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AUTOMATED WATER PURIFIER WITH POTABILITY MONITORING SYSTEM

A Design Project

Presented to the faculty of the

College of Informatics

Philippine Christian University

Taft Avenue, Manila

by:

Bote, Jannelle B.

Endaya, Christian R.

Ganadores, Michael C.

Obusan, George Miguel V.

Serrano, Arnie B.

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirement of the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

January 2023
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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: Shows the sources of turbidity, water quality implications, and

treatment 12

TABLE 2: Mandatory Drinking-Water Quality Parameter 17

TABLE 3: Circuit Diagram Legend 33

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: pH Sensor 7

FIGURE 2: Different water quality based on NTU 13

FIGURE 3: Carbon Filter Paper 19

FIGURE 4: Input-Process-Output Model 27

FIGURE 5: Block Diagram 30

FIGURE 6: Circuit Diagram 32

FIGURE 7: Project Flow 34

FIGURE 8: Project Development Phases 36

FIGURE 9: Testing Plan 39

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation and read the

Design Project prepared and submitted by Kym L. Evalo, Cris John Baquiran,

Mark Dave I. Calvelo, Maureen Jazhiel O. Jimenez, and Karlos Amiel H.

Mañoza entitled Sensory Earphones: An Assistive Device for Visually

Impaired People and the said paper has been submitted for the final

examination by the Oral Examination Committee.

Engr. Norman Ramos, MIT, Ph.D

Adviser

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have

examine the paper and we hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment

of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer

Engineering.

Engr. Mardonio M. Agustin Jr., MIT, DT

Panel Member

Engr. Marie Anne Benette Clavio,

MIT
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Panel Member

Engr. Renato I. Miller

Chairman

This Design Project is hereby approved and accepted by the College of

Informatics as fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Computer Engineering.

Engr. Norman Ramos, MIT, Ph.D

Dean, COI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the people who

guided and shared their knowledge, skills, and experience to succeed in this

project. Without their presence and professional expertise, this study would not

have been possible.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God

for allowing the researchers an opportunity to undertake and accomplish the

study and the strength, wisdom, knowledge, and ability.

Secondly, to Engr. Norman Ramos, MIT, Thesis Adviser, for sharing his

knowledge and limitless expertise with regards to the project, for his never-

ending support, trust, time, effort, patience, and encouragement throughout the

research process. Engr. Danny G. Umoso, Project Design Professor, for

imparting his knowledge and expertise in teaching the researchers the proper

way of conducting a study and providing comments and suggestions. The

College of Informatics Professors and staff, for sharing their knowledge and

resources to support the researchers.

Thirdly, to the Alumni for sharing their ideas, knowledge, and experience

with the group.

Lastly, to the researchers’ beloved parents and guardians, for their

unending support, unconditional love, financial and emotional support,

encouragement, and guidance, and served as the researchers’ inspiration for

the pursuit of this study.

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ABSTRACT

Many people are interested in the new technologies these days and

provide people with visual impairments with special equipment to help them live

better lives, such as voice message services, electronic sticks that guide them

while moving around, and other specialized equipment. Previous research

literature indicates that assistive technologies have been a huge help for people

who are visually impaired. This study entitled "Sensory Earphone: An assistive

Device for Visually Impaired People" aims to develop a device that assists blind

and visually impaired people in their daily movements limiting them from getting

into an accident and walking with a greater sense of surroundings. In developing

the device, the researchers use an Arduino MEGA which uses an Arduino IDE

programming language to connect all the project's functioning sensors

throughout development. It will also use earphones without noise-cancellation

that supports 8D sounds that will assist people with visual impairment. To know

the effectiveness of the device, the researchers conducted surveys with the

users and technical experts and the developed device was highly acceptable to

the users and technical experts since it intends to improve the user's

environment's safety as well as their quality of life by supporting them anytime

they need to travel somewhere.

Keywords: Ultrasonic sensors, Earphones, visually impaired, Assistive device

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

LIST OF TABLES ii

LIST OF FIGURES iii

APPROVAL PAGE iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Objectives of the Study 2

Scope and Limitation of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 5

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Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Related Literature 7

Local Related Literature 14

Foreign Related Studies 17

Local Related Studies 20

Summary 25

Conceptual Model of the Study 27

Definition of Terms 28

Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TECHNICAL

BACKGROUND

3.1 Project Design

Block Diagram 30

Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………….

Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS …………….
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Circuit/Schematic Diagram 32

Process Flow Diagram 34

3.2 Design Project Development

Design Project Development Phases 36

Design Project Testing Plan 39

Evaluation Procedure 40

Design Project Quality Characteristics 41

Data Gathering Procedure 43

Population Sampling 43

Research Instruments 43

Statistical Treatment of Data 44

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes a discussion of relevant issues concerning the main

topic. It will highlight the justifications for why this study is necessary. It will

include the objective and scope of the study.

1.1 Introduction

Water covers at least 71% of the surface of the earth, which makes water

the most significant and valuable resource in the world. Water is at the top level

of human survival. In contrast, water can directly threaten human health. In

order to achieve drinking water inspections and specific cleaning procedures are

required to establish the cleanliness of the water. Chemicals are occasionally

needed for cleaning operations which might raise the cost of upkeep and cause

water waste.

In order to prevent costly procedures in cleaning water and using

chemicals in cleaning procedures. Implementing an automated water purifier

with a potability monitoring system will serve as a solution. The design of the

system is to detect water cloudiness and when detection happens, the system

will start the purifying process. This project can save a lot of unused water and

turn it into recommended water or drinking water such as rainwater. Further, this

strategy could be included as one part of a smart home monitoring system.

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The purpose of this study is not only to design an automated system that

measures and detects turbidity in water but also to purify said water if proven to

be turbid through repeated cycles of filtration in order to make water potable for

human consumption.

1.2 Objective of the Study

This research had the following general and specific objectives:

General Objective

The aim of this research is to develop a water purifying machine using a

microcontroller that can be used in measuring the acidity and alkalinity of water,

to filter out undesired chemical substances to be potable water.

Specific Objectives

a) To design and construct an automated water filtering machine

using Arduino Uno, PH sensor, and Turbidity sensor.

b) To test the effectiveness, functionality, and efficiency of the

automated water filtering machine.

c) To evaluate the accuracy of the water quality based on the FDA’s

drinking water standard.

d) To test the performance of the prototype and its execution time.

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1.3 Scope and Limitations

The researcher's main objective is to create an "Automated Water Purifier with

Potability Monitoring System" that will not only measure the turbidity and

potability of water but also filter out unwanted materials to make the water safe

for consumption. The salient feature of this system includes the Arduino Uno

microcontroller which serves as the system’s central unit and the pH and

Turbidity Sensors which will help in determining if the water passes quality

standards. In addition, Arduino IDE language will be use in implementation and

programming the devices. Another feature is the portable filtration system which

will operate if the water is determined to not pass quality standards; if the water

is cloudy and/or too acidic, it triggers an external pump which then suctions the

water from the receptacle into the filtration system. Once a cycle of filtration is

complete, the water is once again measured to see if it now passes quality

standards. If it once again fails to meet them, the cycle repeats until the water is

considered potable for human consumption.

 Module 1: The Arduino Uno serves as the central processing unit; the

fundamental components of the system are connected to it.

 Module 2: pH Sensor includes a pH Meter that will measure the water’s

acidity; this data is then sent to the Arduino Uno for the microcontroller to

process.
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 Module 3: Turbidity Sensor will measure and detect suspended solid

particles in water; the higher the TSS (Total Suspended Solids) value is,

the higher the turbidity. This data is also sent to the Arduino Uno.

 Module 4: The filtration system will make use of Carbon Filters to remove

unwanted organic chemicals that may be present in the water. This is

interfaced with an external water pump which is connected to the

receptacle. 

 Module 5: The Power supply unit (PSU) module will supply the device’s

voltage.

The system is expected to be able to perform its intended function, but it

also has its limitations. While the system is designed to be able to effectively

remove amoeba and pesticides from water, the sensors will not be able to detect

their presence. The system would also need to be plugged in order to be

operational. The receptacle also needs to be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized

every once in a while as residues and other unwanted particles may remain

within the walls of the container. 

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1.4 Significance of the Study

The primary purpose of this study is to provide people with information

about the quality of water they use. This is to be sure they have access to clean

and healthy water. This research is also done to prevent people from contracting

water-borne diseases such as diarrhea or another kind of bad bacteria. This

study will be of great benefit to the community. It will help mitigate the number of

cases of people with waterborne illnesses; it also assures that the water supply

is healthy and safe to drink. The researchers believe this study will only benefit

specific communities, but more so other cities or provinces without a water

service provider.

This study will benefit the following:

 End-users – As for the end-users, the LCD displays the result or output of

whether the water is potable already or not. They will also witness the

process of the filtration of the water before and after.

 Economy – This helped communities with poor and bad supply of water

asses and monitor their water supplies.

 Researchers – The study would help the researchers to build up Arduino

engineering, being innovative in designing the prototype so that it will be

user-friendly that can be accessed by anyone and improving their

programming skills.
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 Future Researchers – For future researchers or developers, this study

would help the researchers to be knowledgeable of the processes

involved in the system. This study may be used as reference data in

conducting new research related to it. They must also be able to address

and fulfill the limitations of this current study.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents Local and Foreign Literature, Local and Foreign

Studies which shall serve as the foundation of the study conducted by the

researchers. All information presented in this chapter is gathered from the

internet, libraries, past thesis studies, and case studies of the same field and

aims to develop a deep understanding of previous works relevant to the subject

and reach the specific goals of the study. The Conceptual Model is also

designed as a reference for system developers.

2.1 Foreign Literature

SENSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

pH and pH sensor

Figure 1: pH Sensor

Source: Types of pH Sensor [1]

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Figure 1 shows the type of sensor— pH sensor. Poor water quality can

cause significant health concerns. pH sensor plays a critical role in water quality

and treatment. When water is dipped into the sensor, it will acknowledge and

display the water; knowing how much alkalinity and acidity there is, will ensure

the safety of the water. Furthermore, the sensor calculates the acidity of water.

The standard scale is represented by a value that can range from 0-14. The

standard pH level for drinking water is in the range of 6-8.5, as stated by the

World Health Organization (WHO) in the updated document on pH in drinking

water. [2]

pH sensor has the capacity to influence wholesome accessibility, natural

development, contaminant behavior, and organic exercise. Sensor control or

monitoring of soil, water, and food or drink are critical for a variety of

applications. pH has the advantage of being utilized for a wide difference of

applications, is exceptionally exact, and gives correct pH esteem with the

assistance of pH sensors, deciding how acidic it is, and giving numerical esteem

of the pH specifically. Moreover, pH sensors also allow the user to understand

and protect the quality of water. [1] [3] The only drawback of the sensor is that it

is a bit costly and needs to be calibrated. Nonetheless, the researcher will use a

ready and calibrated pH sensor to save up more time.

There are four main types of pH sensors: Combinational pH sensor,

differential pH sensor, laboratory sensor, and process pH sensor—each of them

built for distinctive applications. The combination pH sensor combines a

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reference cathode and a measuring cathode; the other is a differential pH

sensor, which includes three cathodes; the other is a metal ground electrode to

intercept reference fouling. Next are laboratory sensors, which were created

using a combination of 12 mm glass and sensors embedded in silicone bodies

and were developed only for light applications; the last is a process pH sensor,

which was designed to have a large, durable footprint for continuously

monitoring pH. [1]

On Microcontrollers and the Arduino Uno

The researchers’ proposed system will also make use of the Arduino Uno

microcontroller, which is an open-source microcontroller powered by the

ATmega328P. Released in 2010, the Arduino Uno contains sets of digital and

analog input/output pins that can be interfaced with various expansion boards

and other circuits. [4] [5] While many systems exist for building microcontrollers,

Arduino has proven to be the most effective and one of the most inexpensive

microcontrollers out on the market today, and the small dimensions of the UNO

make it a very flexible component.

The study by Kondaveeti, et.al. explores the many possibilities of Arduino

when it comes to prototyping automated systems; The Arduino Uno has found

wide use in many sectors such as Agriculture, Mining, Healthcare, Energy, etc.
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While the possibilities are endless for the microcontroller, the Arduino is also

limited by its complex structure, processing power, and limited memory space.

[6] Another study by El Abd illustrated the trend in which the Arduino became

the most sought-after microcontroller in the last decade as compared to other

variants like Raspberry Pi and PIC. The reason for this is because of the

advantages that Arduino offers, particularly its ease of learning and use, which

allows for post-evaluation and maintenance. [7] Its open-source technology also

makes using Arduino easy to master for beginners, while also being very flexible

for more advanced users; Ocak’s study claims that the emergence of IoT and

embedded technologies have made it so Arduino can play a role in the

implementation of new designs. [8]

Smart technology also made use of microcontrollers like the Arduino;

these were either used interactively with other smart objects like the Raspberry

Pi or used independently to run non-smart components like actuators and

sensors. The Arduino microcontroller also serves as a “proxy” between the

components and the intelligence or the Internet, depending on what is used.

Basically, even if a non-smart component is removed from the system, the

Arduino can still run on its own. [9]

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Turbidity

The term "turbidity" refers to the cloudiness of water brought on by

particles like clay and slits chemical precipitates like iron, manganese, and

organic particles like living things and plant waste. Turbidity has the advantage

of being easily measured using simple, affordable manual comparators as well

as portable, benchtop, and online automated meters, which is why it is

frequently used for operational monitoring of control measures since it is simple,

accurate, and quick to measure. Continuous monitoring is also one of the

advantages of turbidity, it can give quick response to give results through an

automatic alarm system.

There are various causes of turbidity in a form of particles such as clays, soils,

and water organic matter that are harmless. Even so, it can be used also to

show the existence of chemical hazards and microbial contaminants that can

have a significant effect on water quality. [10] (Shown on table 1)

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Table 1: Sources of turbidity, water quality implications, and treatment

Source: Water Quality and Health- Review of Turbidity: Information for

regulators and water supplies [10]

Measuring turbidity

In a laboratory, turbidity is measured using a particular optical instrument.

A turbidity meter or Nephelometric Turbidity unit (NTU) is used as a unit

measurement, the amount of light scattered is measured after a light is pointed

through a water sample. The greater the dispersion of light, the clearer the water

is. Water clarity will depend on the turbidity, a lower value indicates high water

quality, and a high value indicates lower water quality. [11]

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High turbidity is a surrogate measurement for the effectiveness of our

treatment process, so measuring turbidity is an important part of the water

treatment process. The more turbidity we remove, the more effective our

treatment will be. Turbidity can affect the taste and odor of drinking water in

addition to being a treatment measure. It is critical to reducing the turbidity of

water in order to effectively disinfect it. The particles that cause turbidity can

harbor bacteria and viruses, and they can act as a barrier for pathogens. [12]

Figure 2: Different water quality based on NTU

Source: Understanding Turbidity and Why it Matters [12]

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2.2 Local Literature

WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH

The water crisis in the Philippines

People are coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and

throughout the world, and millions are attempting to get through this catastrophe

while facing additional hardship. They don't have access to water, which is

essential for survival. More than ever, households in the Philippines must have

access to clean water for their health. Moreover, according to a non-profit

organization (water.org). Over 3 million people in our country rely on unsafe and

unsustainable water sources and 7 million lack access to improve their

sanitation. [13]

UNICEF Philippines Representative Lotta Sylwander also added that the

communities' health and well-being depend on having access to clean water and

adequate sanitary facilities. Safe water and sanitation are especially important

for young children's nutrition, health, and capacity to concentrate in class.

Children's prospects of completing their education successfully and growing up

healthy are decreased by diseases brought on by hazardous or unclean

activities. This loop and connection between the lack of access to safe drinking
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water and sanitation, poor health, and low productivity are exacerbated in rural

areas with high poverty rates. [14]

Waterborne Diseases

Globally, the greatest causes of sickness and mortality among people

continue to be waterborne infections. Most of these—over 95%—can be

avoided. One of the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 set forward by the

United Nations is to guarantee that everyone has access to water and

sanitation, which is the primary preventive measure for preventing chronic

diseases. The basics of sanitation and water treatment are well understood, but

billions of people have been deprived of access to these necessities because of

a lack of capital resources, leadership, and sensible prioritization. Emerging

infections that are resistant to traditional water treatment, chemical

contaminants, recognizing both endemic and pandemic waterborne diseases,

and comprehending connections to the environment are some of the challenges.

Satellite photography and new mathematical tools, among other novel ways of

inquiry, are shedding new light on aquatic infections.  [15]

Recreational or drinking water tainted with disease-causing organisms or

pathogens is the primary source of waterborne illness. In addition to consuming

tainted food or beverages, coming into touch with animals or their habitat, or

being passed from person to person, many aquatic diseases can also be

acquired in these ways. [16]

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Moreover, data from the Philippines Statistics Authority, also known as

PSA, shows that at least 14 Filipinos die every day in the past 10 years caused

to water-borne diseases. The PSA also included water-borne diseases such as

bloody diarrhea; cholera; viral hepatitis; leptospirosis that killed a total of 53,066

Filipinos between 2010 and 2019. [17]

Potable Water Quality in the Philippines

Potable water is also called “drinking water”, which arises in surface

water and groundwater. The quality of drinking water is one of the most

important aspects of everyday activities, regardless of whether it's used for

eating, cooking, household use, or entertainment. Proper quality of water,

improved water supply, and sanitization systems can all significantly lower

poverty while also boosting a country's economic growth. When enhancing the

water quality and improving accessibility to the source, people may consume

less money and are more likely to gather or collect water. As a result, the better

outcome may be for people to drink the water safely because they will be

present and not concerned about their health. [18]

The Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water cited that drinking

water must be clear and does not have an objectionable taste, odor, or color. It

must be pleasant to drink and free of any pathogens, chemicals, or

radionuclides in concentrations that pose a risk to the consumer's health.

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Furthermore, the table shows the mandatory parameters of drinking water

quality. [19]

Table 2: Mandatory Drinking-Water Quality Parameter

Source: Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017 [19]

2.3 Foreign Study

Development of a Water Purification System

Developing a water purification system proves vital in ensuring that the

water that people drink in a particular household or community is safe for

consumption. The very first iteration of the purifier system was invented in 1827;

has since undergone many advancements and adaptations. [20]

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Nowadays, water filtration has become more portable and more

straightforward; and many ways in which to purify water have since been

developed. One such study by Varghese, et.al, made use of solar distillation and

UV sterilization in order to achieve potable water; they also made use of carbon

filters and nanofiber membranes for their system. [21] Furthermore, the design

conducted by the researchers also made use of a carbon filter to eliminate or

remove any impurities particles that cannot be detected by the sensors, such as

amoeba. Utilizing an activated carbon filter has the benefit of eliminating all

sediments, minute particles, and even odor. Additionally, it is compact and

small, therefore, the system can be easily carried. In addition, the Minnesota

Department of Health also stated that a filter with granular activated carbon

(GAC) is a proven option to remove certain chemicals, particularly organic

chemicals, from water. GAC filters can be used to remove chemicals that give

objectionable odors or tastes to water such as hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs

odor) or chlorine. [22] The type of carbon filter to be used by the researchers in

making an automated water purifier with potability monitoring system is shown in

the figure below.

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Figure 3: Carbon Filter Paper [21]

Monitoring of Water Quality

The earth is surrounded by water, it is sometimes called “the water

planet”. Specifically, around 71 percent of our planet is covered by water.

However, only 0.3 percent of our freshwater is found in the surface water of

lakes, rivers, and swamps. Therefore, water management is essential,

especially in accessing or monitoring water quality.

Human interaction activities with nature such as mining and

manufacturing, for example, emerged with a large volume of water polluted with

harmful substances. In the study of Vijayakumar, et, al. They made real-time

water quality monitoring using certain sensors and controllers. They proposed

an experiment where they monitored the quality of the water using cloud

computing. This will display the results on the internet that can be viewed using

a separate IP address and it is suitable for monitoring the ecosystem. [23] Many

researchers integrated their systems into IoT because it has a means of sharing
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information and data all over the internet that are easily accessible anytime and

anywhere. The researchers utilized physiochemical sensors for the real-time

monitoring of the water that displays the water level, temperature, turbidity, and

pH level. Each sensor will send a piece of information over the internet

respectively.

A significant amount of water monitoring systems used today are for

ensuring the quality of water for human use. These resources include lakes,

rivers, moist areas, water treatment/distribution plants, etc. Numerous studies

have demonstrated improvements in the monitoring system. Some use Wireless

Sensor Networks (WSN) to monitor drinking water sources in rural areas. [24]

Hence, the work in this paper is to study the potability of water using Ph sensors

as one factor to monitor water quality.

2.4 Local Study

Pathology and Water Quality Control

The involvement of microorganisms in water quality deterioration during

transmission was noticed very early in the history of water supply. Studies dated

as early as 1897 have observed that problems with taste and odor in the water

supply in several cities in the USA were attributed to the growth of

microorganisms in the water distribution systems. In order to confirm the diverse

sporadic reports of microbial regrowth in water distribution systems, Powell in

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1921 surveyed 32 municipal waterways and found that 92% had reported

increases in the number of bacteria present in the taps and pipes. The water

that went through these pipelines also has shown signs of degradation [25].

Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is a predominant coliform that ferments

lactose to form gas in lactose broth. They constitute a large percentage of the

bacterial population contained within the human intestinal tract. Pathogenic

strains of the bacteria are frequent agents of diarrhea, particularly in babies

wherein cases have highly relative chances of being fatal because infants have

yet to develop gastrointestinal immunity [26]. Up to 70% of traveler’s diarrhea

and between 50-80% of UTI cases are also caused by E. coli [26]. Protozoans

like Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia can also exist in water systems

and can cause serious illnesses when consumed [27].

The state of drinking water in Metro Manila has been up for discussion

since the turn of the century. A study conducted by Estor, Miranda and Terrado

confirmed that much of the bottled mineral water that was being sold and

distributed in the market contained at least 300 cfu/mL of microorganisms,

specifically coliform bacteria. At the time of the study, this level of density was

higher than what was allowed by the FDA (then the BFAD) [28]. A study by

Miguel also found out that drinking water in Metro Manila has a high chance of

being contaminated with lead due to the piping and plumbing systems; Lead,

even in a microscopic amount, can have major health effects especially to

children and infants [29].

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While it is true that not everyone has direct access to clean and potable

drinking water for their needs, one could argue that it should be considered a

basic human right for everyone to have access to clean water in the fight against

various diseases [30].

Pesticide Prevalence in Rural Water Systems

The use and disposal of organic pesticides by farmers often lead to

pesticides being transported into sources of water, whether airborne or

waterborne [31], as run-off; and because run-off is a form of diffusion, preventing

pesticides from seeping into water sources becomes difficult to control and

prevent [32].

Some of the more common pesticides used in the Philippines are Lindane

(γ – HCH or C6H6Cl6), Heptachlor (C10H5Cl7), Endosulfan (C9H6Cl6O3S) and

Aldrin (C12H8Cl6).

Lindane, which is an isomer of Hexachlorocyclohexane, is very soluble in

water, persistent in most soils and a volatile compound that is able to last a long

time in the environment [33]. Lindane is said to be a carcinogenic compound

with links to breast cancer; in the Philippines, breast cancer is one of the leading

sites of all cancers [34] [35]. Heptachlor has a relatively long half-life, and its

mobility allows it to seep into groundwater despite the compound being nearly

insoluble. Heptachlor is known to disrupt the body’s endocrine and lymphatic

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systems, increasing susceptibility to cancer [36]. Endosulfan is an extremely

toxic pesticide that is more likely to be detected in surface water than in

groundwater because of its very low solubility and tendency to adsorb in soil

[37]. Aldrin is a pesticide that is considered as hazardous solid waste with high

affinity to soil. It also can break down into another compound, Dieldrin, which is

just as toxic as Aldrin, if not more. Both are considered endocrine disruptors and

can cause harmful diseases such as Breast and Liver Cancer [36].

Since much of the Philippines’ groundwater exists near agricultural land,

studies have determined that the presence of pesticides has contaminated their

water sources [38].

Implications of Water Quality to Incidence of Waterborne Diseases

A statistical study by Coronado was conducted in order to trace the

correlation between water quality in different water sources in Iligan City and the

incidence of different waterborne diseases that arose in those communities.

Coronado was able to make valid inferences and conclusions based on his

findings about the water quality in the city. Some water sources had low levels of

chlorine which made them more susceptible to bacterial and viral contamination.

Coliform bacteria were also detected in water sources which passed through

pipelines wherein fecal matter would’ve seeped into the distribution system;

thus, clusters who used these sources had the highest number of Diarrhea and
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Gastroenteritis cases. The commonality in these clusters was that the presence

of backyard piggeries whose pens were right next to canals whose pipelines

may be compromised. Low levels of hardness and pH value also increased the

incidence of Dengue because Dengue mosquitoes were able to multiply in those

sources of water. [39]

Public Perception of Drinking Water Standards and Risk

In order to achieve good drinking water quality, it needs integrated

management measures in any respect points on the availability chain beginning

with construction management and also the protection of water resources,

throughout treatment and distribution, moreover because of the home utility.

Thus, maintaining high-quality water is very expensive, and will every now and

then be uncalled for wherever no threat to human health has been known.

Therefore, water standards should be a compromise between value and risk to

each consumer and also the surroundings. However, water insufficiency and

sustaining the more and more high levels of demand could compromise

standards that should be realistic and possibly below native operational

conditions.

Public awareness of environmental issues has grown during the previous

ten years. As a result, a wider group of people are now concerned about the

quality of their drinking water. The indicators include significant rises in the sales

of household cleaning products and bottled water, as well as a growing

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awareness that water has to be treated more like food. Consumers interpret risk

and safety, though, more emotionally than scientifically due to a lack of

knowledge. In order to lower the level of some indicators, water utilities are

under intense pressure to perform strict, oftentimes useless treatment and

control methods. A proper supply of clean water is necessary for optimal health,

and without it, people are more prone to a startling number of illnesses and

other health issues. It should be a fundamental human right to have access to

sufficient, safe daily needs of drinking, cleaning, and cooking, many of these

people are getting by on as little as five liters. This number is expected to

increase by a factor of two over the following ten years, including conflict, over-

abstraction, and climate change. [40]

2.5 Summary

Recent data from the Philippine Statistics Authority shows that 14

Filipinos die everyday due to waterborne diseases, with about 54 thousand in

total dying in the last decade. Multiple local studies, especially the statistical

study made by Coronado, have suggested that poor sanitation, lack of access to

clean water and water purification resources and facilities have resulted in many

cases of waterborne diseases persisting especially in the impoverished and rural

areas. This thus formed the foundation for the problem statement of this study.

Different water purification techniques and devices have been discovered

and developed from 1827 up to today’s times in order as a response to this

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crisis. Modern iterations of water purifiers have become more portable and have

developed more ways in which to filter out unwanted particles and

microorganisms from water. The Arduino Uno microcontroller, which is to be

used in this experiment, is advantageous because of its usability and the nature

of its open source software that can readily program and pair with many sensors

and other devices.

This study will also serve as a source of information for future

researchers who are to innovate this existing technology and aim to address the

limitations of this current study; Related studies and literature as listed above

discussed in detail the implications of water quality on waterborne diseases, the

role of water purification in combating it, and various innovations that were

developed to further improve water purification.

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2.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 4: Input-Process-Output Model of Automated Water Purifier with

Potability Monitoring System

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Figure 4 displays the conceptual framework of the project wherein the input

consists of the following variables such as the hardware requirements for the

device, the knowledge requirement of the user for using the device, needs of the

user regarding the device, technical literature, materials, and tools for the device

and techniques with the advice of an expert. The process includes planning,

gathering information, project design, project development/construction, project

testing, project implementation, and project maintenance. Lastly, the output will

show the outcome of the following variables: functionality, aesthetics, safety,

workability, durability, economy, and saleability—the standard criteria used for

the evaluation and performance test.

2.7 Definition of Terms

PH SENSOR 

 To know/determine if the water is safe or not, this measures/scales the

acidity and alkalinity of the water.

ALKALINITY 

 Is the ability of water to neutralize a base. 

ACIDITY

 Is the ability of water to neutralize an acid.

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TURBIDITY 

 Is the measurement of the cloudiness or haziness of the water.

MICROCONTROLLERS 

 It acts as the brain of the application in the system.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SENSORS 

 It makes use of suitable transduction components to convert a physical or

chemical characteristic into a parameter of different nature.

ARDUINO UNO 

 A type of microcontroller board. It is an open-source microcontroller

board. A programmable board that is easy to use especially for project

design or DIY projects.

CARBON FILTER 

 A device that removes/filters unwanted chemicals that may affect the

quality of the water.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter covers study design methods, as well as other topics. This

chapter’s technical design provided representations of how the project design’s

internal and exterior components functioned and methodology that discussed

the data gathering and data treatment.

3.1 Project Design

Block Diagram

Figure 5:

Block Diagram of Sensory Earphone: An assistive device for Visually

Impaired People
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Figure 5 shows the complete block diagram of the proposed system,

which includes all the components interfaced with the microcontroller, and other

devices included in the system such as the receptacle for the water source, the

storage tank for the filtered water, faucet, and filtration system.

The pH sensor is used to measure the acidity of the water whereas the

Turbidity sensor detects the presence of suspended particles in water. They

send the data as input to the Arduino Uno microcontroller, which then displays

the output on the LCD. If the result displays that the water does not fit quality

standards for human consumption, the Arduino Uno triggers an external pump

that sends the water into the filtration system, where it undergoes a cycle of

filtering before it is sent back to the water tank for another round of testing. This

process loops until the test yields a positive output; and once it does, the water

is now drained through a faucet for human consumption.

Another sensor used in the system is the Ultrasonic sensor. The function

of this is to monitor the water level inside the storage tank; two of them will be

placed inside said tank, one to detect if the tank is nearly full and the other to

detect if the tank is nearly empty. These signals are also relayed to the

microcontroller and depending on the water’s critical levels being reached inside

the tank, the Arduino Uno triggers the other external pump next to the water

source to release or stop releasing water into the filtration system.

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Circuit Diagram

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram of Automated Water Purifier and Potability

Monitoring System
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Table 3: Circuit Diagram Legends

Wiring D0 – D53……Digital Input/Output pins

A0 – A15……………Analog Input pins

Battery 3.3V ……………………..3.3 volts input

5V………………………..……….5 volts input

Vcc+/VDD……….Voltage Common Collector TRIG………………………..Trigger pin

GND/VSS…………………………….Ground ECHO…………………………Echo pin

SDA …………………..…….. Serial Data

+ …………..……………Positive Input/Output
SCL …………………..………..Serial Clock
- …………..…………… Negative Input/Output

Figure 6 shows how each component is connected to the others. All the VCC

pins of pH meter, ultrasonic sensor, I2C LCD, relays, and turbidity sensor are

connected to the 5V, while the GND pins are connected to the ground. The

analog pin of pH meter is connected to pin A1 of the microcontroller (Arduino

Mega). Relays inputs 1 and 2 pin are connected to the pins D26 and D27 of the

Arduino Mega, the normally open of relays are connected to each positive pins

of water pump while the negative pins of water pumps are connected to the

ground. The echo pin of Ultrasonic sensor is connected to pin A3 while the
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trigger pin is connected to pin A2 of the microcontroller. The analog pin of

Turbidity sensor is connected to A0 of the microcontroller. Finally, The Serial

Data pin of I2C LCD is connected to pin D20 while the serial Clock pin is

connected to D21 of the Arduino Mega.

Project Flow Diagram

Figure 7: Process Flow Diagram of Automated Water Purifier and Potability

Monitoring System
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Figure 7 shows the step-by-step process flow of the proposed system.

The way the entire system is intended to function is, in itself, very

straightforward.

First, the water to be tested is placed in a source tank, where it is then

pumped into a filtration system where it undergoes one cycle of filtration before it

goes into a storage tank. If the storage tank is near capacity, an ultrasonic

sensor signals the Arduino Uno microcontroller, which then signals the water

pump to shut off.

The water inside the tank is tested for acidity using a pH sensor and for

turbidity using a Turbidity sensor; both are also interfaced with the

microcontroller. If the pH and turbidity measurements both meet water quality

standards, the water is then pumped out to an external pipe and is ready for

human consumption; however, if the water does not meet quality standards, it is

then pumped to a filtering system to undergo filtration and is then pumped back

into the receptacle where it is then tested again. The water may undergo as

many cycles of filtration as necessary until it meets the requirements for safe

human consumption.

Once the water is drained from the storage tank, a second ultrasonic

sensor at the base of the tank signals the Arduino, which then signals the water

pump to begin pumping another batch of water into the filtration system again.

3.2 Design Project Development Phases (V-MODEL)

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Figure 8: Project Development Phases

Phase 1: Planning

This is the first level of the project developmental process; it

encompasses brainstorming where each researcher talks about the things that

should be considered to produce a well-prepared title proposal. This is where

the researcher creates a draft and sorts out the details to divide the workload to

each member in the group.

Phase 2: Gather Information

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After the approval of the proposed title, to help us to progress in the

project we researched, studied, and analyzed each relevant topic and data from

the previous studies. By doing this it helped us gather data for our project to

keep track of its progress and therefore we also examined what sort of

requirements were necessary to see its potential results. 

Phase 3: Project Design

Key parts of the project were shown at this stage, such as the device’s

exterior design and diagramming of its internal components. A project flowchart

was used to demonstrate the process the device went through. We the

researchers considered the tools and materials needed to create the innovation

when deciding on a project design. We used software applications such as

autocad to enable us to visualize the design in 3D view.   

Phase 4: Project Development

The device's creation requires a great deal of research and data,

including the construction of diagrams and tools. Then a prototype is built to test

the functionality of the device. This included designing the hardware and

software for the development as well as creating all the necessary diagrams and

data.
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Phase 5: Project Testing

When testing the prototypes, the researchers must adhere to specific

criteria. These criteria include the effectiveness, accuracy, usability, build

quality, and appearance of each prototype. Defining and visualizing possible

problems and failures is critical for researchers to develop timely solutions.

Phase 6: Project Implementation

The next step for the project is to conduct an effective initial prototype

testing. This will be followed by the researchers moving into the implementation

phase when they receive feedback from end users about how best to use the

prototype. These reviews will provide the researchers with information on how

useful, effective, and improved their creation can be.

Phase 7: Project Maintenance

Throughout this part of the test process, the researcher monitored the

device to gauge its endurance and functionality and confirm user satisfaction. If

malfunctions arise, developers have a solution in mind that they can implement

quickly.
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3.3 Design Project Testing Plan

Figure 9: Testing Plan of Automated Water Filter with Potability Monitoring

System

Figure 9 shows the plans that are executed to the prototype. Essential

planning was done by researching the device. The researchers then created the

hardware specifications for the project's development after designing it in

AutoCAD. After the researchers have assembled the necessary hardware,

including the pH sensor, water quality testing is carried out. The tests are made

to find and fix any issues and inconsistencies that are found both during and

after development.
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Unit Testing

The development process includes unit testing. Every module is

examined to check for errors. The device is being developed at this stage while

the developers make sure the components that will be used in the project are

working properly.

System Testing 

In System Testing, researchers performed some tests on the device to

identify the functionality of the product and determine whether there are any

remaining problems on the device. A set of tests and processes are completed

on the product before the end-users test it.

EVALUATION PROCEDURE

Instruments 

To determine the acceptance, the developers conducted a survey. As

chosen by the researchers of the project, a questionnaire is distributed to

experts and users. The assessment tool is based on the project's features and

working procedure. The researchers included the hardware statistics, with a

graphical rating scale whereas; the respondents can select particular options

like Very Good if the project is excellent in all aspects of the device, Good, if the

project meets the user and expert expectations, Fair if the project was quite
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good and needed some minor hardware to be fixed, Poor if the project was lack

of parameters as mentioned by the researchers and if the project did not adhere

to the necessary specifications as the researches mentioned in the study. 

Respondents

The project respondents are students in vicinity of Philippines Christian

University- Manila Camus, Malate, Manila, significantly students who are

experiencing bad supply of water in their home and tech-savvy students. Forty

people were asked. It is made up of twenty (20) students. ten (10) students

experiencing bad supply of water in their home, ten (10) technical experts.

Students and other students who are experiencing bad supplies of water were

asked to complete the user assessment form, while instructors and technical

experts answered the technical expert evaluation form.

Design Project Quality Characteristics

         A design project's quality is determined by several factors:

Functionality (functional characteristics). Connecting to other systems is

simple. (Ease of operation). The standard of the materials utilized was

evaluated. (Provision for comfort and convenience). Access and control were

made simple. (user-friendliness).

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Aesthetics (aesthetics characteristics). A plain, simple and non-obvious color

was used (Color appeal). An appropriate structure is constructed (Attractiveness

of design).  The size was suitable (Appropriateness of size).

Safety (safety characteristics).  It includes the following: A proper safe-

proofing execution and high-quality security will be presented (Absence of toxic/

hazardous materials/ possible electric shock), The presence of the edged was

non-present (Absence of sharp edges), There's no presence of the edged

(Absence of sharp edges), and utilized to sustain the primary function by

bringing in backup equipment when the original equipment fails or to offer

protection in connection to secondary purposes such as safety or the

environment (Provision for protection devices).

Workability (workability characteristics). All the components were accessible

(Availability of material). The presence of technical experts was obtainable

(Availability of technical expertise). 

Durability (durability characteristics). This includes the appropriate Standard

component is essential for quality results (Quality of materials) and the effort and

expertise required to produce something or accomplish a project (Quality of

workmanship). 

Economy (economy characteristics). The components that were used for this

project should be accessible to anyone (economy in terms of materials needed).

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The device increased the labor and production of visually impaired people

(economy in terms of time/labor spent). Financially available tools that are used

and utilize basic materials that were easy to produce (economy in terms of

machine/s required).

Saleability (saleability characteristics). Desirable by the target consumers of

the device (presence of market demand). Wide promotion of the device for easy

distribution (accessibility to finished product). The Budget-friendly and great

value of money in the market (competitiveness to price).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted a survey to the users. Surveying entails using

a written medium to get responses from the target people of the study. The

questionnaires were given to the selected respondents to evaluate the device.

The researchers used the Interview method for the experts, and the researchers

interpreted the data. The information was used to assess the device's impact.

After gathering all the relevant information and documenting it, a statistical

formula is used to determine satisfied respondents.

Population Sampling

Purposive sampling targets a particular group of people. This sampling

method is used when the study’s target population is extremely rare, or it is not
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easy to find and set up an interview regarding the study being completed by the

researchers.

Research Instruments

         The materials that the researchers considered would be the most

effective for the device were employed in the study as the instrument. These

help the developers in determining the suitable material to utilize for the device

and seek advice from specialists on the subject. The researchers also searched

from the internet and related studies on relevant areas to provide a foundation

and references for the device's development.

Statistical Treatment

The arithmetic means of a set of data is calculated by averaging the value

of the gathered data across the total number of data sets. The following formula

is used to determine the Weighted Arithmetic Mean:

T
S=
U

Where:

S: Stands for weighted arithmetic mean

T: Stands for values of the items

U: Stands for the amount of data in the set

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Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter covers a complete overview, structure, and step-by-step

instructions on how to complete the project. It will have the qualities as well as

the limits of the created design project. The last section is dedicated to the

project's results evaluation and performance tests.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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[1] Apera Instruments, "Why pH is important?," aperainst, p. 1, 2017.

[2] World Health Organization (WHO), "Ph in Drinking Water," 2007. [Online].

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chemicals/ph.pdf?sfvrsn=16b10656_4#:~:text=The%20pH%20of%20most

%20drinking,within%20the%20range%206.5%E2%80%938.5..

[3] River Watch , "How Monitoring pH Levels Helps Protect Water Quality," River

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[5] YSI Parameter Series, "Turbidity Measurement," YSI a xylem brand, 2022.

[6] Cleveland Water, "Understanding Turbidity and Why it Matters," City of

Cleveland At your service, 2019.

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[8] UNICEF Phlippines, "unicef.org," 17 July 2017. [Online]. Available:

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%20and%20contaminated%20water,%2C%20hepatitis%20A%2C%20and

%20typhoid..
 Philippine Christian University 48
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[9] J. K. Griffiths , "Waterborne Diseases," in Internation Encyclopedia of Public

Health (Second Edition), ScienceDirect, 2017.

[10] Department of Health, "Causes and Symptoms of Waterborne Illness,"

Waterborne Illness, 20 October 2022.

[11] BusinessMirror, "PSA: 14 Pinoys die everyday from waterborne diseases,"

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[12] World Health Organization, "Driking Water," who.int, 2022.

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2017-0010.pdf.

[14] Water Filter Autralia, "The Evolution of the under sink water filter," Water

Filter Australia, 2022.

[15] A. Varghese, J. P. James, M. Matthew and V. K. Abraham, "Prototype

Development of a Nano-fiber based Portable Solar Water Purifier System,"

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[16] M. D. o. Health, "Water Treatment Using Carbon Filters: GAC Filter

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gac.html#:~:text=A%20filter%20with%20granular%20activated,rotten%20eggs

%20odor)%20or%20chlorine..
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[17] W.-T. Sung and F. N. Fadillah, "Water Quality Monitoring Using Physio

Chemical Sensors," IEEE, Taichung City, Taiwan, 2020.

[18] Z. Lin, W. Wang , H. Yin, S. Jiang, G. Jiao and J. Yu, "Design of Monitoring

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June 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/what-is-

arduino-uno-a-getting-started-guide. [Accessed 10 November 2022].

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S. Vappangi, "A systematic literature review on prototyping with Arduino:

Applications, challenges, advantages, and limitations," Andhra Pradesh, 2021.

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[23] M. A. Ocak, "Where does Arduino’s power come from: An extended

literature review," Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, Gazi, 2017.

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review about Smart Objects, Sensors, and Actuators," International Journal of

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Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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[26] J. Chan, "The Efficacy of the Different Treatment Methods on Water

Potability," BCF Graduate School, Baguio, 2001.

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mineral water". Philippine Daily Inquirer.

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edition incorporating the first and second addenda," 21 March 2022. [Online].

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November 2022].

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nation's largest water quality problem," March 1996. [Online]. Available:

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[Accessed 29 November 2022].

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[34] K. Willett, E. Ulrich and R. Hites, "Differential Toxicity and Environmental

Fates of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers," Indiana University, Bloomington,

1998.

[35] M. Bates, D. Hannah, S. Buckland, J. Taucher and T. van Maanen,

"Chlorinated oganic contaminants in breast milk of New Zealand women,"

Environmental Health Supplements, Auckland, 1994.

[36] A. Laudico, V. Medina, E. Pukkala, F. Valenzuela, C. Mapua and R.

Lumague, "2015 Philippine Cancer Facts and Estimates," Philippine Cancer

Society, Manila, 2015.

[37] US Department of Health and Human Services - ATSDR, "Toxicological

Profile for Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide," November 2007. [Online].

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November 2022].

[38] US Department of Health and Human Services - ATSDR, "Toxicological

Profile for Endosulfan," August 2015. [Online]. Available:

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[39] US Department of Health and Human Services - ATSDR, "Toxicological

Profile for Aldrin and Dieldrin," June 2022. [Online]. Available:

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[40] D. Martinez, "Ecotoxicological water quality assessment of organichlorine

pesticides in drinking water resources of Zamboanga City," pp. 9-11, 22, 2002.
 Philippine Christian University 52
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APPENDIX A
LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE RESPONDENTS

Philippine Christian University

College of Informatics

Dear
Please be informed that we are conducting a design project entitled
Automated Water Purifier with Potability Monitoring System in fulfillment of
the degree, Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering. In this
connection, we have constructed a questionnaire that is very vital. Without it, the
study will not be as complete as it should be.

Please feel assured that your anonymity and the information you will give
and will be treated with the strictest confidentiality.

Thank you very much for your very kind response to our request and if
you are interested, we will supply you with the result of our research project.

Very sincerely yours,

Michael C. Ganadores
Jannelle B. Bote
Arnie B. Serrano
George Miguel V. Obusan
Christian R. Endaya
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APPENDIX B
EVALUATION INSTRUMENT (for Users)
Automated Water Purifier with Potability Monitoring System)
General Direction. Please accomplish this questionnaire very carefully and
honestly. Please rest that any information that you supply will be treated with the
greatest and anonymity.

Name: Company:
Sex: Male Female
Sector: Education Banking Military Medical
Government Industry IT
Others (please specify)

Kindly put a check mark at the right of the hardware evaluation characteristics
under the proper heading to indicate your assessment on the hardware product
based on specific factor.
Numerical Rating Equivalent
5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
1 Poor

HARDWARE EVALUATION Excellent Very Good Fair Poor

CHARACTERISTICS Good
FUNCTIONALITY
Ease of operation
Provision for comfort and convenience
User-friendliness
AESTHETHICS
Color appeal
Attractiveness of design
Appropriateness of size
SAFETY
Absence of toxic/hazardous materials/possible
electric shock
Absence of sharp edges
Provision for protection devices
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APPENDIX C
EVALUATION INSTRUMENT (for Technical Experts)
(Automated Water Purifier with Potability Monitoring System)

General Direction. Please accomplish this questionnaire very carefully and

honestly. Please rest that any information that you supply will be treated with the
greatest and anonymity.

Name: Company:
Sex: Male Female
Sector: Education Banking Military Medical
Government Industry IT
Others (please specify)

Kindly put a check mark at the right of the hardware evaluation characteristics
under the proper heading to indicate your assessment on the hardware product
based on specific factor.
Numerical Rating Equivalent
5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
1 Poor

HARDWARE EVALUATION Excellent Very Good Fair Poor

CHARACTERISTICS Good
FUNCTIONALITY
Ease of operation
Provision for comfort and convenience
User-friendliness
AESTHETHICS
Color appeal
Attractiveness of design
Appropriateness of size
SAFETY
Absence of toxic/hazardous
materials/possible electric shock
Absence of sharp edges
Provision for protection devices
WORKABILITY
Availability of material
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Availability of technical expertise

Availability of tools and machines
DURABILITY
Quality of materials
Quality of workmanship
Quality of design
ECONOMY
Economy in terms of materials needed
Economy in terms of time/labor spent
Economy in terms of machine/s required
SALEABILITY
Presence of market demand
Accessibility to finished products
Competitiveness to price

APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF EVALUATION RESULT
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(PEOPLE WITH BAD WATER SUPPLY – 20, STUDENTS – 10, TECHNICAL

EXPERTS – 5 AND PROFESSORS – 5)

SOFTWARE EVALUATION Very

CHARACTERISTICS Excellent Good Good Fair Poor

FUNCTIONALITY
Ease of operation
Provision for comfort and convenience
User-friendliness
AESTHETHICS
Color appeal
Attractiveness of design
Appropriateness of size
SAFETY
Absence of toxic/hazardous
materials/possible electric shock
Absence of sharp edges
Provision for protection devices
WORKABILITY
Availability of material
Availability of technical expertise
Availability of tools and machines
DURABILITY
Quality of materials
Quality of workmanship
Quality of design
ECONOMY
Economy in terms of materials needed
Economy in terms of time/labor spent
Economy in terms of machine/s required
SALEABILITY
Presence of market demand
Accessibility to finished products
Competitiveness to price

PROPOSED DESIGN PROJECT USING AUTOCAD

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Keywords – ULTRASONIC SENSORS, EARPHONES, VISUALLY IMPAIRED, ASSISTIVE

DEVICE.

I. INTRODUCTION

The paper is designed to develop a prototype It's difficult to be blind or visually impaired.

that will assist the visually impaired people Living with these issues will affect not just your

known as Sensory Earphones. lifestyle but also how you interact with others in

You may generally find someone using modern society. These disabilities are still

earphones or earbuds in public places; these occurring and are quite common in our

people typically occupy themselves by listening community today. Living in these conditions is

to music or podcasts, playing games, or uncomfortable and challenging. The majority of

watching movies. However, aside from individuals who are blind or have significant

entertainment, earphones may be used for a vision impairment use white canes to help them

variety of purposes. navigate obstacles and avoid minor injuries.

Despite the fact that people have been using this

gadget for a long time, it still has several

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drawbacks, such as the fact that it cannot detect them to what is ahead of them. The utility of

a person's whole surroundings and can irritate current technologies for blind individuals is still

certain persons around the user. controversial, and they usually require the use of

Blindness can be caused by a variety of factors, a long cane or a service dog.[1]

including congenital defects, accidents involving The development of a device that aids persons

the eyes, or illnesses that occur naturally. with blindness and other visual impairments has

Though difficult to trace, we may fairly infer far-reaching implications not just for the people

that the origins of blindness date back to the who live with these disorders, but also for the

dawn of humanity. As we look at today's society to which they belong. Sensory

generation, we can see that blindness and vision Earphones can significantly assist users by

impairment is becoming more common, along providing them with the capacity to perceive

with the growth and appearance of some of the their environment. The auditory signal produced

elements that cause them. For beginners, using by an 8D sound can correctly tell us where the

white canes can be inconvenient because it takes sound began. Though this device is not a precise

time to practice and become accustomed to replacement for their visions, the sensory buds

using them. This instrument also has certain can be an excellent companion that can replace

negatives, such as the possibility of it sticking or include white canes. The purpose of this

on pavement cracks or gaps and accidentally research is to create a device that will provide

hitting people or dangerous items. companionship and security to people with

Assistive technology can vary from canes and visual impairments by using 8D sounding

lever doorknobs to voice recognition software earphones that can accurately indicate the

and augmentative communication devices. location of an object, while ultrasonic sensors

Electronic mobility aids use ultrasonic waves to will distinguish the position of the object by

reflect off of barriers in front of the user to alert recognizing its proximity.

Earphones
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Earphones are essentially two speakers located object through sound, light, infrared radiation, or

close to your ears, albeit in a tiny size. Each electromagnetic fields, depending on the type of

speaker is so slight that it perfectly covers the proximity sensor. Phones, recycling factories,

outer gap of an ear. As a result, they are self-driving automobiles, anti-aircraft systems,

sometimes known as ear-speakers, but this is a and assembly lines all employ proximity

rare occurrence.[2] For information which a sensors. There are several different types of

sighted person could see, a blind person usually proximity sensors, and each detects objects

relies on auditory input. A device that differently. The inductive proximity sensor and

transforms energy from one form to another is the capacitive proximity sensor are the two most

known as a transducer. Two transducers in a set commonly used proximity sensors. Inductive

of earphones transform the electrical energy proximity sensors can detect only metal objects

produced by your device into sound energy that because the sensor interacts with an

our ears perceive as audio. Each earphone is electromagnetic field. On the other hand,

essentially the same as any other circuit: a capacitive proximity sensors are not exclusive to

conductor draws current from a battery (source) metallic objects. These proximity sensors can

and delivers it to a load (transducer). For every detect anything that can carry an electrical

people, earphones are a great help to reduce charge. Liquid-level sensing frequently uses

stress and help them experience better quality capacitive sensors.[3]

music or audio, and earphones can be a good Researchers have investigated the phenomenon

help for people with visually impairments to problem for the visually impaired person and

become an assistive device guide. begun to build technologies to assist the visually

handicapped. Rey, Hertzog, Kagami, and Nedel

Ultrasonic Sensor created a wearable device for the blind that

Once an object enters the sensor's field of view, incorporates an ultrasonic sensor and a vibration

it is detected by the proximity sensor, which is a motor. Instead of a walking stick, they have

non-contact sensor. The sensor can detect an opted for a hat as a wearable gadget because
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they want to stroll without being restricted in ultrasonic sensor location setup for Ultrasonic

their movement. Aymaz and Avdar created a Low and Ultrasonic High is correct. It can assess

system deployed on a headset for visually whether the barriers are modest or high in

impaired people. An ultrasonic sensor, height. Even though there are limits in the

Bluetooth module (ISD2590), solar panel, and experiment when detecting the medium height

speaker were employed. The result reveals that barrier, which is approximately 55 cm in size, it

the ultrasonic sensor's detection coverage is has previously been mentioned that the

approximately 41.5 cm. Because the length of ultrasonic sensor transmits sonar waves at

the blind stick is just 86.5 cm, it has been found different angles and has varied distances at each

that only two sensors can be utilized to assess grade. It is already being tested, and when the

whether it is a high or low barrier. Aside from barrier is pushed closer, both sensors detect it.

that, this output may be used to determine sensor Overall, the algorithm for distinguishing

positions on the blind stick. The arrangement obstacle height is successful. The smart stick,

has been adjusted such that the Ultrasonic Low, blind guardian, assistive headset, and this

which will be in the lower part of the blind stick, research obstacle avoidance stick are all

can detect only common obstacles up to 40 cm compared. The smart bar or stick has the most

in height. In contrast, the Ultrasonic High, prolonged operating period since it has a larger

which will be in the upper part of the blind stick, power capacity that may be used for other tasks.

can see high barriers up to 40 cm in height. This is evident because the system may be

Furthermore, if both sensors detect the borders, powered by four AA batteries and only a few

they will be regarded as detecting high components. [4]

obstacles. The result demonstrates that the

emergence of technology and automation are

Visually Impaired People very vital to the lives of blind people. Because

Blindness and visual impairment are vision is such a significant sensory modality in

the inevitable problems of society; the humans, its loss affects practically all daily
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activities and instrumental activities of everyday II. METHODS

life, lowering a person's quality of life, general

This is a type of descriptive paper that used the
lifestyle, personal relationships, and profession.
Purposive sampling technique. Surveying entails
As a result, technology that improves
using a written medium to get responses from
accessibility, safety, and living quality has
the target people of the study.
significant societal influence. Furthermore, with

our aging and blind populations on the rise, it

III. RESULTS
can have a relevant impact on our quality of life
Respondents of the study primarily consists of
in the future. After the emergence of technology
30 users and 10 technical experts. The user
immediately impacted the innovation of
includes students of Philippine Christian
assistive devices and devices for persons with
University – Manila and visually impaired
disabilities (PWD). The field of assistive
within its vicinity. Technical experts include
technology for the visually impaired and blind is
people in computer related field jobs such as
complex. There are several facets to it, and it
computer technicians, technical support, and
may be handled from various perspectives. Its
engineers in the information technology
scope includes physiological factors associated
industry.
with vision loss, psychological and human
The device is evaluated in different categories
factors influencing orientation, mobility, and
based on the standard criteria tool. It includes
information access for people with visual
the functionality of the device, the aesthetics,
impairments, technological aspects in the
and the device safety. As for the expert’s
development of rehabilitation devices (for
evaluation, it includes the functionality,
mobility, wayfinding, object recognition,
aesthetics, safety, workability, durability,
information access, entertainment, interaction,
economy and saleability.
and education), as well as medical interventions
The general weighted mean of the users and
and prostheses, both current and future.[5]
technical expects evaluation based on the
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functionality of the device is at 4.33. Ease of protection devices had the highest mean among

operation acquired the highest mean among the the criteria averaging at 4.525 while absence of

functionality’s criteria with an average of 4.35. toxic/hazardous materials/possible electric shock

On the contrary, provision of comfort and obtained the lowest average mean of 4.325.

convenience accumulated the lowest mean For the technical experts’ evaluation based on

among the criteria with an average of 4.15. the workability of the device obtained a general

The general weighted mean of the users and average mean of 4.1. The highest among the

technical experts’ evaluation based on the criteria that acquired an average mean of 4.3 is

aesthetics of the device is at 3.71. the availability of materials. Both availability of

Appropriateness of size obtained the highest technical expertise and tools and machines

mean among the aesthetics criteria with an obtained an average mean of 4.

average of 3.81. On the other hand, The general weighted mean of the technical

attractiveness of design had the lowest mean experts’ evaluation based on the durability of the

with an average of 3.61. device is at 4.17. Quality of workmanship

As for the users and technical experts’ acquired the highest mean among the criteria

evaluation based on the safety of the device had with an average of 4.3. On the contrary, quality

a general weighted mean of 4.41. Provision for of design obtained the lowest mean average at 4.
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Technical experts’ evaluation based on the The general weighted mean of the technical

economy of the device acquired a general experts’ evaluation based on the saleability of

weighted mean of 4.1. Economy in terms of the device is at 4.1. Presence of market demand

machine/s required obtained the highest mean acquired the highest mean with an average of

among the criteria with an average of 4.2. 4.2. On the other hand, accessibility to finished

Economy in terms of materials needed had the products obtained the lowest mean with an

lowest mean averaging at 4. average of 4.

In general, the design project achieved a Very In 1890, Phone operators invented

Good rating. It means that the product has a high headphones nor earphones which consisted of a

level of acceptance among the responders. The single earpiece that lay on the user’s shoulder

survey's results indicate that safety has the and weighted more than ten pounds. Early

highest mean. The device has its availability of models resembled small cardboard and sofa

materials, technical skills, and tools and foam-covered speakers, but they had a huge

equipment, according to the respondents. The effect. Rather of depending on radio

respondents also put it into practice for transmission and aircraft technology, jazz

durability and use. The aesthetics have the aficionado Koss created something just for

lowest mean, which is related to the device's music, and he contributed to revolutionize the

color appeal, design attractiveness, and size way people listen to it. For the first time, Sony's

appropriateness. Walkman tape player, which sold over 400

million copies, made earphones portable. While

it is no longer in use, the practice of listening to

music wherever and whenever one wants it is

more popular than ever.

IV. DISCUSSION With the evolution of headphones or earphones,

the earphones nowadays are more innovative. It

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can be wireless or it can bebe usedo help people who have disabilities.

This will be a great start to help visually ultrasonic sensor that was put across the user's

impaired people because they rely more on body, including the shoulder, knee, and foot, and

technologies that can assist them on their daily was responsible for detecting an impediment in

activities like People with visual impairment the user's route.

may now create documents, access the internet, If the ultrasonic sensor identifies an

and send and receive emails, thanks to current impediment along the path, it will also employ

technology. Those without vision can use pre-existing noise-cancelling headphones to

computers, mobile phones, and other electronic support and generate 8D sound. The Arduino

devices independently thanks to screen reading Mega was written in flat form using the Arduino

software and special talking and Braille Software (IDE). The Arduino IDE programming

technologies. language was used to test and assess the gadget,

The device was created to provide and more feature recommendations were

companionship and security to persons with identified. All of the objectives were

visual impairments through the use of 8D accomplished efficiently and with enthusiasm.

sounding earbuds that can accurately indicate Limitations were highlighted by the creators in

the location of an object, while ultrasonic order to make the project more useful for future

sensors determine the position of the object by researchers with greater capabilities, time, and

detecting its presence. The developers chose to financial resources.

create a device that is rechargeable using 18650 Despite the great deal of this new

lithium-ion batteries and has a 3.6v power enhanced device of the standard earphones,

source that can last up to 54 hours or about two there is also a big room for the

days. The engineers created a gadget that had an improvements due to limitations that the
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researchers have discovered while in the  The future researches can develop

process of conducting this study. a software application that can

 It cannot detect cracks or gaps in the track the user’s location.

ground  Future researchers can attach an

 The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor had a additional battery indicator.

minimum limit of 2 cm and a  The future researchers can improve

maximum distance of 1.5 meters and the 8D audio to indicate the

has two seconds of response delay distinctions between different

 It can detect obstacles but cannot directions more accurate.

interprets their appearance

Regardless, it is advised that the ENDNOTES

components and its quality be restructured [1]

Social Sciences, Health, and Education

to meet the standards in order to function Library, “LibGuides: Blind/visual

the device more accurate and better. In the impairment: Common assistive

future, some improvements will be technologies,” 2016.

improved the system in order to meet [2]

“How do earphones/headphones work?”

approbation of users suggested by the ScienceABC, 13-May-2021. [Online].

researchers can undertake the following Available:

such as: https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/ho

 Future researchers can create a w-do-earphones-headphones-work.html.

more improved feature of the [3]

D. Jost, “What is a proximity sensor?”

device, with better sensors with a FierceElectronics, 09-Jul-2019. [Online].

much faster response time and Available:https://www.fierceelectronics.co

modules, similar to the project. m/sensors/what-a-proximity-sensor.

 Philippine Christian University 67
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[4]
Billah, M. M., Yusof, Z. M., Kadir, K., [5]
A. Bhowmick and S. M. Hazarika, “An

Ali, A. M. M., Nasir, H., and Sunni, A., insight into assistive technology for the

“Experimental investigation of a novel visually impaired and blind people: State-

walking stick in avoidance drop-off for of-the-art and future trends,” Journal on

visually impaired people,” Cogent Multimodal User Interfaces, vol. 11, no. 2,

Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1692468, Dec pp. 149–172, 2017.

2019, doi:

10.1080/23311916.2019.1692468.

KYM L. EVALO

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Philippine Christian University.

*Dean’s Lister

*University of Perpetual Help System Dalta – Las Piñas (2018)

CRIS JOHN BAQUIRAN

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Philippine Christian University.

*Dean’s Lister

*San Sebastian College of Recolletos – Cavite (2018)

MARK DAVE I. CALVELO

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Philippine Christian University.

*Dean’s Lister

*San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation Inc. -College (2018)

 Philippine Christian University 68
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MAUREEN JAZHIEL O. JIMENEZ

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Philippine Christian University.

*Dean’s Lister

*St. Joseph College of Cavite (2018)

KARLOS AMIEL H. MAÑOZA

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Philippine Christian University.

*Dean’s Lister

*Jose Rizal University (2018)

APPENDIX H
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PROFILE OF RESEARCHERS / DEVELOPERS

Name: KYM LLANOS EVALO

AGE: 21

SEX: F

BIRTHDAY: November 19, 2000

Address: Blk 2 Lot 12 Annex, Springtown Villas Bucal, Tanza Cavite

CONTACT NO/S: 09618116308

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

COLLEGE: PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY – MANILA

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Pedro Gil St., Malate, Manila

2018 – 2022

SENIOR HIGH: UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HEALTH SYSTEM DELTA

Alabang Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Pinas City

2016 – 2018

JUNIOR HIGH: LAS PINAS NORTH NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

Aurora Drive Vergon-Ville, Las Pins City

2012 – 2016
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ELEMENTARY: PAMPLONA I ELEMENTARY SCHOOL UNIT 1

Tuazon Village Pamplona 1, Las Pinas City

2006 – 2012

SKILLS:

 Well informed in MS Office, C++ language, SQL, and Visual Basic.

 Able to communicate oral and written English.

 Being punctual independently or in teams.

 Grasps information accurately

 Able to prioritize and meet deadlines

 Has a Leadership Skill

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Tertiary Education

 Dean’s Lister (2018 - Present)

Secondary Education

 Best in Research (Grade 12 SHS)

 Best in Entrepreneurship (Grade 12 SHS)

 Best in Chemistry (Grade 12 SHS)

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Name: CRIS JOHN BAQUIRAN

AGE: 22

SEX: M

BIRTHDAY: December 31, 1999

Address: 1614 J. Felipe blvd. San Antonio Cavite City

CONTACT NO/S: 09653209330

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

COLLEGE: PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY – MANILA

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Pedro Gil St., Malate, Manila

2018 – 2022

SENIOR HIGH: SAN SEBASTIAN COLLEGE OF RECOLLETOS

Caballeros St., San Antonio, Cavite City

2016 – 2018

JUNIOR HIGH: CAVITE NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

Martin St., Caridad, Cavite City

2012 – 2016
 Philippine Christian University 88
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ELEMENTARY: LADISLAO DIWA

P. Burgos Ave., Cavite City

2006 – 2012

SKILLS:

 Educated in MS Office, AutoCAD, SQL, and C++ language.

 Proficient in video editing.

 Fluent in speaking and writing English.

 Employs critical thinking when dealing with any given tasks.

 Able to prioritize and operate proactively.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Tertiary Education

 Dean’s Lister (2018 – 2019)

Secondary Education

 Consistent honor student in high school (2012 – 2018)

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Name: MARK DAVE INOSANTO CALVELO

AGE: 22

SEX: M

BIRTHDAY: August 1, 1999

Adress: #64 Zone 2 Block 3 Barangay Fort Bonifacio, Taguig

City

CONTACT NO/S: 09756758353

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

COLLEGE: PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY – MANILA

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Pedro Gil St., Malate, Manila

2018 – 2022

SENIOR HIGH: SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION INC.

(COLLEGE)

2772 – 2774 Roxas Blvd., Pasay 1300

2016 – 2018

JUNIOR HIGH: PASAY CITY SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL

Piccio Garden, Villamor Air Base, Pasay City

2012 – 2016
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ELEMENTARY: VILLAMOR AIR BASE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Piccio Garden, Villamor Air Base, Pasay City

2006 – 2012

SKILLS:

 Skilled in MS Office, Oracle Apex, C++ language, and Visual Basic.

 Excellent written and verbal communication skills.

 Promoting a teamwork approach to problem-solving.

 Applying critical thinking, careful decisions, and organize in any given task

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Tertiary Education

 Dean’s Lister (2018 - Present)

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Name: MAUREEN JAZHIEL OLAES JIMENEZ

AGE: 21

SEX: F

BIRTHDAY: July 13, 2000

Address: 398 San Rafael 3, Noveleta, Cavite

CONTACT NO/S: 09265933708

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

COLLEGE: PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY – MANILA

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Pedro Gil St., Malate, Manila

2018 – 2022

SENIOR HIGH: ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE OF CAVITE INC.

Plaridel St., San Roque, Cavite City

2016 – 2018

JUNIOR HIGH: NOVELETA NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

VFL Subd., San Rafael 3, Noveleta, Cavite

2012 – 2016
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ELEMENTARY: NOVELETA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

San Rafael 2, Noveleta, Cavite

2006 – 2012

SKILLS:

 Knowledgeable in MS Office, Oracle Apex, and Visual Basic.

 Proficient in oral and written English.

 Values time management and self-discipline

 Enjoy working independently as well as in teams

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Tertiary Education:

 Dean’s Lister (2018 - Present)

Secondary Education:

 SHS graduated with honors

 Best in Entrepreneurship

 Best in Journalism

 Consistent honor student (2006 – 2012)

Name: KARLOS AMIEL HERNANDO MANOZA

AGE: 21
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SEX: M

BIRTHDAY: June 20, 2000

Adress: 913 A Palawan Street, Sampaloc Manila

CONTACT NO/S: 09970815982

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

COLLEGE: PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY – MANILA

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Pedro Gil St., Malate, Manila

2018 – 2022

SENIOR HIGH: JOSE RIZAL UNIVERSITY

Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong

2016 – 2018

JUNIOR HIGH: EULOGIO AMANG RODRIGUEZ VOCATIONAL

HIGHSCHOOL

Nagtahan, Manila

2012 – 2016

ELEMENTARY: PEDRO PELAEZ ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

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D. Santiago, Manila

2006 – 2012

SKILLS:

 Well informed in MS Office, C++ language, SQL, and Visual Basic.

 Trained in AutoCAD

 Able to communicate oral and written English.

 Completing tasks on time and being punctual independently or in teams.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Tertiary Education:

 Dean’s Lister (2018 - Present)

Elementary Education:

 Elementary honor student

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