.99 trillion per year, or 3.94% of the world’s gross domestic product. The impacts
on families and communities are immeasurable, and can span several generations, particularly when
a worker is the sole breadwinner in the family.
An estimated 2.78 million men and women die from work-related injuries and illness each year. This
equates to 7,500 people every single day and 5% of total deaths worldwide, according to a 2017
study from the Workplace Safety and Health Institute in Singapore. In addition, there are 374 million
non-fatal occupational accidents each year, many of which go unreported.
Work-related illness, such as circulatory diseases, cancers and respiratory diseases, account for
86.3% of global occupational deaths, while fatal accidents account for the remaining 13.7%, the
report found. Men are statistically more likely to die from all types of work-related illness than women,
with the exception of communicable diseases, which inflict women at a rate 6.7 times higher than
men. Work-place incidents also disproportionately affect the poor and vulnerable, in part due to
lower-levels of education and higher likelihood of working in hazardous and laborious jobs.
Asia accounts for two-thirds of global work-related deaths by number (65%) trailing behind the next
highest region of Africa (11.8%), according to the 2017 report. However, fatality rates per worker are
slightly lower in Asia (12.99 deaths per 100,000 employees) than in Africa (17.39) but are
significantly higher than all other parts of the world. Agriculture (including fishing and forestry) is one
of the highest-risk industries in Asia, with 27.5 deaths per 100,000 people; three and a half times
higher than high-income countries (7.8). Industry (construction, mining, manufacturing) accounts for
9.9 fatalities per 100,000 employees or two and a half times that of high-income countries (3.8).
Fatality rates are also increasing in Asia, up from 9.7 and 24.0 deaths per 100,000 respectively in
2010.
There are many contributing factors to work-related deaths in Asia, including rapidly growing
economies with a high dependency on manual labor; low use of technology; low education and
training of workers; a construction boom; and often inadequate implementation of occupational health
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and safety regulation. These issues are likely to be exacerbated by continued urbanization and
infrastructure development in ensuing years. For example, the ADB has estimated that infrastructure
needs in Asia and the Pacific will exceed $22.6 trillion through 2030 or $1.5 trillion per year. This will
require significant investment by both the public and private sector, and expansion and upskilling of
the construction industry.
Public and private financial institutions have a role to ensure that financed companies and projects
adhere to occupational health and safety standards. This includes national regulations, ILO core
labor standards and World Health Organization standards, and where possible, the adoption of
international standards such as ISO 45001. In addition to being sound ethical and financial practice,
effective health and safety management also helps to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
At ADB, the 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement requires borrowers to provide workers with a safe and
healthy working environment, and to take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from
the work environment. They are required to apply preventive and protective measures consistent with
international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World
Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines. They must also document and report any
occupational accidents, diseases or incidents. These same requirements must cascade down to
contractors and sub-contractors.
Reporting of fatalities, injuries and lost workdays are the mainstay of health and safety statistics.
However, these so-called “lagging indicators” record events that have already occurred, when the
system has failed to protect an employee’s safety. In contrast, “leading indicators” aim to identify and
prevent adverse events before they happen. Examples include hours of health and safety training per
employee; number of hazard observations reported; number of near misses reported; number of
internal audits; and hours of equipment maintenance. Such indicators provide an opportunity to
identify and manage hazards before they result in an injury. There is an inverse relationship between
leading indicators and the number of health and safety incidents, particularly when combined with a
strong health and safety culture by management, according to research conducted in 2016.
Health and safety is changing with the advent of digital technology. Companies are increasingly
turning to technology to both avoid and mitigate health and safety risks. Applications include e-
learning using gamification and/or virtual reality to train and upskill staff.
Gaming and virtual reality was first applied in military applications and commercial aviation, starting
in the early to mid-20th century. Applications for occupational health and safety were first
investigated for high-risk industries such as the mining and construction starting in the late 1990s. It
is only very recently that gaming has moved outside of military and research institutions to become
commercially available.
At the Super Hospital construction project in Gødstrup, Denmark, application of 3D gaming for health
and safety training between 2012 and 2017 eliminated fatalities and reduced workplace accidents to
below half the national average. In the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, virtual reality is
being used to train staff in high risk occupational activities such as working at height, dropped tools
prevention, harness inspection, hot work, mobile plant, asbestos identification, legionella inspections,
and mine rescue training. In New Zealand, the government has partnered with private industry to
develop a series of online games aimed to upskill the technology, hospitality and construction
industries. The construction version of the game includes a strong focus on worksite safety as well as
logistics and financial management.
Digital technology has several advantages over conventional health and safety training
methods:
1. Training is standardized, ensuring that all employees receive the same quality of content;
2. Language barriers and low education can be overcome through visual images and role play;
3. Employees can be trained and practice new skills in real world scenarios with little risk to
themselves or others;
4. There is no need for a specialist trainer to be on site to run the courses;
5. Attendance, progress and feedback can be remotely assessed;
6. Training courses can be regularly updated and rolled out across a business or industry;
7. Smartphones and inexpensive VR viewers make technology widely available;
8. There is growing evidence that gaming is more efficient and effective for learning than
conventional training methods.
With the rapid adoption of digital technology, smartphones, combined with the availability of cheap
virtual viewers, this technology is set to burst into Asia in the near future.
National Situation in OSH ( In the Philippines)

TOP FIVE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) POLICIES/PROGRAMS
IMPLEMENTED IN ESTABLISHMENTS IN 2015
Around 93.9 percent or 28,799 of the 30,682 total establishments had implemented various OSH
policies/programs in 2015 to ensure occupational safety and good health conditions among
employees. (Table 2)
Fire prevention and control program topped the list among OSH policies and programs as
conducted in 82.3 percent (25,238) of total establishments.
Other top priorities among OSH policies/programs include drug-free workplace policy/program
(75.4%); emergency response preparedness program (71.2%); accident prevention program
(64.1%); and anti-sexual harassment policy (60.4%).
Table 1 Top Five_0.jpg
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH–RELATED TRAININGS/SEMINARS IN 2015
Various OSH-related trainings/seminars in 2015 were predominantly conducted by the Bureau of

Fire Protection (BFP) in almost two-thirds (65.4%) or 17,500 establishments out of the total
26,776 establishments.
OSH–related trainings/seminars were also conducted by the company (63.1% or 16,893) itself;
and by the Occupational Safety and Health Center/OSH Net (26.1% or 6,994).
Among the types of OSH-related trainings and seminars conducted, fire safety training ranked the
highest as carried out in 80.7 percent or 21,611 establishments. This was followed by emergency
preparedness (51.5%) and 40-Hour Basic OSH Training (43.6%).
ESTABLISHMENTS WITH DESIGNATED HEALTH AND SAFETY PERSONNEL BY MAJOR

INDUSTRY GROUP IN 2015
For all industries in 2015, a total of 27,359 establishments (89.2%) out of the total 30,682
establishments provided designated health and safety personnel for the welfare of employees.
This share is comparatively higher than the 69.5 percent (24,027) registered in 2013.
Across industries, wholesale and retail trade industry had the highest share of establishments
with designated health and safety personnel in 2015 with 21.8 percent (5,954); followed closely
behind by manufacturing at 20.2 percent (5,540). These two industries were also the top
industries in 2013, with 18.9 percent and 19.9 percent, respectively.
Safety officers topped the list of safety and health personnel in establishments, as designated in
more than two-thirds (67.9%) or 18,581 establishments in 2015. Three-fifths (60.7% or 11,276) of
these safety officers were accredited by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2015
A total of 50,961 cases of occupational injuries were reported in 2015, an increase of 3.8 percent
from the 49,118 cases reported in 2013. Around two-thirds (65.0%) or 33,102 of total
occupational injuries in 2015 were without workdays lost. (Table 1)
Meanwhile, almost all cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost were non-fatal (99.1% or
17,703) which resulted to temporary incapacity (98.0% or 17,346) with the rest of the cases
resulting to permanent incapacity (2.0% or 358).
Table 1 Module 3_0.jpg
MEASURES OF SAFETY PERFOMANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2015
The frequency rate (FR) of cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost in 2015 was posted
at 1.94, lower by 0.09 percentage point than the 2.03 FR recorded in 2013. This means that there
were only 2 cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost reported per 1,000,000 hours of
exposure during the year. (Table 2)
The incidence rate (IR) in 2015 also decreased at 4.74, which means that there were around 5
cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers during the period.
In terms of severity rate (SR), there were approximately 13.57 workdays lost in cases of
occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 employee-hours of
exposure.
Table 2 Module 3_1.png
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY TYPE OF INJURY
Six out of every 10 occupational injuries (56.2%) with workdays lost or 10,042 out of 17,859 total
injuries in 2015 were caused by superficial injuries and open wounds. (Figure 1)
Chart 1.png
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY PART OF BODY INJURED
Wrists and hands were the most injured parts of the body with 7,006 cases (39.2%) followed by
lower extremities (19.7% or 3,514) and arms and shoulders (16.7%or 2,979). (Figure 2)
Chart 2.png
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY CAUSE OF INJURY
Stepping on, striking against or struck by objects, excluding falling objects was reported as the
main cause of occupational injuries in 2015 accounting for 31.8 percent (5,687) of the total
17,859 cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost in 2015.
Chart 3.png
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY AGENT OF INJURY
The top three (3) agents of occupational injuries in 2015 were machines and equipment (26.9%
or 4,799 cases); materials and objects (25.7% or 4,583 cases); and hand tools (19.5% or 3,476
cases).
Chart 4.png
MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN 2015
There were around 125,973 varying work-related diseases reported in 2015. Three out of every
10 cases (32.8% or 41,335) of these occupational diseases suffered by workers involved back
pains. Other occupational diseases during the year include essential hypertension (11.5%) and
neck-shoulder pains (11.4%).
Technical Notes:
The 2015/2016 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE) is a nationwide survey of
establishments which employ 20 or more workers. It is conducted every two (2) years to collect key
information on labor and employment covering establishments employing at least 20 workers. The
main objective of the survey is to generate an integrated data set on unionism and collective
bargaining, employment of specific groups of workers, occupational shortages and surpluses,
training of workers, productivity-based incentive schemes, occupational safety and health practices,
and occupational injuries and diseases. These data are inputs to studies on industry trends and
practices, and serve as bases for the formulation of policies on employment, conditions of work and
industrial relations.
REFERENCES:
1. https://blogs.adb.org/blog/job-safety-does-not-happen-accident
(https://blogs.adb.org/blog/job-safety-does-not-happen-accident)
2. https://psa.gov.ph/content/20152016-integrated-survey-labor-and-employment-isle-%E2%80%93-
part-2-modules-unionism-and
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5/18/22, 1:54 PM 1.1.

1.1.1 Global and National Situation in

OSH Global Situationer

National Situation in OSH ( In the Philippines)

Table 1 Top Five_0.jpg

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH–RELATED TRAININGS/SEMINARS IN 2015

Various OSH-related trainings/seminars in 2015 were predominantly conducted by the Bureau of

ESTABLISHMENTS WITH DESIGNATED HEALTH AND SAFETY PERSONNEL BY MAJOR

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2015

Table 1 Module 3_0.jpg

MEASURES OF SAFETY PERFOMANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2015

Table 2 Module 3_1.png

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY TYPE OF INJURY

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY PART OF BODY INJURED

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY CAUSE OF INJURY

CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY AGENT OF INJURY

MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN 2015

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