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    Digestive System - STUDY GUIDE

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    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It explains the four main functions of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. It provides details on the structure and roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. It outlines the layers of the digestive tract walls and the roles of associated membranes and tissues like the peritoneum.

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    Digestive System - STUDY GUIDE

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    38 views34 pages
    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It explains the four main functions of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. It provides details on the structure and roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. It outlines the layers of the digestive tract walls and the roles of associated membranes and tissues like the peritoneum.

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    Digestive System_STUDY GUIDE

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    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It explains the four main functions of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. It provides details on the structure and roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. It outlines the layers of the digestive tract walls and the roles of associated membranes and tissues like the peritoneum.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views34 pages

    Digestive System - STUDY GUIDE

    Uploaded by

    Itsme Arrow
    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It explains the four main functions of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. It provides details on the structure and roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. It outlines the layers of the digestive tract walls and the roles of associated membranes and tissues like the peritoneum.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 34

    Digestive System

    Functions:

    1. Ingestion- consumption of solid or liquid food through the mouth

    2. Digestion- breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules through mechanical and
    chemical means

    3. Absorption- movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the lymphatic system; result
    from the digestive process

    4. Elimination- removal of undigested materials; removal of waste products

    The Digestive Tract:

    (1) The Oral Cavity; mouth (2) The pharynx; throat (3) The Esophagus (4) The Stomach (5) The Small and
    Large Intestines (6) The Anus

    Associated Organs of the Digestive System:

    (1) The Salivary Glands; empty into the oral cavity (2) The Liver (3) The Pancreas

    Four Major Tunics, or Layers:

    (1) Mucosa (2) Submucosa (3) Muscularis (4) Serosa/Adventitia


    The Peritoneum:

    -Serous Membrane
    -Layer of Smooth Epithelial Tissue

    Visceral Peritoneum - covers the Organs

    Parietal Peritoneum - lines with Wall Abdominal Cavity

    Mesenteries – membranes that connects abdominal organs to each other and to the body wall;
    connective tissue sheets that holds the organs in the abdominal cavity in place

    Retroperitoneal Organs – abdominal organs that have no mesenteries; lie along the abdominal wall

    Lesser Omentum – mesentery connecting lesser curvature; to liver and diaphragm

    Greater Omentum – mesentery connecting greater curvature; to transverse colon and posterior body
    wall
    The Oral Cavity:

    Cheeks and Lips

    -Are important in the process of mastication(chewing); begins the mechanical digestion


    -Moves the food around the oral cavity and holds the food in place while the teeth crush it
    -Helps form words during speech process

    Tongue
    The Teeth

    -32 teeth in normal adult mouth


    -Mandible(lower) and Maxilla(upper)
    -4 quadrants; right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower
    each quadrant contains 1 central, 1 lateral incisor, 1 canine, 1st and 2nd premolars, 1st 2nd 3rd
    molars
    rd
    -3 molars are called wisdom teeth because they usually appear when a person is old enough have a
    degree of wisdom
    Alveolar Process- are covered by intense fibrous connective tissues and moist stratified squamous
    epithelium (gingiva/the gums). The teeth are held in place with an alveoli along the alveolar process.

    Periodontal Ligaments- secures the teeth by embedding into the cementum.

    The Palate

    -the roof of oral cavity


    -separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
    - prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during swallowing and chewing

    Hard Palate - Contains bone; anterior

    Soft Palate - Contains skeletal muscles and connective tissues; posterior


    -uvula extension of the soft palate
    -tonsils are located in the lateral posterior wall of the oral cavity in the nasal pharynx and the posterior
    surface of the tongue

    Salivary Glands

    -produce saliva which contains enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates into glucose


    -cleanse the mouth
    -dissolve and moisten food
    -1 liter of saliva per day
    Amylase- produced by parotid and submandibular glands; salivary enzyme that breaks down
    carbohydrates

    Lysozyme – salivary enzyme that are active against bacteria

    Mucin – proteoglycan that gives lubricating quality to the secretions of the salivary glands

    Mumps – inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection

    The Pharynx

    -normally the oropharynx and laryngopharynx carry food to the esophagus


    The Esophagus

    Swallowing

    (1) Voluntary Phase (2) Pharyngeal Phase (3) Esophageal Phase

    (1) Bolus is a mass of food formed in the mouth and pushed into oropharynx
    (2) Swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx
    (3) Moves food from pharynx to stomach
    -Peristalsis is a wave-like contraction that moves food through digestive tract
    The Stomach
    5 groups of epithelial cells
    -the first group of epithelial cells consists surface mucous cells on the inner surface of the stomach and
    lining the gastric pits; produces mucus
    -mucous coats and protects the stomach lining
    -the remaining 4 groups are located in the gastric glands; (1)mucous neck cells, (2)parietal cells,
    (3)endocrine cells, (4)chief cells
    (1)produces mucus(2)produces hydrochloric acids and intrinsic (3) produce regulatory chemicals
    (4) produce pepsinogen, a precursor of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin

    Secretions of the Stomach

    Chyme – a paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down
    Hydrochloric acid – produces 2.0 pH
    Pepsin – converted from its inactive form pepsinogen; breaks covalent bonds of proteins to form smaller
    peptide chains
    Mucus – is a thick layer that lubricates the epithelial cells of stomach wall and protects from damaging
    effect of acidic chyme and pepsin
    Intrinsic Factor – binds with vitamin b12 and makes it readily absorbed in small intestine
    -vitamin b12 is important in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and red blood cell production
    (1) Cephalic Phase

    (2) Gastric Phase

    (3) Intestinal Phase


    Movement in Stomach

    -2 types of stomach movements; (1) mixing and (2) peristaltic waves


    (1) weak contractions; thoroughly mix food to form chyme
    (2) stronger contractions; force chyme toward and through pyloric sphincter
    -hunger pangs are uncomfortable sensations that occurs about 2-3 minutes and usually begins 12-24
    hours after the previous meal (stomach growling)
    -the stomach empties every 4 hours after regular meals and 6-8 hours after high fatty meal
    -Hormonal and neural mechanisms stimulate stomach secretions
    empties too fast: efficiency of digestion and absorption in the small intestine is reduced
    empties too slow: highly acidic contents of the stomach may damage the stomach wall

    The Small Intestine

    -6 meters long
    -3 parts: (1) duodenum (2) jejunum (3) ileum
    (1) 25 cm long (2) 2.5m long makes up to 2/5 of the total length of the small intestine (3) 3.5m long and
    makes up 3/5 of the small intestine
    -major site of digestion absorption of food
    -chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass through
    -contains enzymes to further breakdown food
    -contains secretions for protection against chyme’s acidity
    -4 major cell types: (1) absorprtive cells (2) goblet cells (3) granular cells (4) endocrine cells
    (1)have microvilli produces digestive enzyme and absorve digestive food (2) produce protective mucus
    (3) help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria (4) produce regulatory hormones
    Epithelial cells are located within the tubular glands of the mucosa, these are calld Intestinal Gland or
    the crypts of lieberkuhn.
    The submucosa of duodenum contains mucus glands called duodenal glands which opens to the
    intestinal glands
    The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are similar in structure, however, there are gradual decreases in the
    diameter of the small intestine, in the thickness of the intestinal wall, in the number of circular folds,
    and in the number of villi.
    Ileocecal junction- the site where the ileum connects to the large intestine, it has a ring of smooth
    muscle which is the ileoceca’s sphincter and the ileocecal valve which allow the intestinal contents to
    move from the ileum to the large intestine but not in the opposite direction.
    Processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances from the blood; produces digestive fluid called
    the bile.
    The largest internal organ of the body.
    Diseases, conditions, and prodromes

    Heartburn – occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into the esophagus; caused by caffeine, smoking, or
    excess eating and drinking

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