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SOLVED EXAMPLES
SOLVED
Ex.1 The human ear can hear sounds from a low
of 20Hz upto a maximum frequency of about γ RT
∴ v=
20,000 Hz. If the speed of sound in air at a M
temperature of 0ºC is 330 m/s, then find the
wavelengths associated with these MHe ρHe 7
frequencies. As (vH)θ = (vHe)0, = ρ = 2, γH =
MH H 5
v
Sol. Using, λ = , we get
n 5
and γHe =
3
330
(i) λ = = 16.5 m

om
20 θ + 273 (7 / 5)
Hence ×2× = 1
273 ( 5 / 3)
330
(ii) λ = = 16.5 × 10–3m
20,000 θ + 273 25
or = ,

.c
= 16.5mm 273 42
Thus sonic sound waves have wavelengths or, 42θ = –273 × 17

ay
from 16.5 mm to 16.5m. or, θ = –110.5ºC
Ex.2 If speed of sound at 0ºC is 330 m/s, then Ex.5 A tuning fork of frequency 220Hz produces

Sol.
what is the speed of sound at 20ºC.
v = v0 + 0.6t
= 330 + 0.6 × 20
t od sound waves of wavelength 1.5m in air at
N.T.P. Calculate the increase in wavelength,
when temperature of air is 27ºC.
= 342 m/s Sol. Given that n = 220Hz, T = 273 + 27 = 300K,
es
wavelength of sound waves at N.T.P.,
Ex.3 If the bulk of modulus of elasticity of water is
B = 2.30 × 10 9 N/m 2 and density λ0 = 1.5m
ρ = 103 kg/m3, then determine the speed of ∴ Velocity of sound waves at N.T.P.,
di

sound in water. v0 = nλ0

v0 = 220 × 1.5 = 330ms–1,
tu

B or
Sol. Use v = Let λ be the wavelength and v be velocity of
ρ
sound waves at temperature T.
.s

2.3 × 10 9
or = = 2.3 × 10 6 v
10 3 T 300
w

Now, = =
v0 T0 273
= 2.3 × 103 = 1.52 × 103 m/s
w

= 1520 m/s 300 300

or v = v = × 330 ms–1,
Calculate the temperature at which sound 273 0 273
w

Ex.4
travels in hydrogen with the same velocity as
Put v = nλ = 220 × λ
in helium at N.T.P. The density of helium is
twice that of hydrogen. 300
Sol. Let θºC be the required temperature at which or × 330 = 220 × λ,
273
velocity of sound in hydrogen is same as in
helium at N.T.P. (i.e.0ºC) 300 330
According to Laplace's formula for the speed ∴ λ = × = 1.57m
273 220
of sound in gases
Hence, increase in wavelength
( vH )θ θ + 273 MHe γ = 1.57m –1.5m = 0.07m
= × × H
( vHe ) 0 273 MH γ He

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Ex.6 Calculate the speed of sound wave in an Ex.9 A trumpet player plays a note of frequency
atmosphere of helium at 0ºC and 1atm 400Hz with an amplitude of 8 × 10–3 mm. If
pressure. Note that 4g of helium under STP the density of air is taken as 1.3 kg/m3, and
has a volume of 22.4 litre. For He γ = 1.67. the speed of sound 330 m/s, the find the
intensity of the sound wave.
γP γ PV
Sol. v = = Sol. The intensity of sound wave is given by,
d M
I = 2π2ρvn2a2
(167
. )(1013
. × 10 5 )( 22.4 × 10 –3 ) = 2 × (3.14)2 × 1.3 × 330 × (400)2 × (8 ×10–6)2
=
4 × 10 –3 = 2 × 9.86 × 1.3 × 330 × 16 × 64 × 10–8
= 973 m/sec. = 8.66 × 10–2
Ex.7 At what temperature will the speed of sound = 0.087 W/m2.
in air become double of its volume at 0ºC.
Ex.10 What is the intensity level of sound in dB for

om
vt Tt (i) threshold of hearing and (ii) threshold of
Sol. v0 = T0
given vt = 2v0,
pain.

2v 0 Tt Tt Ι0
(i) For I = I0, β = 10log

.c
Sol.
∴ = or 4 = Ι0
v0 273 273
or β = 10log(1) = 10 × 0

ay
Tt = 4 × 273 = 1092ºK
= 0 dB
Tt = 1092 – 273 = 819ºC
(ii) For I = 1 W/m2, with I0 = 10–2 W/m2,
Ex.8 The ratio in the densities of oxygen and
nitrogen is 16 : 14. At what temperature the
speed of sound will be the same which is in
od β= 10log(1012) or β = 120 dB
Thus a pain begins to occur in ears at sound
levels of 120dB.
nitrogen at 15ºC.
t
A 5 watt source sends out waves in air at
es
Sol. If M be the molecular weight of the gas and T Ex.11
be the absolute temperature, then speed of frequency 1000s–1. Deduce the intensity at a
sound in a gas. 100 meter distance, assuming spherical
distribution. If v = 350 ms–1 and ρ = 1.3 kg/m3,
di

γ RT P RT deduce the displacement amplitude.

v =  =
M d M
tu

Sol. We know that intensity is given by,

Where R is universal gas constant. Velocity
of sound in oxygen at tºC Power 5 Watt
.s

I = =
2
Area( = 4 πr ) 4 π(100) 2 m 2
γ R(273 + t)
= 4 × 10–5 Wm–2,
w

=
M0
Also, I = 2ρvπ2n2a2
Velocity of sound in nitrogen at 15ºC
w

Ι
γ R(273 + 15) ∴ a2 =
2ρvπ 2n 2
w

= MN
Hence, displacement amplitude
According to the given problem
1 Ι
γ R(273 + t) γ R(273 + 15) a=
= πn 2ρv
M0 MN
Given that, n = 1000s–1, I = 4 × 10–5 Wm–2,
M0 273 + t
∴ = ρ = 1.3 kgm–3 and v = 350ms–1
MN 288

M0 16 7 4 × 10 –5
16 273 + t  = ∴ a=
= MN 14 22 × 1000 . × 350
2 × 13
14 288
= 6.67 × 10–8m
Solving we get t = 56.1ºC

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Ex.12 At normal temperature and pressure the Ex.14 Two sound waves are represented by
speed of sound in air 332 m/sec. The speed y1 = a1cos(ωt – kx), y2 = a2sin(ωt – kx + π/3)
of sound will be in hydrogen. Then the phase difference between them is,
(A) 1228 m/sec (B) 332 m/sec (A) π/3 (B) π/2
(C) 996 m/sec (D) 1328 m/sec (C) 5π/6 (D) π/6
Sol. The speed of sound in a gas is given by Sol. The first wave can be written as
y1 = a1sin(ωt – kx + π/2)
γP
v = Comparing it with the second,
d
y2 = a2sin(ωt – kx + π/3)
Where P is pressure of gas, d is density and
we notice that the phase difference is,
γ is the ratio of the two specific heats of the
= ωt – kx + π/2 – (ωt – kx + π/3)
gas. If at normal temperature and pressure
the speed of sound in air be va and in = (total phase of first wave) – (total

om
hydrogen be vh, then phase of second wave)
π π π
= – =
va dh 2 3 6
= Ans. (D)
vh da

.c
Ex.15 The ratio of the densities of oxygen and
Where d h and d a are the densities of nitrogen is 16 : 14. At what temperature, the

ay
hydrogen and air respectively. It is given that, speed of sound in oxygen will be equal to its
speed in nitrogen at 14ºC –
dh 1
= (A) 16ºC (B) 12.2ºC
da

va
16

1 1
od Sol.
(C) 55ºC (D) None of the above
The speed of sound at any temperature T in
a gas of molar mass M is,
t
∴ = =
vh 16 4
es
γRT
v =
vh = 4va = 4 × 332 = 1328 m/sec M
Ans.(D) Let speed of sound in oxygen at temperature
di

Ex.13 At what temperature will the speed of sound tºC is equal to the speed of sound in nitrogen
in hydrogen be the same as in oxygen at at 14ºC. Then (since both O2 and N2 have
tu

100ºC. Densities of oxygen and hydrogen are same γ)

in the ratio 16 : 1 – γR(273 + t) γR( 273 + 14)
.s

(A) –250ºC (B) 249.7ºC =

Moxygen Mnitrogen
(C) 250ºC (D) –249.7ºC
w

Moxygen
or (273 + t) = ⋅ (287)
γRT Mnitrogen
Sol. Velocity v =
w

M 16
or 273 + t = × 287
For oxygen & hydrogen γ = 1.4 & R is 14
w

constant or t = 328 – 273

s = 55ºC
T T100 Ans. (C)
 =
MH M0 Ex.16 The length of an organ pipe open at both
ends is 0.5 meter. Calculate the fundamental
T MH frequency of the pipe, if the velocity of sound
⇒ =
T100 M0 in air be 350 m/sec. If one end of the pipe is
closed, then the fundamental frequency will
273 + t MH 1 be-
⇒ = =
273 + 100 M0 16 (A) 350, 700 (B) 700, 350
t = –249.7ºC (C) 175, 350 (D) 350, 175
Ans.(D)

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Sol. Speed of sound v = 350 m/sec Sol. Fundamental frequency of the pipe of
length of pipe  = 0.5 m diameter D, open at both ends, is
The frequency of the fundamental tone of a v v
pipe open at both ends is given by, n = =
2( + 2e) 2(  + 2 × 0.3D)
v 350
n = = = 350 sec–1 32000
2 2 × 0.5 ⇒ 320 =
2(48 + 2 × 0.3D)
The frequency of the fundamental tone of a
pipe open at one end is given by ⇒ D = 3.33 cm
For a pipe closed at one end,
v 350
n = = = 175 sec–1.
4 4 x0.5 v v
n = =
Ans.(D) 4( + e) 4(1 + 0.3D)

om
Ex.17 A tuning fork of frequency 340Hz is allowed
to vibrate just above a 120cm high tube. 32000
n =
Water is being filled slowly in the tube. What 4(48 + 0.3 × 3.33)

.c
minimum height of water will be necessary n = 163 .3 Hz
for resonance? (speed of sound in air = 340 Ans.(D)
m/sec)

ay
Ex.19 When a closed pipe is suddenly opened then
(A) 75cm (B) 120 cm
the second overtone of closed pipe and first
(C) 45 cm (D) 25 cm
overtone of open pipe differ by 100Hz. The
Sol. From the formula
f = nλ, we have
v = v/n = 340/340 = 1m.
od fundamental frequency of closed pipe will be –
(A) 200Hz (B) 100Hz
(C) 300Hz (D) 400Hz
t
Let the lengths of resonant columns be 1,
es
5V
2 and 3. then for the first resonance, Sol. Second overtone of closed pipe =
4L
1 = λ/4 = 1/4 m = 25 cm
di

for the second resonance V

First overtone of open pipe =
2 = 3λ/4 = 3/4 m = 75 cm L
tu

for the third resonance,

5V V V
3 = 5λ/4 = 5/4 m = 125 cm. Given that – = = 100 = fundamental
.s

4L L 4L
The position of the third resonance is
frequency of closed pipe.
impossible because the total length of the
w

Ans.(B)
tube is 120 cm.
Ex.20 A tuning fork of frequency 340Hz is allowed
minimum height of water = 120 - 75 = 45 cm.
w

to vibrate just above a 120cm high tube.

Ans.(C)
Water is being filled slowly in the tube. What
w

Ex.18 The length of a pipe open at both ends is minimum height of water will be necessary
48cm and its fundamental frequency is for resonance. (speed of sound in air = 340
320Hz. If the speed of sound be 320m/sec, m/s.) –
then determine the diameter of the pipe. If
(1) 45 cm (2) 25 cm
one end of the pipe be closed, then what will
(3) 75 cm (4) 95 cm
be the fundamental frequency ?
Sol. From the data n = 340Hz and v = 340 m/s,
(A) 3 cm, 160Hz
(B) 3.3 cm, 160.3Hz v 340
we find that λ = = = 1m. For a closed
n 340
(C) 3.33 cm, 163 Hz
pipe, the possible lengths at which air –
(D) 3.33 cm, 163.3Hz
column can resonate with a given frequency
(wavelength) are

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Sol. n ∝ T (assuming no change in length)

n1 T1 273 + 27
or = =
n T 273 + 47

n1 300
or =
320 320

15
n1 = 320 ≈ 310Hz.
λ 1 16
(i) 1 = = = 0.25m Ex.24 Two closed pipes, one filled with O2 and the
4 4
other with H2, have the same fundamental
3λ 3 frequency. Find the ratio of their lengths.
(ii) 2 = = = 0.75m

om
4 4 v1 v2
Sol. n = =
5λ 5 41 42
(iii)         3 = = = 1.25m
4 4 d2 1
1 v 1

.c
and so on. ∴ = 1 = = =
2 v2 d1 16 4
Thus for the tube of length 1.20m only two

ay
possibilities occur. When water is filled slowly ∴ 1 :  2 = 1 : 4
in the tube then the available length of air Ex.25 The speed of sound in a gas in which two
column starts decreasing from value 1.20m, waves of wavelengths 1.00m and 1.01m
and when it reaches a value 0.75m,
resonance occurs. Thus the minimum height
od produce 10 beats in 3 second is –
(A) 336 m/sec (B) 33.6 m/sec
of water should be, (C) 336.7 m/sec (D) 3367 m/sec.
t
es
= 120 – 0.75 Sol. Let v be the speed of sound in the gas and
= 0.45m n1 and n2 be the frequencies of the two
Ans. (A) waves. Then,
di

Ex.21 What should be the length of a closed organ v v v v

n1 = = and n2 = =
pipe to produce a fundamental frequency of λ1 100
. λ2 101
.
tu

512Hz at 0ºC. number of beats per sec., n1 – n2 = 10/3

v v ∴ n1 – n2 = v/1.00 – v/1.01 = 10/3
.s

Sol. n1 = or  =
4 4n1 ⇒ v = 336.7 m/sec
Ans.(C)
w

332 33200 Ex.26 A closed pipe and an open pipe sounding

∴  = m = cm = 16.2cm
4 × 512 4 × 512 together produce 5 beats per second. If the
w

Q.22 The first overtone of an open pipe has the length of the open pipe is 30cm, find by how
same frequency as the first overtone of a much the length of the closed pipe must be
w

closed pipe 3m long. What is the length of changed to bring the two pipe in unison-
the open pipe. (A) 14.86 cm (B) 15.14 cm
(C) 15 cm (D) 0.14 cm
2v 0 3v
Sol. = 4 Sol. Frequency of the open pipe,
20 c
v 33000 cm / s
3v n = = , n = 550Hz,
or = 2 2 × 30
4×3
Since this pipe produce 5 beats per sec.
0 = 4 meter
with the closed pipe, the frequency of the
Q.23 An organ pipe emits fundamental tone of closed pipe is 550 ± 5 = 555 or 545 Hz.
frequency 320 hertz at 47ºC. What would be If the length of the closed pipe is , then its
the fundamental tone emitted by pipe at fundamental frequency is v/4. so
27ºC.
v/4 = 555 or 545

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Ex.28 A 70cm long sonometer wire is in unison
33000
⇒ = 555 or 545 with a tuning fork. If the length of the wire is
4
decreased by 1.0cm, it produces 4 beats per
⇒  = 14.86 or 15.14 cm sec with the same tuning fork. Find the
For unison, the frequency of the closed pipe frequency of the tuning fork.
must also be 550, suppose, for this its length (A) 276sec–1 (B) 272 sec–1
is to be changed by x cm. Then (C) 269 sec–1 (D) 280 sec–1
33000 Sol. Let the frequency of the fork be n. In the first
⇒ = 550 case, the length of the wire is 70cm(0.70m).
4( ± x)
Therefore,
⇒  ± x = 15 cm
1 T
⇒ 14.86 + x = 15 or 15.14 – x = 15 n = ...........(1)
2 × 0.70 m
∴ x = 0.14 cm.

om
On decreasing the length of the wire, its
Ans.(D)
frequency will increase. Hence in the second
Ex.27 A column of air and a tuning fork produce case when the length is 69 cm = 0.69m,
4 beats per second when sounded together. then

.c
The tuning fork gives the lower note. The
1 T
temperature of air is 15 0 C. When the n + 4 = ...........(2)
2 × 0.69 m

ay
temperature falls to 100C, the two produce
3beats per second. Find the frequency of the Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
fork.
n 0.69

Sol.
(1) 210Hz
(3) 112Hz
(2) 113Hz
(4) 110Hz
Let the frequency of the tuning fork be n Hz.
t od ⇒
n+4
=
0.70
⇒ n × 0.70 = (n + 4) × 0.69

Then frequency of air column at 150C = n + 4 4 × 0.69

es
⇒ n = = 276 sec–1
Frequency of air column at 100C = n + 3 0.01
According to v = nλ, we have Ans.(A)
di

v15 = (n + 4)λ and v10 = (n + 3)λ Ex.29 Two identical sonometer wires have
fundamental frequencies of 500 vibrations /sec,
tu

v15 n+4 when kept under the same tension. What

∴ v =
10 n+3 fractional increase in the tension of one wire
.s

would cause an occurrence of 5 beats per

The speed of sound is directly proportional to
sec. When both wires vibrate together ?
the square-root of the absolute temperature.
w

(A) 1.020 (B) 1.20

v15 15 + 273 288 (C) .20 (D) .020
∴ v = =
w

10 10 + 273 283
1 T
Sol. n =
2 m
w

12
n+4 288 5
∴ = = 1+ 1 T + ΔT
n+3 283 283 n + 5 =
2 m
1 5 5 n+5 T + ΔT
⇒1+ = 1 + 1/2 × = 1 + ∴ =
n+3 283 566 n T
1 5 ΔT 5
2
2×5 10
⇒ = ⇒1+ = 1+ =1+ =1+
n+3 566 T n 500
⇒ n + 3 = 113 ΔT 10
⇒ n = 110 Hz. ⇒ = = 0.020
T 500
Ans.(D) Ans.(D)

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Ex.30 Two perfectly identical wires are in unison. Sol. Given that λ1= (80/195) and λ2 = (80/193)
When the tension in one wire is increased Let n 1 and n 2 be the corresponding
by 1%, then on sounding them together, frequencies and v be the velocity of sound in
3 beats are heard in 2 seconds. Calculate air then,
the initial frequency of each wire. v 195 v v 193 v
n1 = = and n2 = =
(A) 105 sec–1 (B) 1005 sec–1 λ1 80 λ2 80
(C) 600 sec–1 (D) 300 sec–1 This show that, n1 > n2
Sol. Let the initial tension in each wire be T and Let the frequency of third note be n, then
the frequency be n. n1 – n = 5 and n – n2 = 5
Then we have ∴ n1 – n2 = 10
195 v 193 v
1 T – = 10
n = .......(1) 80 80
2 m 2v = 80 × 10 = 800

om
When the tension in the wire is increased by v = 400 m/sec.
1%, the new tension becomes Ex.33 Tuning fork A has frequency 1% greater than
that of standard fork B while tuning fork C
101T

.c
T + T/100 = clearly, the frequency of has frequency 2% smaller than that of B.
100 When A and C are sounded together, the
wire will be increased slightly. Since now it number of beats heard per second is 5. What

ay
produces 3 beats in 2 seconds, i.e.1.5 beats is the frequency of each fork.
in 1 second, its frequency should now be Sol. Let the frequencies of forks be n1, n2 and n3
(n + 1.5) respectively. Then,

∴ n + 1.5 =
1 101T
od and
n1 = n2(1 + 0.01) = 1.01n2
n3 = n2(1 – 0.02) = 0.98n2
2 100m
t
Further n1 – n3 = 5
es
Substituting the values, we get
1 T
= 1.005 × ......(2) (1.01n2 – 0.98n2) = 5
2 m
∴ n2 = 166.7Hz
di

Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get Now n1 = 1.01 × 166.7 = 168.3Hz

and n3 = 0.98 × 166.7 = 163.3Hz
tu

n + 15
.
= 1.005 Ex.34 In an experiment it was found that tuning fork
n
and a sonometer wire gave 5 beats per
.s

n = 300 sec–1. second, both when the length of the wire

Ans.(D) was 1m and 1.05m. Calculate the frequency
w

Ex.31 5 beats per second are produced by of the fork.

simultaneously blowing two closed organ Sol. Let n be the frequency of the tuning fork.
w

pipes of different lengths. If the shorter organ Since with the two lengths of the sonometer
pipe is 25 cm in length and the speed of the number of beats heard every time is 5
w

sound is 320 m/sec., determine the length of per second, the two frequencies of the
the other organ pipe. sonometer wire for its two lengths must be,
Sol. Given that n1 – n2 = 5 n1 = n + 5 and n2 = n – 5
1 T 1 T
320 320 Also, n1 = and n2=
∴ – = 5 2 1 m 2 2 m
4 × 0.25 4×
n1 
Solving we get,           = 25.4 cm Dividing the two, = 2
n2 1
Ex.32 Wavelength of two notes in air are (80/195) Here, n1= n + 5, n2 = n – 5, 1 = 1m, 2
m and (80/193) m. Each note produces five = 1.05m
beats per second with a note of a fixed
n+5 105
. 10.25
frequency. Calculate the velocity of sound in Hence = or n =
n–5 1 0.05
air. = 205 Hz

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Ex.35 A metallic rod of length 1m is rigidly clamped = 5000 × 5π
at its mid-point. Longitudinal stationary waves = 25000π
are set up in the rod such that there are two Hence the equation of the constituent waves
nodes on either side of the mid point. The is,
amplitude of an antinode is 2 × 10–6m. The
y = 1 × 10–6 sin(25000πt ± 5πx)
Young's modulus is Y = 2 × 1011N/m2, and
Ans. (D)
density is d = 8000 kg/m3. Then the equation
of the constituent waves in the rod is – Ex.36 An aluminium rod 80cm long clamped at the
middle is used to create standing waves in a
(A) y = 2 × 10–6 cos(5πx) sin(25000πt)
Kundt's tube experiment. If the tube is 1 meter
(B) y = 1 × 10–6sin(250t ± 5x)
long and the dust heaps accumulate at 6cm,
(C) y = 2 × 10–6 sin(25πt ± 5πx) intervals and velocity of sound in air is 330m/s,
(D) y = 1 × 10–6 sin(25000πt ± 5πx) then determine the velocity of sound in the rod.
Sol. The standing wave is represented by the

om
Sol. For Kundt's tube
equation
y = 2A sinkx cosωt Vrod  rod
=
or y = 2A coskx sinωt Vair  air

.c
80
=

ay
6

80
This Vrod = × 330
Where A is amplitude, k wave number and
ω the angular frequency of the constituent
od 6
= 4400 m/s.
Ex.37 A metal rod of 1.5m length is clamped at the
waves.
t
centre. When it is set with longitudinal
es
The equation of constituent waves is, vibrations it emits a note of 1KHz. If the
y = Asin (ωt ± kx) density of the material is 8 × 103 kg/m3,
where –, + are for incident and reflected then determine the Young's modulus.
di

waves. Sol. For longitudinal waves in a rod the velocity of

It is given that sound is,
tu

2A = 2 × 10–6m
Y
Therefore A = 1 × 10–6m
.s

v =
ρ
From given information about nodes we infer
w

the standing wave pattern shown in figure. where Y is Young's modulus and ρ density.
Thus, Also for a clamped rod in the middle, the
w

frequency of fundamental note is,

5λ
= 1 v
4
w

n=
2
2 Comparing we get
or λ = = 0.4m
5
Y
2π 2π 2n =
or k = = = (5π) ρ
λ 0.4
The velocity of sound waves is or Y = 4n22ρ
Substituting the data from question
Y 2 × 1011 Y = 4 × (103)2 × (1.5)2 × 8 × 103
v = ρ = = 5000 m/s
8000 = 7.2 × 1010 N/m2.
Therefore, ω = vk

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