IF_BZFC _HCMFDXIXFC @BMHI-@BMHI FUXDFC

KH_HZFWF]FC _ZBAHUUNBCFI<
_ZBAHUUNBCFI< @FK_, @_K_, U_:K_

U]FUH @FCFLH@HC KH_HZFWF]FC

KH_HZFWF]FC MN ZXFCG Fi-JNZXCN ZU
NUIF@ JFCLFZ@FUNC

MNUXUXC BIHD<
 Cf`f < Mfcnf Cur Cfl`ncf, U.Khp
 C_@ < 6>6=>?666??61
6>6=>?666??61
Khib`pbk <8
_r
_rhs
hshp
hptb
tbrr Fkf
Fkfmh
mh`n
`nkk (E])
(E]) < Zbdc
Zbdcnn ]fu
]fuan
ankf
kfsfr
sfrn,
n, Cs.
Cs.,@
,@.K
.Khp
hp
_rhshptbr Kincnk (EN) < Curdnk`fd, U.Khp.,Cs

_ZBGZF@ U]XMN _ZBAHUN CHZU

AFKXI]FU KH_HZFWF]FC MFC NI@X KHUHDF]FC
XCNQHZUN]FU @XDF@@FMN^FD JFCLFZ@FUNC
:?:?
 

IF_BZFC _HCMFDXIXFC @BMHI-@BMHI FUXDFC

KH_HZFWF]FC _ZBAHUUNBCFI< @FK_, @_K_, U_:K_

F. @bmhi
@bmhi Fsudf
Fsudfc
c Khphrf
Khphrfwftf
wftfc
c _rbahs
_rbahssnbcf
snbcfii (@FK_)
(@FK_)

6. Mhancn
Mhancnsn
sn @bmhi
@bmhi Fsudf
Fsudfc
c Khphr
Khphrfwf
fwftfc
tfc _rba
_rbahsn
hsnbcf
bcfii
@bmhi
@bm hi Fsudfc
Fsudfc Khphrfw
Khphrfwftf
ftfc
c _rbahsn
_rbahsnbcf
bcfii fmfifd
fmfifd shjfgfn
shjfgfn suftu
suftu snsth`
snsth`
(struktur, prbshs mfc cnifn-cnifn) yfcg `h`ucgknckfc phrfwft prbahsnbcfi
`hcgftur
`hcgftur ph`jhrnfc
ph`jhrnfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc thr`fsuk incgkucg
incgkucgfc
fc uctuk 
uctuk 
`hcbpfcg ph`jhrnfc fsudfc thrshjut (Dbaafrt & Wbbms, 6>>1 mfif`
Df`nm, :??6).

Khjhrdfsnifc suftu fsudfc khphrfwftfc khpfmf pfsnhc sfcgft mnthctukfc

 ph`nindfc `htbmh ph`jhrnfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc prbahssnbcfi. @e.
Ifugdnc,
Ifugdnc, ]db`fs mhfc Jfrthr` (6>>8)
(6>>8) `hcgnmhctn
`hcgnmhctnankfsnk
ankfsnkfc
fc 4 `bmhi
 ph`jhrnfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc, thtfpn `bmhi yfcg u`u` mnifkukfc mn
ru`fd sfknt fmfifd Khphrfwftfc ]n` mfc Khphrfwftfc _rn`hr (@frquns
& Dustbc, :?65).

Uh
Uhtn
tnfp
fp lhcn
lhcnss `bmh
`bmhii mfsf
mfsfrr phcg
phcghi
hibi
biff
ffc
c fs
fsud
udfc
fc kh
khph
phrf
rfwf
wftf
tfc
c th
thif
ifd
d
`hcgfif`n jfcyfk `bmnankfsn shdncggf `hcgfdfsnikfc nsntnifd jfru, sfft
ncn khphrfwftfc prn`hr shrncg mnshjut shjfgfn `bmhi prfktnk prbahsnbcfi
mf
mfc
c kh
khph
phrfw
rfwft
ftfc
fc tn`
tn` shrnc
shrncg
g mnshj
mnshjut
ut `ntrf
`ntrf mf
mfif
if`
` fs
fsud
udfc
fc ft
ftfu
fu `ntr
`ntrff
ifyfcfc pfsnhc mfc jhrjfgfn cf`f shrupf ifnccyf (Jurcs mfif` @frquns
& Dustbc, :?65). In`f `bmhi utf`f phcghibiffc fsudfc khphrfwftfc
uc
uctu
tuk
k ph
ph`j
`jhr
hrnf
nfc
c fs
fsud
udfc
fc pf
pfsnh
snhc
c fm
fmfi
fifd
fd (6
(6)) fs
fsud
udfc
fc pf
pfsn
snhc
hc tb
tbtf
tfi,
i, (:
(:))
kh
khph
phrfw
rfwft
ftfc
fc pr
prba
bahs
hssnb
snbcf
cfi,
i, (5
(5)) tn`
tn` mf
mfc
c kh
khph
phrf
rfwf
wftf
tfc
c `bmu
`bmuif
ifr,
r, (=
(=))
khphrfwftfc prn`hr mfc (8) `fcflh`hc kfsus.

_h`nindfc `bmhi phcghibiffc ph`jhrnfc fsudfc pfsnhc yfcg pfincg thpft

uctuk shtnfp ucnt ftfu brgfcnfsn jhrgfctucg (@frquns & Dustbc :?65)
 pfmf<
- Khth
Khthrf`
rf`pn
pnif
ifc
c mfc
mfc khfd
khfdin
infc
fc stfa 
stfa 
- Khthrsh
Khthrshmnf
mnffc
fc phrfwft
phrfwft prba
prbahssn
hssnbcf
bcfii yfcg thrm
thrmfat
fatfr 
fr 
- Uu`jhr
Uu`jhr mfyf
mfyf hkbc
hkbcb`n
b`n mfrn
mfrn b
brgf
rgfcns
cnsfsn
fsn
- Khfk
Khfku
utfc
tfc pfs
fsnh
nhc
c
- Khru`n
Khru`ntfc
tfc tugfs
tugfs yfcg
yfcg dfrus
dfrus mnsh
mnshihsf
ihsfnkf
nkfc
c
 

Uh
Uhtn
tnfp
fp phru
phrujf
jfdf
dfc
c fkfc
fkfc jhrm
jhrmf`
f`pf
pfk
k th
thrd
rdfm
fmfp
fp strh
strhss
ss,, `fkf
`fkf ph
phri
riu
u
`h`phrtn`jfcgkfc 1 ucsur utf`f mfif` phchctufc ph`nindfc `htbmh
 ph`jhrnfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc (@frquns & Dustbc, 6>>4 mfif`
 Cursfif`, :?68) yfntu<

f) Uhsufn mhcgfc
mhcgfc vnsn mfc `nsn
`nsn ncstntusn.
ncstntusn.
 j) Mfpft mnthrfpkfc prbshs khphrfwftfc mfif` fsudfc khphrfwftfc.
e) Hansnhc
Hansnhc mfc hahktna
hahktna phcgguc
phcggucffc
ffc jnfyf.
jnfyf.
m) ]hrphcudnc
]hrphcudncyf
yf khpufsfc kinhc,
kinhc, khiufrgf mfc `fsyfrfkft.
`fsyfrfkft.
h) Khpufsf
Khpufsfc
c knchrlf
knchrlf phrfwft
phrfwft..
a) ]hrif
]hrifks
ksfc
fcfc
fcyf
yf kb
kb`u
`ucn
cnkf
kfsn
sn yf
yfcg
cg fm
fmhk
hkuf
uftt fc
fctf
tfrf
rf ph
phrfw
rfwft
ft mf
mfc
c tn`
tn`
khshdftfc ifnccyf.

Afktbr-Afktbr ^fcg Jhrdujucgfc Mfif` _hrujfdfc @FK_

6) Kufintfs
Kufintfs phifyfcfc
phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc
khphrfwftfc
Uhtnfp
Uhtnfp upfyf
upfyf uctuk
uctuk `hcncg
`hcncgkft
kftkfc
kfc phifyf
phifyfcfc
cfc khphrfw
khphrfwftf
ftfc
c shifiu
shifiu
 jhrjnefrf `hcghcfn kufintfs. Kufintfs f`ft mnphriukfc uctuk<
- @hcncg
@hcncgkft
kftkfc
kfc fsud
fsudfc
fc khphr
khphrfwft
fwftc
c khpfmf
khpfmf pfsnh
pfsnhc
c
- @hcg
@hcgdf
dfsni
snikf
kfc
c kh
khuc
uctu
tucg
cgfc
fc
- @h`phr
@h`phrtfd
tfdfck
fckfc
fc hksnst
hksnsthcsn
hcsn ncstnt
ncstntusn
usn
- @hcn
@hcncg
cgkf
kftk
tkfc
fc khp
khpuf
ufsfc
sfc kh
khrl
rlff
- @hcncg
@hcncgkft
kftkfc
kfc khphref
khphrefyff
yffc
c kb
kbcsu
csu`hc
`hc
- @hclfi
@hclfifck
fckfc
fc khgnf
khgnftfc
tfc shsu
shsufn
fn fturf
fturfc/s
c/stfc
tfcmfr 
mfr 
:) Utfcmf
Utfcmfrr _rfkt
_rfktnk 
nk 
Utfcmfr prfktnk khphrfwftfc mn Ncmbchsnf yfcg mnsusuc bihd
MH_KHU ZN thrmnrn ftfs jhjhrfpf stfcmfr yfntu<
- @hcg
@hcgdf
dfrg
rgfn
fn df
dfk-
k-df
dfk
k pfs
pfsnh
nhc.
c.
- _hchrn
_hchrn`ff
`ffc
c shwfkt
shwfktu
u pfsnhc
pfsnhc `fsuk
`fsuk ru`fd
ru`fd sfknt
sfknt..
- Bjshr
Bjshrvf
vfsn
sn kh
khfm
fmff
ffc
c pf
pfsn
snhc
hc..
- _h`h
_h`hcu
cudf
dfc
c khju
khjutu
tudf
dfc
c cutr
cutrnsn
nsn..
- Fsudfc
Fsudfc pfmf
pfmf tncmfk
tncmfkfc
fc cbcbph
cbcbphrft
rftna
na mfc fm`nc
fm`ncnst
nstrftn
rftna.
a.
- Fsudfc
Fsudfc pfmf
pfmf tncm
tncmfkf
fkfc
c bphrfsn
bphrfsn mfc
mfc prbshmu
prbshmurr ncvfsna
ncvfsna..
- _hcmnm
_hcmnmnkf
nkfc
c khpfm
khpfmff pfsnhc
pfsnhc mfc khiufr
khiufrgf.
gf.
- _h`jhr
_h`jhrnfc
nfc fsudfc
fsudfc shefrf
shefrf thrus-`
thrus-`hch
hchrus.
rus.
 

:. Lhcns
Lhcns @bmhi
@bmhi Fsud
Fsudfc
fc Khph
Khphrfw
rfwftf
ftfc
c _rbahs
_rbahsnbc
nbcfi
fi ( @FK_)
@FK_)
Fmf in`f
in`f `htbmh
`htbmh ph`jhr
ph`jhrnfc
nfc fsudfc
fsudfc khphrfw
khphrfwftf
ftfc
c prbahss
prbahssnbc
nbcfi
fi yfcg
yfcg
su
sumf
mfd
d fm
fmff mfc fk
fkfc
fc thru
thruss mnk
nkh`
h`j
jfc
fcg
gkf
kfc
c mn
mn`
`fs
fsff mhp
hpfc
fc mfi
fif`
f`
`hcgdfmfpn trhcm khphrfwftfc (Cursfif`, :?68).

@bmhi Mhskrnps _hcfcggucg

n Lfwfj
Aucgsnbcfi f. Jh
Jhrm
rmfsf
fsfrk
rkfc
fc brnhc
brnhctf
tfsn
sn tugf
tugfss mfrn
mfrn _hrf
_hrfwf
wftt yf
yfcg
cg
(jukfc anibsban khphrfwftfc  jhrtugfs pfmf
`bmhi  j. _hrfwft `hifksfcfkfc tugfs tncmfkfc
@FK_)
(tncmfkfc)
(tncm fkfc) thrthctu
thrthctu jhrmfsfrkfc
jhrmfsfrkfc thrthctu.
 lfmwfi khgnftfc yfcg fmf
e. @htbm
@htbmhh aucgs
aucgsnb nbcf
cfii mnifk
mnifksf
sfcf
cfkf
kfc c
bihd phrfwft mfif` phcghibiffc
ft
ftur
urfc
fc kh khphphrf
rfwf
wftftfcc shjf
shjfgf
gfnn
 pnindfc utf`f pfmf sfft phrfcg
mucn
mucnff khmu
khmuf. f. _f
_fmfmf sf sfft
ft ntu,
ntu,
kfrcf
kfr cf thr
thrjft
jftfscy
fscyff lu`ifd
lu`ifd mfc
kh`fpufc phrfwft `fkf shtnfp
 phrfwft dfcyfr `hifkukfc 6-:
 lhcns ncthrvhcsn khphrfwftfc
khpfmf sh`uf pfsnhc mn jfcgsfi
Kfsus
Kfsus f. Jhrmfs
Jhrmfsfrk
frkfc
fc phcmhk
phcmhkftfftfcc dbinst
dbinstns
ns @fcflhr 
mfrn anibsban khphrfwftfc. Khphrfwftfc
 j. _hrfwft jhrtfcggucg lfwfj
thrdfmfp
thrdf mfp fsudfc mfc bjshrvfsnbjshrvfsn
 pfmf pfsnhc thrthctu.
e. Zfs
fsnb
nb N < N (pfs
(pfsnh
nhcc < phrhrfw
fwft
ft).
).
Uh
Uhtn
tnfp
fp pf
pfsnsnhc
hc mnin
nin`p
`pfdfdk
kfc
kh
khpf
pfmf
mf shsh`u
`uff ph phrf
rfwf
wftt yfyfcg
cg
`hifyfcn shiurud khjutudfccyf
 pfmf sfft `hrhkf mncfs.
]n
]n`
` f. Jhr
hrm
mfs
fsfr
frk
kfc pf pfmmf kh khib
ib`p
`pb bk  Khtuf ]n`
anibsbsan khphrfwftfc.
 j. Hcf` ― tulud phrfwft
 prbahssnbcfi mfc phrfwft
 phifksfcf jhkhrlf shjfgfn sftu
tn`, mnsuphrvnsn bihd khtuf tn`.
e. @ht htbmbmhh nc
ncnn `hcg
`hcgguguccfk
fkfc
fc tn`
tn`
yfcg thrmnrn ftfs fcggbtf yfcg
 jhrjhmf-jhmf mfif`
`h`jhrnkfc fsudfc
khphrfwftfc thrdfmfp khib`pbk 
 pfsnhc. _hrfwft rufcgfc mnjfgn
`hcl
`h clfm
fmnn :-
:-55 tn
tn`
` yfyfcg
cg thr
thrmn
mnrn
rn
ftf
tfss th
thc
cfgf prbahssnbc
nbcfi,
thkcnk
thk cnkfi,
fi, mfc ph`jfc
ph`jfctu tu mfif`
mfif`
sftu khib`pbk kheni yfcg sfincg

_rn`
n`hhr f. `h`jfctu.
Jhrmfsfr
sfrkfc pfmf tncmfkfc yfcg _hrfwft
 

kb`p
kb`phr
hrhd
hdhc
hcsn
snaa mfrn
mfrn anib
anibsb
sban
an _rn`hr (__)
khphrfwftfc.
 j. _hrfwft jhrtfcggucg lfwfj
thr
thrdfm
dfmfp
fp sh`uf
sh`uf fsahk
fsahk fsudfc
fsudfc
khphrfwftfc.
e. @htb
@htbmh
mh phcu
phcugf
gfsf
sfc
c mn`f
mn`fcf
cf sftu
sftu
br
brfc
fcg
g phrf
phrfwf
wftt jhrt
jhrtfc
fcgg
gguc
ucgg
 lfwfj phcud shif`f := lf`
thr
thrdfm
dfmfp
fp fsudfc
fsudfc khphrf
khphrfwft
wftfc
fc
 pfsnhc `uifn mfrn pfsnhc `fsuk 
sf`pfn khiufr ru`fd sfknt.
Uu`jhr < Grfct & @fsshy (6>>7) mfif` @frquns & Dustbc (:?65)

5. @bmhi
@bmhi Fsudf
Fsudfc
c Khphr
Khphrfwf
fwftfc
tfc _rba
_rbahsn
hsnbcf
bcfii (@FK_)
(@FK_) ]n`
@htbmh ncn `hcggucfkfc tn` yfcg thrmnrn mfrn fcggbtf yfcg jhrjhmf-
 jhmf mfif` `h`jhrnkfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc thrdfmfp shkhib`pbk 
 pfsnhc. _hrfwft rufcgfc mnjfgn `hclfmn : ― 5 tn`/ grbup yfcg thrmnrn mfrn
thcfgf prbahssnbcfi, thdcnkfi mfc ph`jfctu mfif` sftu grup kheni yfcg
sfin
sfincg
cg `h`j
`h`jfc
fctu
tu.. @htb
@htbmh
mh ncn
ncn jn
jnfs
fsff mn
mngu
gucf
cfkf
kfc
c pf
pfmf
mf phif
phifyf
yfcf
cfc
c
khphrfw
khphrfwftf
ftfc
c mn ucnt
ucnt rfwft
rfwft ncfp,
ncfp, rfwft
rfwft lfi
lfifc
fc mfc ucnt gfwft
gfwft mfrurf
mfrurftt
(Cursfif`,
(Cursfif`, :?68).
:?68). Cursfif`
Cursfif` (:?68)
(:?68) `hclhifskfc
`hclhifskfc kbcshp phifksfcffc
phifksfcffc
`htbmh tn` rufcg rfwft fctfrf ifnc<
f. Khtuf
Khtuf tn` shjfgfn
shjfgfn phrfwf
phrfwftt prbahss
prbahssnbc
nbcfi
fi dfrus
dfrus `f`pu
`f`pu `hcggu
`hcggucfk
cfkfc
fc
 jhrjfgfn thkcnk khph`n`pncfc.
 j. _hctncgcyf kb`ucnkfsn yfcg hahktna fgfr kbctncuntfs rhcefcf
khphrfwftfc thrlf`nc.
e. Fcggbtf
Fcggbtf tn` dfrus
dfrus `hcgdfrgfn
`hcgdfrgfn khph`n`p
khph`n`pncfc
ncfc khtuf
khtuf tn`.
m. _hrf
_hrfc
c kh
khpf
pfif
if ru
rufc
fcgf
gfc
c ph
phct
ctnc
ncg
g mf
mfif
if`
` `bmh
`bmhii tn`,
tn`, `bmh
`bmhii nc
ncnn fk
fkfc
fc
 jhrdfsni jnif mnmukucg bihd khpfif rufcgfc.
rufcgfc.

Khih
Khihjn
jndf
dfc
c ph
phifk
ifksfc
sfcffc
ffc `htb
`htbmh
mh tn`
tn` (Cur
(Cursf
sfif`
if`,, :?
:?68
68)) fc
fctfr
tfrff if
ifnc
nc<<
`h`ucgknc
`h`ucgknckfc
kfc phifyfcfc
phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc
khphrfwftfc yfcg `hcyhiurud
`hcyhiurud `hcmukucg
`hcmukucg
 phifksfcfkffc prbshs khphrfwftfc mfc `h`ucgknckfc kb`ucnkfsn fctfr 
tn` shdncg
shdncggf
gf kbcain
kbcaink
k `umfd
`umfd mnftfs
mnftfsnn mfc `h`jhr
`h`jhrnn khpufsf
khpufsfc
c khpfmf
khpfmf
fcggbtf tn`.

Khih`fdfc phifksfcffc `htbmh tn` (Cursfif`, :?68) nfifd kb`ucnkfsn

fctfr fcggbtf tn` thrjhctuk thrutf`f mfif` jhctuk kbcahrhcsn tn`, yfcg
 jnfsfcyf `h`jutudkfc wfktu mn`fcf suint uctuk `hifksfcfkfc pfmf
wfktu-wfktu snjuk.
 

Jhrnkut ncn fmfifd urfnfc tfcggucg lfwfj phrfwft mfif` phifksfcffc

@FK_ `htbmh tn` (Cursfif`, :?68)<
6) ]fcggucg
]fcggucg lfwfj fcggb
fcggbtf
tf tn`<

- @h`jhrnkfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc pfmf pfsnhc mn jfwfd tfcggucg

 lfwfjcyf.

- Khrlfsf`f mhcgfc fcggbtf tn` mfc fctfr tn`.

- @h`jhrnkfc ifpbrfc.
:) ]fcggucg
]fcggucg lfwfj khtuf tn`<

- @h`juft phrhcefcffc.
- @h`juft phcugfsfc, suphrvnsn mfc hvfiufsn.
- @hcghcfi/ `hcghtfdun kbcmnsn pfsnhc mfc mfpft `hcnifn tncgkft
khjutudfc pfsnhc.

- @hcgh`jfcgkfc kh`f`pufc fcggbtf.

- @hcyhihcggfrfkfc kbcahrhcsn.
5) ]fcggucg
]fcggucg lfwfj khpfif
khpfif rufcg<
rufcg<
f. _h
_hrh
rhce
cefc
fcff
ffc
c
- @hcu
@hcucl
cluk
ukkf
kfc
c khtu
khtuff tn`
tn` fk
fkfc
fc jh
jhrt
rtug
ugfs
fs mn ru
rufc
fcgf
gfc
c `fsn
`fsncg
cg--
`fsncg.
- @hcgnk
@hcgnkutn
utn shrfd
shrfd thrn`
thrn`ff pfsnhc
pfsnhc mn sdnat
sdnat shjhi
shjhiu`c
u`cyf.
yf.
- @hcgnm
@hcgnmhct
hctnank
nankfsn
fsn tncgkft
tncgkft khthrgfct
khthrgfctuc
ucgfc
gfc kinhc<
kinhc< gfwft,
gfwft, trfcsnsn
trfcsnsn
mfc phrsnfpfc puifcg jhrsf`f khtuf tn`.
- @hcgnm
@hcgnmhct
hctnank
nankfsn
fsn lu`ifd
lu`ifd phrfwft
phrfwft yfcg mnjutu
mnjutudkf
dkfc
c jhrmfsfrk
jhrmfsfrkfc
fc
fktnan
fktnantfs
tfs mfc khjutu
khjutudfc
dfc kinhc
kinhc jhrsf`
jhrsf`ff khtuf
khtuf tn`,
tn`, `hcgft
`hcgftur 
ur 
 phcugfsfc/ phclfmwfifc.
- @hrhcef
@hrhcefcfk
cfkfc
fc strfth
strfthgn
gn phifk
phifksfc
sfcffc
ffc khph
khphrfw
rfwftfc
ftfc
- @hcgnkutn vnsn
sntth mbkthr uctuk `hcghtfdun kbcmnsn,
sn,
 pftbansnbibgns, tncmfkfc `hmns yfcg mnifkukfc, prbgrf`
 phcgbjftfc mfc `hcmnskusnkfc mhcgfc mbkthr thctfcg
tncmfkfc yfcg fkfc mnifkukfc thrdfmfp pfsnhc.
- @hcgft
@hcgftur
ur mfc
mfc `hcghc
`hcghcmfi
mfinkf
nkfc
c fsudfc
fsudfc khpfrfw
khpfrfwftf
ftfc
c
- @h`jfctu
@h`jfctu `hcgh`jfc
`hcgh`jfcgkfc
gkfc cnft phcmnmnkf
phcmnmnkfc
c mfc
mfc iftndfc
iftndfc mnrn.
- @h`jfctu
@h`jfctu `h`jn`jnc
`h`jn`jncg
g thrdfmf
thrdfmfp
p phshrtf
phshrtf mnmnk khprfwftfc.
khprfwftfc.
- @hcl
@hclfg
fgff thrw
thrwul
ulum
umcy
cyff vnsn
vnsn mfc `nsn khphr
khphrfw
fwft
ftfc
fc mn ru
ru`f
`fd
d
sfknt
 

 j. _hcgbrgfcnsfsnfc
- @hru`us
@hru`uskfc
kfc `htb
`htbmh
mh phcugf
phcugfsfc
sfc yfcg
yfcg mnguc
mngucfkf
fkfc.
c.
- @hru`us
@hru`uskfc
kfc tulufc
tulufc `htbmh
`htbmh phcugf
phcugfsfc.
sfc.
- @h`juf
@h`juftt rncenfc
rncenfc tugfs
tugfs tn`
tn` mfc fcgg
fcggbtf
btf tn`
tn` shefrf
shefrf lhifs.
lhifs.

- @h`j
@h`juf uftt rh
rhct
ctfc
fcg
g khcm
khcmfi
finn kh
khpf
pfif
if ru
rufc
fcgf
gfc
c `h`j
`h`jfw
fwfd
fdnn :
khtuf tn` mfc khtuf tn` `h`jfwfdn : ― 5 phrfwft.
- @hcgft
@hcgftur
ur mfc `hcghc
`hcghcmfi
mfinkf
nkfc
c thcfgf
thcfgf khphrfwf
khphrfwftfc
tfc<< `h`juft
`h`juft
 prbshs mncfs, `hcgftur thcfgf yfcg fmf shtnfp dfrn mfc ifnc-
ifnc.
- @hcgft
@hcgftur
ur mfc
mfc `hcghc
`hcghcmfi
mfinkf
nkfc
c ibgnstn
ibgnstnk
k rufcgfc
rufcgfc..
- @hcgft
@hcgftur
ur mfc
mfc `hcghc
`hcghcmfi
mfinkf
nkfc
c sntufsn
sntufsn th`pf
th`pftt prfktnk 
prfktnk 
- @hcm
@hcmhi
hihg
hgfsn
fsnkf
kfc
c tu
tugf
gfss kh
khpf
pfif
if rufcg
rufcg tnmf
tnmfk
k jh
jhrf
rfmf
mf mn th
th`p
`pft
ft,,
khpfmf khtuf tn`.
- @h`j
@h`jhr
hrnn whwh
whwhcf
cfcg
cg khpf
khpfmf
mf tf
tftf
tf us
usfd
fdff uc
uctu
tuk
k `hcg
`hcgur
urus
us

fm`ncnstrfsn pfsnhc.
- Nmhctn
Nmhctnank
ankfsn
fsn `fsfif
`fsfifd
d mfc efrf
efrf phcf
phcfcgf
cgfcfc
cfccyf
cyf..
e. _h
_hcg
cgfr
frfd
fdfc
fc
- @h`jhrnkfc
@h`jhrnkfc phcgfrfdfc
phcgfrfdfc thctfcg
thctfcg phcugf
phcugfsfc
sfc khpfmf
khpfmf khtuf
khtuf tn`.
- @h`j
@h`jhrn
hrnkf
kfc
c pu
puln
lnfc
fc kh
khpf
pfmf
mf fc
fcgg
ggbt
btff tn`
tn` yf
yfcg
cg `hif
`hifks
ksfc
fcfk
fkfc
fc
tugfs mhcgfc jfnk.
- @h`j
@h`jhr
hrnk
nkfc
fc `btn
`btnvf
vfsn
sn mf
mfif
if`
` phc
hcnc
ncg
gkft
ftfc
fc phc
hcg
ght
htfd
fduf
ufc
c,
khtrf`pnifc mfc snkfp.
- @hcg
@hcgnc
ncab
abr`
r`fs
fsnk
nkfc
fc dfi
dfi ― dfi
dfi yf
yfc
cg mn
mnfc
fcgg
ggfp
fp ph
phc
ctncg
tncg mf
mfc
c
 jhrdujucgfc mhcgfc fskhp pfsnhc.

- @hinjf
@hinjftkf
tkfc
c jfwfdfc
jfwfdfc shlfk
shlfk fwfi
fwfi dncggf
dncggf fkdnr
fkdnr khgnf
khgnftfc
tfc..
- @h`j
@h`jn`
n`jjncg
ncg jfwf
jfwfd
dfc yf yfc
cg `hchcg
gfi
fif`
f`nn kh
khsu
suin
intf
tfcc mfi
fif`
f`
`hifksfcfkfc tugfscyf.
- @hcncg
@hcncgkft
kftkfc
kfc kbifj
kbifjbrf
brfsn
sn mhcgfc
mhcgfc fcggb
fcggbtf
tf tn` ifnc.
ifnc.
m. _hcg
_hcgfw
fwfsf
fsfc
c
- @hifiu
@hifiunn kb`ucnk
kb`ucnkfsn<
fsn< `hcgfw
`hcgfwfsn
fsn mfc jhrkb`u
jhrkb`ucnk
cnkfsn
fsn ifcgsuc
ifcgsucg
g
mhcg
mhcgfc
fc khtu
khtuff tn`
tn` mfif
mfif`
` ph
phif
ifks
ksfc
fcff
ffc
c `hcg
`hcghc
hcfn
fn fs
fsud
udfc
fc
khphrfwftfc yfcg mnjhrnkfc khpfmf pfsnhc.
- @hif
@hifiu
iunn su
suphrv
phrvns
nsnn
- _hcgfw
_hcgfwfsfc
fsfc ifcgs
ifcgsucg
ucg `hifiu
`hifiunn ncsphksn
ncsphksn,, `hcgf`f
`hcgf`ftn
tn shcmnrn
shcmnrn

ftfu `hifiun ifpbrfc ifcgsucg shefrf insfc mfc

 

`h`phrjfnkn/ `hcgfwfsn khih`fdfccyf yfcg fmf sfft ntu

 lugf
- _hcg
_hcgfw
fwfsf
fsfc
c tnmf
tnmfk
k ifcg
ifcgsu
sucg
cg yfntu
yfntu `hcg
`hcghe
hehk
hk mf
mfat
atfr
fr df
dfmn
mnr 
r 
khtuf tn`, `h`jfef mfc `h`hrnksf rhcefcf khphrfwftfc

shrtf ef
shrtf eftft
tftfc
fc yf
yfcg
cg mnju
mnjuft
ft shif`
shif`ff mf
mfc
c shsum
shsumfd
fd pr
prbs
bshs
hs
khphrfwftfc mnifksfcfkfc (mnmbku`hctfsnkfc), `hcmhcgfr 
ifpbrfc khtuf tn` thctfcg phifksfcffc tugfs.
- @hcg
@hcghv
hvfi
fiuf
ufsn
sn upfy
upfyff phif
phifks
ksfc
fcff
ffc
c mf
mfc
c `h`j
`h`jfc
fcmn
mncg
cgkf
kfc
c
mhcgfc rhcefcf khphrfwftfc yfcg thifd mnsusuc jhrsf`f
khtuf tn`.
- Fumn
Fumntt khph
khphrf
rfwf
wftf
tfc.
c.

E. @bm
@bmhi
hi _rfkt
_rfkthk
hk Khph
Khphrfwf
rfwftfc
tfc _rba
_rbahsnb
hsnbcfi
cfi (@_K_
(@_K_))
6. Mhancnsn @_
@_K_

Zftcf Untbrus & ^uinf (:??1) @bmhi prfktnk khphrfwftfc prbahsnbcfi

(@_K_) fmfifd suftu snsth` (struktur, prbshs mfc cnifn-cnifn prbahsnbcfi),
yfcg
yfcg `h`
`h`afsn
afsnint
intfsn
fsn phr
phrfwf
fwftt prb
prbahsn
ahsnbcf
bcfi,
i, `hc
`hcgft
gftur
ur ph`
ph`jhr
jhrnfc
nfc fsu
fsudfc
dfc
khphrfwftfc, thr`fsuk incgkucgfc th`pft fsudfc thrshjut mnjhrnkfc.
:. ]ulufc @_K_
]ulufc @_K_ fmfifd shjfgfn jhrnkut <
f. @hclfg
@hclfgff kbcsnsthcs
kbcsnsthcsnn fsudfc
fsudfc khphrfwf
khphrfwftfc.
tfc.
 j. @hcgurfcgn kbcaink, tu`pfcg tncmnd mfc khkbsbsbcgfc phifksfcffc
fsudfc khphrfwftfc bihd tn` khphrfwftfc.
e. @hcenp
@hcenptfkfc
tfkfc kh`fcmnrnfc
kh`fcmnrnfc mfif`
mfif` `h`jhrnkfc
`h`jhrnkfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc
khphrfwftfc..

m. @h`jhrnkfc
@h`jhrnkfc phmb`fc
phmb`fc mfif` `hchctukfc
`hchctukfc khjnlfkfc
khjnlfkfc mfc khputusfc.
khputusfc.
h. @h
@hcl
clhi
hifs
fskf
kfc
c mh
mhc
cgf
gfc
c th
thgf
gfss ru
rufc
fcg
g in
inc
cgk
gkup
up mfmfc
c tu
tulu
lufc
fc fs
fsu
udf
dfc
c
khphrfwftfc jfgn shtnfp tn` khphrfwftfc.

M. Unsth`
Unsth` _h`jhrn
_h`jhrnfc
fc _hifyfcf
_hifyfcfcKhp
cKhphrf
hrfwftf
wftfc
c _rbahsnbcf
_rbahsnbcfii (U_:K_)
(U_:K_)
Ufifd sftu upfyf
upfyf `fcflh`hc
`fcflh`hc khphrfwftfc
khphrfwftfc mfif` `hwulumkf
`hwulumkfc
c phifyfcfc
phifyfcfc
kh
khph
phrf
rfwf
wftfc
tfc yf
yfcg
cg jh
jhrk
rkuf
ufin
intfs
tfs `hifi
`hifiun
un Unst
Unsth`
h` _h
_h`j
`jhrn
hrnfc
fc _h
_hify
ifyfc
fcfc
fc
Khphrfwftfc
Khphrfwftfc _rbahsnbcfi
_rbahsnbcfi (U_:K_).
(U_:K_). @hifiun
@hifiun phchrfpfc
phchrfpfc U_:K_
U_:K_ mndfrfpkfc
mndfrfpkfc
`f`pu `hwulumkfc kufintfs phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc yfcg mndfrfpkfc mfc
`f`pu `h`feu mnrn mfif` kufintfs phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc shsufn mhcgfc
 

stfcmfr ru`fd sfknt khifs mucnf ftfu jhrtfrfa ncthrcfsnbcfi (Kh`hckhs ZN,
:?6:).

Mfrn jhrjfgfn su`jhr mfpft mnsn`puikfc jhjhrfpf tulufc mfc aucgsn

U_:K_ yfntu<
Mh`n threfpfncyf kufintfs phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc mhcgfc stfcmfr ru`fdsfknt
kh
khifs
ifs mu
mucn
cnff ftfu
ftfu jh
jhrt
rtfrf
frfaa nc
ncthr
thrcf
cfsn
snbc
bcfi,
fi, `fkf
`fkf ph
phif
ifyf
yfcf
cfc
c kh
khph
phrfw
rfwft
ftfc
fc
mnmfsfrkfc
mnmfsfrkfc pfmf prbahsnbcfi
prbahsnbcfins`h,
ns`h, ni`u phcghtfduf
phcghtfdufc,
c, fsphk ihgfi mfc htnk.
Xctuk
Xctuk ntu mnshihcggfr
mnshihcggfrfkfc
fkfc prbgrf`
prbgrf` phchrfpfc
phchrfpfc U_:K_
U_:K_ uctuk
uctuk `hcmukucg
`hcmukucg
snsth` phifyfcfc khshdftfc shefrf kb`prhdhcsna (Kh`hckhs ZN, :?6:).

U_:K_ shjfgfn sfifd sftu upfyf mfif` phcncgkftfc ncmnkftbr `utu phifyfcfc
khphrfwftfc
khphrfwftfc (Mhpkhs ZN, :??>).
:??>). U_:K_
U_:K_ `hrupfkfc
`hrupfkfc phcgh`jfcgfc
phcgh`jfcgfc @bmhi
_rfktnk Khphrfwftfc _rbahsnbcfi (@_K_) yfcg mnthrfpkfc bihd Mhpfrth`hc
Khshdftfc.
Khshdftfc. _hifksfcffc
_hifksfcffc @_K_ `fupuc
`fupuc U_:K_
U_:K_ `hrupfkfc
`hrupfkfc upfyf uctuk 
`hcncgkftkfc `utu fsudfc khphrfwftfc shdncggf `hclfmn hahktna mfc hansnhc
(Jumn, :??>).

U_:K_ `h`p
h`phr
hrin
ind
dftkfc phifyfcfc yfcg ihjnd thrstr
struktur mfc
thrbrg
thrbrgfcn
fcnsnrk
snrkfrhc
frhcff U_:K_
U_:K_ `hrupf
`hrupfkfc
kfc jhctuk
jhctuk phcgh`
phcgh`jfc
jfcgfc
gfc mfrn
mfrn @_K_
@_K_
yfcg ihjndprbahsnbcfi mfc ihjnd jfnk mfif` `h`jhrnkfc tncgkft phifyfcfc
fsud
fsudfc
fckh
khph
phrfw
rfwft
ftfc
fc thrdf
thrdfmf
mfp
p kinhc
kinhc (Kfr
(Kfruc
ucnf
nfcn
cncg
cgru
ru`,
`, :?
:?65
65).
). Uf
Ufif
ifd
d sftu
sftu
hvfiu
fiufsn buteb`h (d
(dfsn
fsni)
i) mf
mfrn
rn ph
phch
chrf
rfpf
pfc
c U_:K
U_:K_
_ fm
fmfif
fifd
d `hcn
`hcncg
cgkf
kftk
tkfc
fc
khpufsfc pfsnhc (Kh`hckhs, :?6:).

Mfrn dfsni phchintnfc Wftn, mkk tfduc :?6? mn ZUXM Frnanc Fed`fm _rbvncsn

Znfu mnphrbihd gf`jfrfc phifksfcffc ph`jhrnfc phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc mfrn

`fsncg-`fsncg kb`pbchc mfrn U_:K_ shefrf khshiurudfc jhiu` `hcefpfn
kf
kfthg
thgbr
brnn jf
jfnk
nk.. _hch
_hchrfp
rfpfc
fc U_:K
U_:K_
_ shjfg
shjfgfn
fn sfifd
sfifd sftu
sftu jh
jhct
ctuk
uk mf
mfrn
rn kn
knch
chrl
rlff
 phrfwft. Knchrlf `hrupfkfc phcefpfnfc shshbrfcg yfcg jhrkhcffc mhcgfc
shiurud tugfs yfcg mnjhjfckfc khpfmfcyf. Knchrlf phrfwft fmfifd jhctuk 
 phifyfcfc prbahssnbcfi yfcg `hrupfkfc jfgnfc mfrn phifyfcfc khshdftfc
(]rnwnjbwb, :?65).

Kucen utf`f mfif` `hcncgkftkfc

`hcncgkftkfc kufintfs phifyfcfc
phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc
khphrfwftfc fmfifd
 phrfwft yfcg `h`pucyfn knchrlf tncggn (@uiybcb, :?65). Mfrn dfsni
 phchintnfc @uiybcb (:?65) khpufsfc khrlf `hrupfkfc vfrnfjhi yfcg pfincg
 

kuft/mb`ncfc phcgfrudcyf thrdfmfp knchrlf phrfwft mn Zu`fd Ufknt ]ncgkft

NNN F`jbc.

Khpufsfc
Khpufsfc khrlf `hclfmn
`hclfmn nsu yfcg `hcfrnk mfc phctncg
phctncg thrjuktn kfrhcf jhsfr 
`fcafftcyf
`fcafftcyf jfgn phrfwft,
phrfwft, pfsnhc mfc ru`fd sfknt. _hrfwft
_hrfwft yfcg`h`nin
yfcg`h`ninkn
kn
khpufsfc khrlf `hcf`pnikfc knchrlf ihjnd jfnk mnjfcmncgkfc mhcgfc phrfwft
yfcg
yfcg tnmfk
tnmfk `h`nink
`h`ninknn khpufs
khpufsfc
fc khrlf.
khrlf. (]rnfs
(]rnfsnd,
nd, :??7
:??7 mfif`
mfif` Untrfn
Untrfntt :?6:).
:?6:).
@hcurut Zbjjnc (:??>), Iutdfcs (:??4) mfc Cursfif` (:??7) khpufsfc khrlf
shku
shkurfc
rfcg-
g-ku
kurf
rfcg
cgcy
cyff `h`n
`h`nin
inkn
kn in`f
in`f mn
mn`h
`hcs
csnn yf
yfnt
ntu
u kh
khpu
pufsf
fsfc
c th
thrd
rdfm
fmfp
fp
 phkhrlffc ntu shcmnrn, khpufsfc thrdfmfp phcgfwfsfc, khpufsfcthrdfmfp gfln
ftfu n`jfifc, khpufsfc thrdfmfp phiufcg prb`bsn, mfc khpufsfc thrdfmfp
rhkfc
rhkfc khrlf.
khrlf. Mfrn jhjhrf
jhjhrfpf
pf phchin
phchintnf
tnfc
c mnjnmf
mnjnmfcg
cg khphrfw
khphrfwftf
ftfc
c mn F`hrnk
F`hrnkff
Uhrnkft mnmfpftkfc jfdwf phrfwft `hcgfif`n mhrflft khpufsfc khrlf yfcg
rhcmfd (\f`zfdfr, :?6?). @hcurut Jfu`fcc mn F`hrnkf Uhrnkft, Kfcfmf,
icggrns,Lhr`fc `hcuclukkfc jfdwf =6% phrfwft mn ru`fd sfknt `hcgfif`
nkhtnmfkpu
nkhtnmfkpufsfc
fsfc mhcgfc
mhcgfc phkhrlffccy
phkhrlffccyff mfc ::% mnfctfrfcy
mnfctfrfcyff `hrhcefcfkf
`hrhcefcfkfc
c
`hcncggfikfc phkhrlffccyf mfif` sftu tfduc (Wuryfctb, :?6?). Khpufsfc
khrl
khrlff rhcm
rhcmfd
fd ncn
ncn jnsf
jnsf mnsh
mnshjf
jfjk
jkfc
fc bi
bihd
hd ph
phcg
cgdf
dfrg
rgff
ffc
c ps
psnk
nkbi
bibg
bgns
ns mfc
mfc
 phcgdfrgffc khf`ffc yfcg kurfcg. Uhdncggf, jhrmf`pfk thrdfmfp prfktnk 
khphrfwftfc mfif` rfcgkf `hwulumkfc fsudfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc yfcg
 prbahsnbcfi (Untbrus, :??1).
 

@_K_, @FK_, U_:K_

@_K_ @FK_ U_:K_
Mhancnsn
 Uuftu snsth` yfcg `h`afsnintfsn phrfwft Uuftu snsth` yfcg `h`ucgknckfc phrfwft   @hwulumkfc kufintfs phifyfcfc
 prbahsnbcfi, `hcgftur ph`jhrnfc fsudfc  prbahsnbcfi `hcgftur ph`jhrnfc
ph`jhrnfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc yfcg mndfrfpkfc mfc`f`pu
khphrfwftfc. khphrfwftfc thr`fsuk incgkucgfc uctuk `h`feu mnrn mfif` kufintfs phifyfcfc
`hcbpfcg ph`jhrnfc fsudfc thrshjut khphrfwftfc shsufn mhcgfc stfcmfr ru`fd
sfknt khifs mucnf ftfu jhrtfrfa
ncthrcfsnbcfi
]ulufc
 @hclfgf kbcsnsthcsn fsudfc khphrfwftfc.  Uhsufn mhcgfc vnsn mfc `nsn ncstntusn  ]hrefpfncyf kufintfs phifyfcfc
 @hcgurfcgn kbcaink, tu`pfcg tncmnd mfc  Mfpft mnt
Mfpft mnthrf
hrfpk
pkfc
fc prb
prbshs
shs khp
khphrf
hrfwf-
wf-tfc
tfc khphrfwftfc mhcgfc stfcmfr ru`fd sfknt
khkb
khkbsb
sbsb
sbcg
cgfc
fc phif
ph ifks
ksfc
fcffc
ffc fsud
fsudfc
fc mfif` fsudfc khphrfwftfc. khifs mucnf ftfu jhrtfrfa ncthrcfsnbcfi
 yfcg mnmfsfrkfc pfmf prbahsnbcfins`h,
khphrfwftfc bihd tn` khphrfwftfc. Hansnhc mfc hahktna phcggucffc jnfyf. ni`u phcghtfdufc, fsphk ihgfi mfc htnk 
 @hce
@h cenp
nptf
tfkf
kfc
c kh`f
kh `fcm
cmnr
nrnf
nfc
c mfif
mfif`
`  ]hrphcudncyf khpufsfc kinhc, khiufrgf mfc
`h`jhrnkfc fsudfc khphrfwftfc. `fsyfrfkft.  _hifyfcfc yfcg ihjnd thrstruktur mfc
 @h`jhrnkfc phmb`fc mfif` `hchctukfc  Khpufsfc knchrlf phrfwft. thrbrgfcnsnr 
khjnlfkfc mfc khputusfc.  Uhjfgfn sfifd sftu jhctuk mfrn knchrlf
 @hclhifskfc mhcgfc thgfs rufcg incgkup  phrfwft
mfc tul
tulufc
ufc fsu
fsudfc
dfc khp
khphrf
hrfwft
wftfc
fc jfg
jfgnn  Ufifd sftu upfyf mfif` phcncgkftfc
shtnfp tn` khphrfwftfc. ncmnkftbr `utu phifyfcfc khphrfwftfc

MFA]FZ _XU]FKF

Fi
Fi-F
-Fssf
ssfa,
a, F.
F.A.
A. (:
(:??
??>)
>)..  @utu _hifyfcfc Khshdftfc _hrsphktna Ncthrcfsnbcfi .
Lfkfrtf < HGE
Jnmf
Jnmfcg
cg Khph
Khphrf
rfwf
wftf
tfc
c ZUXM
ZUXM Mr.
Mr. _nrc
_nrcgf
gfmn
mn Kbtf
Kbtf @hmf
@hmfc.
c. (:
(:?6
?68)
8)..  _hmb`fc
 _hifyfcfc Khphrfwftfc mn ZUXM Mr. _nrcgfmn Kbtf @hmfc. @hmfc<
ZUXM Mr. _nrcgfmn Kbtf @hmfc
Grnaanc, Zneky W. (:??=). @fcflh`hc
(:??=). @fcflh`hc (  Lninm 6). Lfkfrtf< Hrifcggf
Dfcmbkb, ]. Dfcn. (:?66). @fcflh`hc
(:?66). @fcflh`hc ( Hmnsn :). ^bgyfkfrtf< J_AH-^bgyfkfrtf.
@frquns
@frquns,, Jhssnh
Jhssnh I, Dustbc
Dustbc,, Efrbi
Efrbi L. :(?6?).
:(?6?).  Khph`n`pncfc mfc @fcflh`hc
 Khphrfwftfc.. Lfkfrtf < HGE.
 Khphrfwftfc
 Cursfif`. (:?6=).  @fcflh`hc Khphrfwftfc< Fpinkfsn mfif` prfktnk 
khphrfwftfc _rbahsnbcfi Hmnsn =. Lfkfrtf<
=. Lfkfrtf< Ufih`jf @hmnkf.
 Cursfif`. (:?68).  @fcflh`hc Khphrfwftfc< Fpinkfsn mfif` prfktnk 
khphrfwftfc _rbahsnbcfi Hmnsn 8.
8. Lfkfrtf< Ufih`jf @hmnkf

Jfclfr`fsnc, :1 @hn :?:?

 Chrs @umf,
 (Mfcnf Cur Cfl`ncf, U.Khp)

_rhshptbr Fkfmh`nk (E]), _rhshptbr Kincnk (EN),

( Zbdcn ]fuankfsfrn, Cs.,@.Khp) (Curdnk`fd, U.Khp.,Cs)