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Short 4

The document contains 17 short questions and answers about electromagnetic fields and wave propagation. Some key topics covered include: 1. Faraday's law of induction and how it relates induced emf to the time rate of change of magnetic flux. 2. The differences between transformer emf and motional emf. 3. How displacement current affects Maxwell's equations by modifying one of the equations to account for time varying electric displacement field. 4. Poynting's theorem, which relates the energy transfer rate from a region of space to the work done on charges and outgoing energy flux.

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K Pawan Kumar
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55 views4 pages

Short 4

The document contains 17 short questions and answers about electromagnetic fields and wave propagation. Some key topics covered include: 1. Faraday's law of induction and how it relates induced emf to the time rate of change of magnetic flux. 2. The differences between transformer emf and motional emf. 3. How displacement current affects Maxwell's equations by modifying one of the equations to account for time varying electric displacement field. 4. Poynting's theorem, which relates the energy transfer rate from a region of space to the work done on charges and outgoing energy flux.

Uploaded by

K Pawan Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-4

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS & WAVE PROPAGATION.


SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q.1 Define Faraday’s Law.

Sol: Faraday’s Law state that the induced emf V emf in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate
of change of magnetic flux linkage by the circuit.
𝑑Ψ
I.e. 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁 -ve sign indicates the direction of induced emf.
𝑑𝑡

Q.2 What are transformer and motional emf ?

Sol: In transformer emf magnetic flux is time varying(B(t)) and conductor is static
𝜕𝑩
And 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = ∮ 𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = − ∬ 𝜕𝑡 . 𝒅𝒔

In case of motional emf, magnetic flux is static but conducting loop moves with a velocity u

And 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = ∮ 𝑬𝒎 . 𝒅𝒍 = − ∫(𝒖 × 𝑩) . 𝒅𝒍

Q.3 what is displacement current and how it affects Maxwell’s equation?

Sol: Displacement current is the current flowing through a capacitor i.e. Id = C(dV/dt)
𝐼𝐷 𝜕𝑫
If JD is the displacement current density then, 𝑱𝑫 = = . In time varying condition the total
𝐴 𝜕𝑡
current density is the vector sum of conduction and displacement current densities. So the
𝜕𝑫
Maxell’s equation can be modified as 𝛁 × 𝑯 = 𝑱 + 𝜕𝑡

Q.4. Write Maxwell’s equations in time varying fields.

Sol: Integral form:

1. ∯ 𝑫. 𝒅𝒔 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑
2. ∮ 𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = − 𝑑𝑡 ∬ 𝑩. 𝒅𝒔
3. ∯ 𝑩. 𝒅𝒔 = 0
4. ∮ 𝑯. 𝒅𝒍 = ∬ 𝑱. 𝒅𝒔 + 𝑱𝑫

Differential form or point form

1. 𝛁. 𝑫 = 𝜌𝑣
∂𝐁
2. 𝛁 × 𝐄 = − ∂t
3. 𝛁. 𝑩 = 0
𝜕𝑫
4. 𝛁 × 𝑯 = 𝑱 + 𝜕𝑡

Q.5. Given that 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒕 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎 )𝒂𝒛 , Express A in phasor form.

Sol: 𝑨 = 10 cos(108 𝑡 − 10𝑥 + 600 )𝒂𝒛


0) 8 𝑡)
 𝑨 = 𝑹𝒆[10 𝑒 𝑗(−10𝑥+60 𝑒 (10 𝒂𝒛 ]
(108 𝑡)
 𝑨 = 𝑹𝒆[𝑨𝒔 𝑒 ]
𝑗(600 −10𝑥)
 𝑨𝒔 = 10 𝑒 𝒂𝒛
𝒋 𝟐𝝅𝒙
𝟐𝟎
Q.6. Express 𝑩𝒔 = ( 𝒋 ) 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒆 𝟑 𝒂𝒚 in instantaneous form.

𝑗 2𝜋𝑥
20
Sol: 𝑩𝒔 = ( 𝑗 ) 𝒂𝒙 + 10𝑒 3 𝒂𝒚

𝑗 2𝜋𝑥 𝑗 2𝜋𝑥
 𝑩𝒔 = −𝑗20𝒂𝒙 + 10𝑒 3 𝒂𝒚 = 20 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋/2 𝒂𝒙 + 10𝑒 3 𝒂𝒚
𝜋 2𝜋𝑥
Now 𝑩 = 𝑅𝑒[𝑩𝒔 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ] = 𝑅𝑒[20 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡− 2 ) 𝒂𝒙 + 10 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+ )
3 𝒂𝒚 ]
2𝜋𝑥
= 20cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋/2) 𝒂𝒙 + 10cos(𝜔𝑡 + )𝒂𝒚
3

2𝜋𝑥
= 20sin(𝜔𝑡)𝒂𝒙 + 10cos(𝜔𝑡 + )𝒂𝒚 .
3

Q.7. Write Helmohltz’s wave equations for scalar and vector potentials.
1 𝜕2𝑨
Sol: 𝛁 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝑉 2 𝜕𝑡 2 = −𝜇𝑱 (For vector potential)

1 𝜕 2𝑉 𝜌𝑉
And 𝛁 𝟐 𝑉 − 𝑉 2 𝜕𝑡 2 = − (For scalar potential)
𝜖

Q.8. Write wave equations in electric and magnetic fields.


𝜕𝑬 𝜕 2𝑬
Sol: In electric field, 𝛁 𝟐 𝑬 = 𝜇𝜎 𝜕𝑡 + 𝜇𝜖 𝜕𝑡 2

𝜕𝑯 𝜕 2𝑯
In Magnetic field, 𝛁 𝟐 𝑯 = 𝜇𝜎 + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 2

Q.9. The electric field in free space is given by 𝑬 = 50 cos(108 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑥)𝒂𝒚 . What is the
direction of wave propagation? Calculate𝛽.
Sol: 𝑬 = 50 cos(108 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑥 ) 𝒂𝒚 , From the wave equation, wave propagates along –ax direction.

𝜔 108 1
And 𝛽 = = 1 = 3 = 0.33
𝑢
√𝜇0 𝜖0

Q.10. Write the expressions for attenuation constant and phase constant.

𝜇𝜖 𝜎 2
Sol: Phase constant 𝛽 = 𝜔√ 2 [√1 + (𝜔𝜖 ) + 1]

𝜇𝜖 𝜎 2
And attenuation constant 𝛼 = 𝜔√ 2 [√1 + (𝜔𝜖 ) − 1]

Q.11. what is the intrinsic impedance?

Sol: Intrinsic impedance (𝜂) is the ratio between the electric field (E) and the magnetic field (H)

𝑬 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝜂= , 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝜂 𝑖𝑠 𝜂 = =√
𝑯 𝛾 (𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖)

Q.12. what is loss tangent? Give it’s significance.


𝜎
Sol: The loss tangent is represented by 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 = 𝜔𝜖

When 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 is very high i.e. 𝜎 ≫ 𝜔𝜖, the medium is a perfect conducting medium.

When 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 is very low i.e. 𝜎 ≪ 𝜔𝜖, the medium is a perfect di-electric.

Q.13.What is the value of Intrinsic impedance (𝜼) in a free space?


𝜇0
Sol: In free space Intrinsic impedance (𝜂) = = 120𝜋 = 377Ω
𝜖0

Q.14. Write the expressions for attenuation and phase constant for a perfect conducting
medium.

Sol: For a perfect conducting medium 𝛼 = 𝛽 = √𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎

Q.15. what is the maximum phase difference between the electric and magnetic fields
through a perfect conducting medium?

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇
Sol: In a conducting medium 𝜂 = =√ (1 + 𝑗1) = |𝜂| < 450 , So the maximum phase
𝛾 𝜎
difference is 450.
Q.16. Write the Maxwell’s equations in phasor form.

Sol:

1. 𝛁. 𝑫𝒔 = 𝜌𝑣𝑠
2. 𝛁 × 𝐄𝐬 = −jω𝐁𝐬
3. 𝛁. 𝑩𝒔 = 0
4. 𝛁 × 𝑯 = 𝑱𝒔 + 𝑗𝜔𝑫𝒔

Q.17. Define Poynting’s theorem.

Sol: Pointing Theorem states that “the rate of energy transfer (per unit volume) from a region of
space equals the rate of work done on a charge distribution plus the energy flux leaving that
region”. A second statement can also explain the theorem - "The decrease in the electromagnetic
energy per unit time in a certain volume is equal to the sum of work done by the field forces and
the net outward flux per unit time".

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