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Object Detection and Game-Based Learning

Object detection and learning, one of the most vital and stimulating problems in computer vision due to object detection’s close affiliation with video analysis and image understanding, seeks to locate object instances from many predefined categories in natural images. https://cajmtcs.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMTCS/article/view/184

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CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY

AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

http://cajmtcs.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMTCS
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May 2022 ISSN: 2660-5309

Object Detection and Game-Based Learning

V. Vivekanandhan
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, (Autonomous), Hosur, Tamil
Nadu, India
[email protected]

Dhruv Singh, Rahul Kumar, V. Satheesh

Department of CSE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, (Autonomous), Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ARTICLEINF O
Annotation:
Object detection and learning, one of the most vital and Article history:
stimulating problems in computer vision due to object Received 18 Mar 2022
detection’s close affiliation with video analysis and image Revised form 15 Apr 2022
Accepted 27 May 2022
understanding, seeks to locate object instances from many
predefined categories in natural images. It has entranced a lot Key words: Object Detection,
of exploration center as of late. The profound learning method Game-Based Learning, Software
has arisen as a strong procedure for straightforwardly gaining and Hardware, Image Processing
highlight portrayals from information and has prompted vital System.
leap forwards in nonexclusive item location. Object
recognition is broadly utilized in face identification, passerby
counting, web picture, and security framework. Object
location and YOLO calculations in view of profound learning
require a ton of numerical and profound learning system
understanding by utilizing various conditions like OpenCV,
Numpy and so on, which incorporate the exactness of every
strategy for recognizing objects. Their show effectively
deteriorates by building complex outfits that consolidate
numerous low-level picture highlights with undeniable level
setting from object identification and scene classifier. In the
technique articulation, the paper centers around the system
plan and the model's functioning rule and examinations the
exhibition continuously and discovery precision.

---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION
A couple of years prior, the improvement of the product and equipment picture handling framework was
principally restricted to the extension of the UI, which most software engineers of each firm were tangled in

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 61

Copyright (c) 2022 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY AND COMPUTER SCIENCES Vol: 03 Issue: 05 | May 2022

the circumstance has been distinctly modified with the coming of the window working framework when the
standard of the designers change to taking care of the issue of picture regulation itself [6 -11]. By and by, this
has not yet prompted the cardinal advancement in the run of the mill tackling errand of diagnosing faces,
vehicle number, street sign, examining the remote and clinical pictures, and so forth. The objective is to
control whether there are any occurrences of the item from given classifications (like as people, vehicles,
bikes, canines or felines) in a picture and, if present, to return the spatial area and degree of each article
occasion [12-17]. As the foundation of the picture compassionate and PC vision, object discovery shapes the
reason for settling mind boggling or undeniable level vision errands, for example, division, scene
understanding, object following, picture inscribing, occasion identification and movement acknowledgment
[18-27]. Each of these "timeless" issues is addressed by experimentation through the work of different
gatherings of architects and researchers. As present day specialized goal ends up being unreasonable and
rich, the undertaking of robotizing the making of the product instrument for tackling the scholarly issue is
formed and seriously settled abroad [28-35]. In picture handling, the expected tool compartment ought to be
auxiliary to the examination and acknowledgment of pictures of obscure substance and guarantee the
compelling improvement of the application by standard software engineers [36-41].
Object recognition can be collected into two sorts of location of explicit occurrences versus general classes
[42-57]. The main kind intends to identify occasions of a specific item, basically a matching issue. The
objective of the other sort is to recognize cases of some predefined object classifications [58-72]. By and
large, a significant part of the work in object identification has fascinated in identifying a solitary
classification or hardly any particular classes. Profound learning assents a computational model to advance
extraordinarily complicated, unobtrusive, and conceptual portrayals, driving earth shattering cycles in a wide
scope of visual acknowledgment, object identification, normal language handling, drug revelation, and
genomics. Among various profound brain organizations, DCNNs have achieved a leap forward in handling
picture, video, discourse, and sound [73-97].
Object acknowledgment is a grouping of related PC vision endeavors including practices like requesting
objects in mechanized photographs. Picture gathering takes in practices like predicting the class of one
article in an image [98-111]. Object limitation suggests recognizing the area of no less than one things in an
image and drawing a bouncing box around their certification. Object acknowledgment achieves created via
cartel these two tasks and breaking point and organizes no less than one articles in an image [112-124].
Several cases are accessible in the image, but there are various likely regions and scales at which they can
occur and ought to be somehow examined [125-131]. Each disclosure of the image is represented with some
sort of stance information [132-145]. This is direct as the thing's region, a region and scale, or the level of
the article portrayed similarly as the bobbing box [146-151].
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
To evade the issue of item discovery, object class identification is limited as follows. Given a picture, decide
if there are examples of articles from predefined classes (typically numerous classifications, e.g., 200
classifications in the ILSVRC object identification challenges) and, if present, return the spatial area and
degree of each occurrence [152-159]. More accentuation is put on distinguishing an expansive scope of
normal classifications rather than explicit item classification location where just a smaller predefined
classification of interest might be available [160-175]. Despite the fact that a large number of items possess
the visual world we live in, an article's spatial area and degree can be coarsely utilizing a bouncing box (a
pivot adjusted square shape firmly jumping the item), an exact pixel-wise division cover or a shut limit [176-
181]. There is a various issue carefully connected with that of conventional item location [182-189]. Object
characterization or item classification concedes the presence of an article from a given arrangement of item
classes in a picture, i.e., doling out at least one item classes lebel to a given picture, deciding the presence
without the need of the area [190-199]. The extra necessity to find the occurrences in the picture makes
identification a more provocative undertaking than order. The item acknowledgment issue means the more

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broad issue of recognizing/confining every one of the articles present in a picture; subsuming the issue of
item location is firmly connected with semantic picture division, which plans to relegate every pixel in the
picture to a semantic class name.
Generational item discovery intends to propel a broadly useful calculation that accomplishes two contending
objectives: top caliber/precision and elite execution. Top notch location should honestly restrict and perceive
an item in a picture or video outline, with the end goal that the enormous arrangement of article classes in
reality can be recognized (high peculiarity) and that article examples from similar classes, liable to intra-
class appearance variety, can be confined and perceived (i.e., high strength). High effectiveness involves that
the whole location task runs progressively with satisfactory memory and capacity requests. Challenges in the
discovery exactness framework from (1) the tremendous scope of intra-class variety and (2) the immense
number of article classes. Intra-class variety can be partitioned into natural factors and imaging conditions.
As far as natural factors, each item class can have a wide range of item occasions, conceivably fluctuating in
at least one tone, surface, material, shape, and size, for example, the "seat" class. Indeed, even in an all the
more barely characterized class, for example, a human or pony, object occurrences can show up in various
stances, likely to non-matrix misshapening or with the expansion of dress. Imaging condition varieties are
brought about by the sensational effects of unconstrained milieu on object appearances, like lighting, actual
area, weather pattern, cameras, foundation, enlightenments, impediment, and review distances. In amassing
to intraclass varieties, the enormous number of article classes, on the request for 104-105, requests
extraordinary segregation power from the identifier to recognize quietly unique interclass varieties. The
viability provokes originate from the need to restrict and perceive computational intricacy developing with
the quantity of item classes and the quantity of areas and scales inside a solitary picture.

OBJECTIVE
It discusses the flexible utilization of article recognition in the perspective on the picture or video outline.
With such a certifications and limitation, (1) object discovery is a PC vision method that permits us to
characterize and find objects in a picture or video. (2) with this sort of distinguishing proof and restriction,
object identification can include objects in a scene and decide and follow their exact areas, all while
precisely naming them. (3) object discovery means to decide if there are many examples of articles from
classes (like people, vehicles, bikes, canines, or felines) in a picture and, if present, return the unique area
and degree of each item case. (4) the primary motivation behind object recognition is to recognize and find
at least one compelling focuses from still pictures or video information. (5) it thoroughly incorporates an
assortment of significant strategies, for example, picture handling, design acknowledgment, man-made
reasoning and AI. (6) object acknowledgment and following decreases human endeavors and gives
proficiency. (7) object identification applications incorporate walker, individuals counting, face, text, and
number plate acknowledgment. (8) ongoing item location is the errand of doing protest discovery
continuously with quick surmising while at the same time keeping a base degree of exactness. (9) the
objective of item location is to duplicate this insight utilizing a computer.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Josepf Redmon et al. [1] This paper presents a motorized dermatological characteristic structure. The YOLO
model was worked to identify pictures precisely and rapidly and separate among craftsmanship and genuine
pictures. Contrasted and object identification strategies before YOLO, R-CNN presented a solitary brought
together engineering for relapse go picture into jumping boxes and tracking down class probabilities for each
crate. This implied that YOLO performs a lot quicker, gives more exactness, and predicts craftsmanship
accurately. At 320 * 320, YOLOv3 runs in 22 ms at 28.2 mAP, as exact as SSD yet multiple times quicker.
While alluding to the old .5 IOU mAP identification metric, YOLOv3 is very great. It accomplishes 57.9

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 63

AP50 in 51 ms on a Titan X than 57.5 AP50 in 198 ms. It predicts an objectness score for each jumping box
utilizing calculated relapse.
N Duraimurugan et al. [2] This paper report partakes in a couple of advantages diverged from other thing
disclosure computations. In various estimations like a convolutional cerebrum network fast convolutional
mind association, the computation won't look at the image completely. Their previous work is on perceiving
objects using a backslide computation. In various estimations like convolutional mind associations (CNN),
and speedy convolutional cerebrum associations, the computation won't look at the image absolutely by
predicting the hopping boxes including a convolutional association and tracks down class probabilities for
these cases and perceives the image fasters stood out from various computations.
Changi Liu et al. [3] This paper centers around a summed up object discovery network by applying complex
debasement processes on preparing sets like clamor, obscuring revolution and trimming of pictures. The
model was prepared with the corrupted preparation set, bringing about better summing up capacity and
higher heartiness. It shows that the model prepared with the standard set doesn't have great speculation
capacity for the corrupted picture and has unfortunate strength. Then the model was prepared with debased
picture, which further developed normal picture accuracy. It was better in the overall degenerative model
contrasted with the standard model. Wenbo et al. [4] This paper present that the organization construction of
the YOLO calculation is improved, and another organization structure YOLO-R was proposed to expand the
capacity of the organization to separate the data of shallow walker highlights by adding a passthrough layer
to the first YOLO organization. A deterrent discovery calculation in the indoor climate is proposed,
consolidating the light field camera and arranging the article and checking them in the picture. The YOLO
v2 and YOLO-R network models were tried on the test sets. The picture of normal snags was marked and
utilized for preparing YOLO. The item channel is applied to eliminate the worry hindrance. Various sorts of
scenes, including people on foot, seats, books and some more., are shown to demonstrate the adequacy of
this calculation.
Zhimin et al. [5] This paper gives an algorithm using deep learning techniques to provide the category and
position of solder joints for automative door panel identification. The solder joints’ location in automative
door panels alters many times because of the variety and complexity of work environments. As such, if the
location of the solder joints is not identified precisely by automation, instruction and programming have to
be repeated frequently by manual interference. This affects the efficiency and quality of the welding and
results in lower intelligence and automation of the manufacturing line. YOLOv1 and YOLOv2 are not
suitable since the solder joint size of a car door are smaller. Hence, the YOLOv3 [6] algorithm detects the
small solder joints more precisely, which differs from YOLOv2 only in the final result. Multiple levels of
predictions are adopted in which prediction is made on different size feature maps, and the predictions from
these are combined to get the final output. Each grid cell in 52*52 feature maps contains only one object
which can precisely detect the solder joints. All bring different degrees of detection efficiency improvements
over the primary R-CNN and make object recognition more feasible in real-time and accurate.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed structure has division, including extraction and depiction precess with reasonable assessments.
Beginning, an image is isolated into 3*3 cross sections. We can isolate the image into many cross sections,
dependent upon the multifaceted nature of the image. At the point when the image is apportioned, each
system goes through request and repression of the article. The objectness or the conviction score of each and
every structure, if there could be no real article found in the grid, the objectness and hopping box of the
value of the lattice will be zero, then again in case there found a thing in the organization, the objectness will
be Its contrasting bobbing potential gains of the found item. Only pull out all the stops, the previous article
acknowledgment estimations have used regions to restrict the article inside the image. The association
doesn't look at the complete picture. The limitation of the YOLO estimation is that it scraps with the little

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 64

articles inside the image; for example, it could encounter issues recognizing a gathering of birds. This is a
direct result of the spatial impediments of the computation (figure 1).

Figure 1: YOLO Object detection

 The proposed YOLO algorithm accurately identifies the solder joint’s position in real-time. It increased
the flexibility and efficiency of the automobile production line.
 It is very quick contrasted with other ongoing identifiers which preceded it as it utilizes a bound together
model where the discovery is viewed as a solitary relapse issue. There is no perplexing pipeline, simply a
brain network run on the picture.
 It makes less blunders than quick R-CNN as it can see the greater setting on the grounds that YOLO, in
contrast to quick R-CNN, can universally reason the picture while making forecasts. Consequences be
damned sees the whole picture and encodes relevant data pretty much all classes and their appearance.
 Consequences be damned has educated the summed up portrayal of items. Just go for it effectively
separates normal pictures from the work of art.
 The proposed system is built using a learning model where it needs-led human intervention. It is
extremely fast in detecting objects, 100x faster than Fast R-CNN.
 The system uses the YOLO algorithm, which gives high accuracy.
 This system detects all the objects in the frame. It also makes predictions with a single network
evaluation.

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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Figure 2: Architectural Design

YOLO’s (figure 2) made sense of engineering sees the total picture on the double and sections a picture into
s*s frameworks. Every cell predicts jumping boxes, and a certainty score for each bouncing box and cell in
which an item is available at the middle is obligated to identify the item by utilizing the force of work
proposed by joining two prepared models from various yet related spaces through stick layers and generative
model. The creator has utilized the information refining method to prepare the proposed approach. The
encoder-decoder network extricates spatial elements from the given picture by utilizing convolution and
pooling layers. The pooling layer is utilized to catch highlights at various frequencies of data. Once an
encoder-decoder network learns the most recent portrayal, it is engendered to the paste layer. The paste layer
is made out of clump standardization, pooling and link. The link of all idle highlights produces ideal
outcomes. Utilizing the information refining technique, the paste layer utilizes RGB information produced
by encoder g2. Consequences be damned is used to confine and recognize the article. Since the proposed
procedure depends on a pre-prepared network, the spine network is pre-prepared on the MS-COCO dataset.
YOLO3 is a continuous item location calculation that recognizes explicit articles in recordings, pictures, or
lives takes care of. It permits the model to take a gander at the entire picture at test time, so the worldwide
setting in the picture illuminates its forecast. Consequences be damned and other CNN calculations "scor e"
in light of their similitudes to predefined classes. Anchor boxes are utilized to build the precision of article
recognition.
Bounding box predictions
YOLO algorithm is utilized for anticipating the precise jumping boxes from the picture. The s*s networks by
anticipating the jumping box for every lattice and class probabilities. Both picture grouping and item
restriction procedures are applied for every framework of the picture, and every lattice is relegated with a
mark. Then, at that point, the calculation checks every matrix independently and marks the name with an
article in it and its bouncing boxes. The name of the network without an article is set apart as nothing. Every
lattice is marked and goes through picture grouping and article limitation methods. The mark considered as y
has 8 qualities (figure 3).
pc
bx
by
Y= bh
bw
c1
C2

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Figure 3: Element of label y

Pc - Represent regardless of whether an article is available in the lattice; it present pc=1 else 0. bx, by,bh,bw
- are bouncing boxes of the item c1, c2, c3 - are the classes. In the event that the item is a vehicle, c1 and c3
will be 0, abd c2 be 1. Expecting the no less than two grids contain a comparative thing, the article's center
point is found, and the organization that has that point is taken. To get the thing's exact distinguishing proof,
we can use two techniques. They are Intersection over Union and Non-Max camouflage. In IOU, it will take
the real and expected to skip box and work out the IoU of two boxes by using the formulae.
IoU = Area of Intersection / Area of Union
In the event that the worth of IoU is more than or equivalent to our limit valuer (0.5), then, at that point, it's a
decent forecast. The limit esteem is simply astounding. We can likewise take the more noteworthy edge
worth to build the exactness or better article expectation. The other strategy is Non-max concealment; in
this, the high likelihood boxes are taken, and the cases with high IorU are stifled. Circle this until a container
is chosen and consider that as the bouncing box for the item (figure 4).

Figure 4: Inference time

Anchor Box
Object detection using YOLO3 usually predicts log-space transform offset to predefined “default” bounding
boxes. Those specific bounding boxes are called anchors. The transform is later applied to the anchor boxes
to receive a prediction. YOLOv3, in particular, has 3 anchors. This result in the prediction of 3 bounding
boxes per cell (the cell is also called a neuron in more technical terms)
Non-Maximal Supprsession
Non-Maximal suppression is a technique that suppresses overlapping bounding boxes that do not have the
maximum probability for object detection. It is mainly achieved in two phases:
 It selected the bounding box, which got the highest confidence.
 It then compares all other bounding boxes with this selected bounding box and eliminates the ones with a
high IoU.
SYSTEM MODULE
There are 4 modules in this system
 Pre-processing and segmentation module
 Coco dataset comparing module

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 Parameter module
 Display module
Preprocessing and segmentation module
This is the system’s first module in this feature that can be extracted from the input images. The
segmentation process separates the input and binary images into the background and original images.
Coco dataset camping
This module compares the recognized and localized images with the pre-stored image in the COCO dataset
for object detection.
Parameter module
The YOLOv3 algorithm generates bounding boxes as the predicted detection output. Every predicted box is
associated with a confidence score. In the first stage, all the boxes below the confidence threshold parameter
are ignored for further processing. The rest of the boxes undergo non-maximal suppression, which removes
redundant, overlapping bounding boxes. A parameter controls non-maximum suppression.
Display mode
In this module, the output image where the object is detected and segmented is displayed with bounding
boxes, class name and confidence percentage using OpenCV (figures 5 to 9)
SCREENSHOTS

Figure 5: Welcome page

Figure 6: Image Detection

Figure 7: Object Detection in Video

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Figure 8: Real-time Object detection using Webcam

Figure 9: Car detection in moving frame (Game)

CONCLUSION
Utilizing this proposition and trial results, we can distinguish protests all the more unequivocally and
recognize the item separately with the specific area of an article in the image on the x and y hub. This gives
the exploratory outcome on the various strategies for object recognition and recognizable proof and thinks
about every strategy for their effectiveness. Object recognition and learning are key capacities for most PC
and robot vision frameworks. Albeit the extraordinary cycle has been seen somewhat recently, and some
current method is presently important for some buyer gadgets (e.g., face location for auto-center in cell
phones) or have been coordinated into partner driving advances, we are still distant from accomplishing
human-level execution, specifically in term of open-world learning. It ought to be noticed that object
recognition has not been involved a lot of in numerous areas where it very well may be of extraordinary
assistance. As portable robots and general independent machines are beginning to be all the more broadly
(e.g., quadcopters, drones and before long help robots), the requirement for an item based learning
framework is acquiring significance. At long last, we really want to consider that we will investigate regions
that poor person been seen by a human, for example, the profundity part of the ocean or the other planet, and
the discovery framework should learn new item classes as they are experienced. In such cases, a continuous
open-world learning capacity will be basic. This exploration work proposes an original element removing
technique for separating worldwide highlights and getting the neighborhood include from the locale of
interest. Likewise, the examination work endeavors to cross breed the customary classifier to perceive the
item.
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79. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, “On Parametric Generalization of ‘Useful’ R- norm
Information Measure” British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science, Vol. 8(1), pp. 1-15, 2015.
80. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, “A Generalized Measure of ‘Useful R -norm
Information”, International Journal of Engineering Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Vol 3(5),
pp.1-11, 2014.
81. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, “Bounds on Cost Measures in terms of ‘Useful’ R -
norm Information Measures” Direct Research Journal of Engineering and Information Technology,
Vol.2 (2), pp.11-17, 2014.
82. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Lower and Upper Bounds Inequality of a Generalized ‘Useful’ Mean
Code Length” GAMS Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 4(1), pp.62-69,
2013.
83. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, ‘Useful’ R-Norm Information Measure and its
Properties” IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vol. 8, pp. 52-57, 2013.
84. D.S. Hooda, Sonali Saxena and D.K. Sharma, “A Generalized R-Norm Entropy and Coding Theorem”
International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Applications, Vol.5(2), pp.385-393,
2011.
85. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Bounds on Two Generalized Cost Measures” Journal of
Combinatorics, Information & System Sciences, Vol. 35(3-4), pp. 513-530, 2010.
86. D.K. Sharma and D.S. Hooda, “Generalized Measures of ‘Useful’ Relative Information and
Inequalities” Journal of Engineering, Management & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.1(1), pp.15-21,
2010.
87. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma (2010) “Exponential Survival Entropies and Their Properties” Advances
in Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Vol. 20, pp. 265-279, 2010.
88. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Generalized ‘Useful’ Information Generating Functions” Journal of
Appl. Math. and Informatics, Vol. 27( 3-4), pp. 591-601, 2009.
89. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Non-additive Generalized Measures of ‘Useful’ Inaccuracy” Journal of
Rajasthan Academy of Physical Sciences, Vol. 7(3), pp.359-368, 2008.
90. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, Generalized R-Norm information Measures-Journal of Appl.
Math, Statistics & informatics (JAMSI), Vol. 4 No.2 , 153-168, 2008.
91. Dilip Kumar Sharma, “Some Generalized Information Measures: Their characterization and
Applications”, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2010. ISBN: 978-3838386041.
92. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, R. Regin, R. Steffi and M. K. Chakravarthi, "Efficient Classification for Neural
Machines Interpretations based on Mathematical models," 2021 7th International Conference on
Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 2015-2020.

93. F. Arslan, B. Singh, D. K. Sharma, R. Regin, R. Steffi and S. Suman Rajest, "Optimization Technique
Approach to Resolve Food Sustainability Problems," 2021 International Conference on Computational
Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 25-30.
94. G. A. Ogunmola, B. Singh, D. K. Sharma, R. Regin, S. S. Rajest and N. Singh, "Involvement of
Distance Measure in Assessing and Resolving Efficiency Environmental Obstacles," 2021 International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 13-18.
95. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, M. Raja, R. Regin and S. S. Rajest, "An Efficient Python Approach for
Simulation of Poisson Distribution," 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 2011-2014.
96. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, E. Herman, R. Regine, S. S. Rajest and V. P. Mishra, "Maximum Information
Measure Policies in Reinforcement Learning with Deep Energy-Based Model," 2021 International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 19-24, doi:
10.1109/ICCIKE51210.2021.9410756.
97. D. K. Sharma, N. A. Jalil, R. Regin, S. S. Rajest, R. K. Tummala and T. N, "Predicting Network
Congestion with Machine Learning," 2021 2nd International Conference on Smart Electronics and
Communication (ICOSEC), 2021, pp. 1574-1579, doi: 10.1109/ICOSEC51865.2021.9591897.
98. 15. Karthik, Mamidala Vijay, Chakravarthi, M Kalyan, Yapanto, Lis M, Selvapandian, D, Harish,
R, Subramani, Karthick, “Optical Analysis of the UPQC using PI Controller in Power flow System”
2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS),1
,pp. 2006-2010, 2021.
99. Sathyaseelan, Mohit P, Chakravarthi, M Kalyan, Sathyaseelan, Amit P, Sudipta, Soumya, “IoT based
COVID De-Escalation System using Bluetooth Low Level Energy”,IEEE, 6th International Conference
on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), pp.174-177, 2021
100. Sekhar, Chereddy, Kranthi, K, Chakravarthi, M Kalyan, “Traffic signal breach vehicle stop system
using IOT”, IEEE International Conference on Nextgen Electronic Technologies: Silicon to Software
(ICNETS2), pp.296-300, 2017.
101. Prasad, CH Ram, Chakravarthi, M Kalyan,” Failure analysis and prediction for metal jobs using fuzzy
computation”, IEEE, International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control
Technologies (ICICICT), pp.1159-1163, 2017.
102. Vaishna S Kumar, M.Kalyan Chakravarthi,“MSP430 Data Logger: An Implementation for Stress
Measurement in Concrete Structures”, IEEE, International Conference on Intelligent Systems and
Control, January 7-8, 2016.
103. Anu Rose Jolly, M.Kalyan Chakravarthi, “A Standalone Data Logger For Fibre Optic Vibration
Measurement System Using Beagle bone”,IEEE, International Conference on Intelligent Systems and
Control, January 7-8, 2016.
104. M. Kalyan Chakravarthi, Ketan Gupta, Jyoti Malik and Nithya Venkatesan, “Linearized Multimodel PI
Controller for Real-Time Delay Dominant Second Order Nonlinear Systems”, IEEE, International
Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication & Computational Technologies, December
18-19,2015.
105. M.Kalyan Chakravarthi, Bharath.B, R.Venkata Sreehari , “Implementation Of An Automated Drug
Delivery System Using Linear Actuator”, IEEE, International Conference on Soft Computing
Techniques & Implementations, October 8-10,2015.

106. D.Ganesh, M.Kalyan Chakravarthi,” Remote Web Based Monitoring and Controlling Of a Nonlinear
Process Using Micro Controller”, IEEE, International Conference on Control, Instrumentation,
Communication and Computational Technologies , pp:826-829, 2014.
107. R.Venkata Sreehari, M.Kalyan Chakravarthi,” Industrial Pollution Monitoring GUI System using
Internet, LabVIEW AND GSM”, IEEE, International Conference on Control, Instrumentation,
Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT-2014), pp:846-850, 2014.
108. Deepanshu Soni , Mohit Gagrani ,Ashwin Rathore ,M. Kalyan Chakravarthi,” Study of Different
Controller’s Performance for a Real Time Non-Linear System” , International Conference on Advances
In Engineering And Technology - ICAET-2014, pp.171-175, 2014.
109. M. Kalyan Chakravarthi ,B.Bharath.“Dip Coated Thick Films Of Zno And Its Ethanol Sensing
Properties”, IEEE, International Symposium on Mechatronics and its Applications (ISMA12), Sharjah,
UAE,Pages:1-5, 2012.
110. M. Kalyan Chakravarthi, Pramod R. Watekar, “Optimization of Silica Glass Micro Fiber for Zero
Dispersion Wavelength”, IJCA, ISBN: 978-93-80866-72-9, National Conference on Innovative
Paradigms in Engineering & Technology (NCIPET-2012) organized by S. B. Jain Institute of
technology, Nagpur.
111. M. Kalyan Chakravarthi ,K.Charan thej, R.Arun Praveen, M.Anjith and Pramod R. Watekar, ” Analysis
of Silica Glass Coreless Optical Fiber”, National Conference on emerging trends in communications
&Signal Processing Techniques,SANKETA-2012,Journal of innovation in electronics and
communication,ISSN:2249-9946,Volume 2,Issue 2,pages:135
112. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Object-Based Image Retrieval Using Enhanced SURF.
Asian Journal of Information Technology, 15: 2756-2762. 10.36478/ajit.2016.2756.2762.
113. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Discovering similar user navigation behavior in Web
log data. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 11, No. 16: 8797-8805.
114. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Object Detection and Recognition by Using Enhanced
Speeded Up Robust Feature, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security
(IJCSNS), Vol. 16, No. 4: 66-71.
115. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. An efficient web usage mining algorithm based on log
file data, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 16, Vol. 92, No. 2: 215-224.
116. Tawfiq A. Al-asadi, Ahmed J. Obaid, Rahmat Hidayat, Ts. Azizul Azhar Ramli, 2017. A Survey on
Web Mining Techniques and Applications, International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and
Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4: 1178-1184.
117. Tawfiq A. Al-Asadi, Ahmed J. Obaid, Ahmed A. Alkhayat, 2017. Proposed Method for Web Pages
Clustering Using Latent Semantic Analysis, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol. 12, No.
8: 8270-8277.
118. Nora Omran Alkaam, Ahmed J. Obaid, Mohammed Q. Mohammed, 2018. A Hybrid Technique for
Object Detection and Recognition Using Local Features Algorithms, Journal of Advanced Research in
Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2: 2330-2344.
119. K. Balachander, S. Ramesh, Ahmed J. Obaid, 2018. Simulation Of 1KW Multi-Level Switch Mode
Power Amplifier, International Journal of Innovations in Scientific and Engineering Research (IJISER),
Vol. 5, No. 9: 85-92.

120. Saba Alyasiri, Ahmed J. Obaid, 2018. A New Approach for Object Detection, Recognition and
Retrieving in Painting Images, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol.
10, No. 2: 2345-2359.
121. Ahmed J. Obaid, 2020. An Efficient Systematized Approach for The Detection of Cancer in Kidney,
International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No. 1: 1-7.
122. Obaid A. J. and Sharma S. 2020 Recent Trends and Development of Heuristic Artificial Intelligence
Approach in Mechanical System and Engineering Product Design Saudi Journal of Engineering and
Technology 5 86-93
123. M. Kalyan Chakravarthi ,Rohit Kumar Oli, and Pramod R. Watekar,,“Design of a Furnace for Soft
Glass Fiber Drawing”, National Conference on emerging trends in communications &Signal Processing
echniques,SANKETA-2012, Journal of innovation in electronics and communication,ISSN:2249-
9946,Volume 2,Issue 2,pp:178-179.
124. Ibrahim, K., Obaid, A. (2021). Fraud usage detection in internet users based on log data. International
Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(2), 2179-2188.
125. Sharma, G., Kumar, J., Sharma, S., Singh, G., Singh, J., Sharma, A., . . . Obaid, A. J. (2021).
Performance of diesel engine having waste heat recovery system fixed on stainless steel made exhaust
gas pipe. Materials Today: Proceedings.
126. Abdulreda, A., Obaid, A. (2022). A landscape view of deepfake techniques and detection methods.
International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 13(1), 745-755.
127. Abdulbaqi, A., Younis, M., Younus, Y., Obaid, A. (2022). A hybrid technique for EEG signals
evaluation and classification as a step towards to neurological and cerebral disorders diagnosis.
International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 13(1), 773-781.
128. Pandey, D., Wairya, S., Al Mahdawi, R., Najim, S., Khalaf, H., Al Barzinji, S., Obaid, A. (2021). Secret
data transmission using advanced steganography and image compression. International Journal of
Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(Special Issue), 1243-1257. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5635
129. Adhikari, S., Hutaihit, M., Chakraborty, M., Mahmood, S., Durakovic, B., Pal, S., Akila, D., Obaid, A.
(2021). Analysis of average waiting time and server utilization factor using queueing theory in cloud
computing environment. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(Special
Issue), 1259-1267. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5636
130. Azmi Shawkat Abdulbaqi, Ahmed J. Obaid & Maysaa Hameed Abdulameer (2021) Smartphone-based
ECG signals encryption for transmission and analyzing via IoMTs, Journal of Discrete Mathematical
Sciences and Cryptography, DOI: 10.1080/09720529.2021.1958996
131. Obaid, A. J., Ibrahim, K. K., Abdulbaqi, A. S., & Nejrs, S. M. (2021). An adaptive approach for internet
phishing detection based on log data. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 622-631.
132. S. Kamal, D. Rahman and D. Singh, "Covid-19 Related Factors Associated with Antenatal Care in
Rural Bangladesh: A qualitative study", Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, vol. 17, no. 1,
2022.
133. S. Joghee, A. Dubey and S. Singh, "Investigation of green marketing practices of UAE hypermarkets",
International Journal of Enterprise Network Management, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 367, 2021.
134. S. Singh, S. Mondal, L. Singh, K. Sahoo and S. Das, "An Empirical Evidence Study of Consumer
Perception and Socioeconomic Profiles for Digital Stores in Vietnam", Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 5, p.
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135. Desfiandi, S. Suman Rajest, P. S. Venkateswaran, M. Palani Kumar and S. Singh, "Company
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Agricultural Applications using Hybrid Algorithms". Wireless Personal Communications, Accepted.
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149. Rahul Gopi, Soundarya S, Kavitha P, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Shabana Urooj
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System” Energies 2021, 14(05), 1455 (1-13).

150. Shabana Urooj, Fadwa Alrowais, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan, Ramya Kuppusamy,
“IoT Based Electric Vehicle Application Using Boosting Algorithm for Smart Cities” Energies 2021,
14(04), 1072 (1-15).
151. Shabana Urooj, Fadwa Alrowais, Ramya Kuppusamy, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan,
“New Gen Controlling Variable using Dragonfly Algorithm in PV Panel” Energies 2021, 14(04), 790
(1-14).
152. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Pravin R Kshirsagar, Shanmugam Sundaramurthy,
Abirami Manoharan, Examining the effect of Aquaculture using Sensor based Technology with
Machine Learning Algorithm. Aquaculture Research, 13(15), pp.1-16. 2020.
153. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Irina Kirpichnikova, Ramya Kuppusamy, Srete
Nikolovski, Hamid Reza Baghaee., Smart Grid Monitoring by Wireless Sensors Using Binary Logistic
Regression. Energies, 13(15), pp.1-16. 2020.
154. A.K. Gupta, Y. K. Chauhan, and T Maity, “Experimental investigations and comparison of various
MPPT techniques for photovoltaic system,” Sādhanā, Vol. 43, no. 8, pp.1-15, 2018.
155. A.K. Gupta, “Sun Irradiance Trappers for Solar PV Module to Operate on Maximum Power: An
Experimental Study,” Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Vol.
12, no.5, pp.1112-1121, 2021.
156. A.K. Gupta, Y.K Chauhan, and T Maity and R Nanda, “Study of Solar PV Panel Under Partial Vacuum
Conditions: A Step Towards Performance Improvement,” IETE Journal of Research, pp.1-8, 2020.
157. A.K. Gupta, Y.K Chauhan, and T Maity, “A new gamma scaling maximum power point tracking
method for solar photovoltaic panel Feeding energy storage system,” IETE Journal of Research, vol.67,
no.1, pp.1-21, 2018.
158. A. K. Gupta et al., "Effect of Various Incremental Conductance MPPT Methods on the Charging of
Battery Load Feed by Solar Panel," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 90977-90988, 2021.
159. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan., Adam Raja Basha, Abirami Manoharan., Hybrid
Optimization Algorithms for Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks. Neural
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Multilevel Converter to Conquer the Impact of Instability in Deputize Condenser Voltage” International
Journal Of Electrical Engineering Education, Volume 57 Issue 2, April 2020.
161. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, K Ramya, Srete Nikolovski, “Current Compensation in Grid Connected VSCs
using Advanced Fuzzy Logic Based Fluffy Built SVPWM Switching” Energies 2020, 13(05), 1259.
162. F. J. John Joseph, “Empirical Dominance of Features for Predictive Analytics of Particulate Matter
Pollution in Thailand,” in 5th Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology Academic Conference TNIAC 2019,
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164. F. J. John Joseph and S. Nonsiri, “Region-Specific Opinion Mining from Tweets in a Mixed Political
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165. F. J. John Joseph, S. Nonsiri, and A. Monsakul, “Keras and Tensorflow - A Hands on Experience,” in
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166. F. J. John Joseph and P. Anantaprayoon, “Offline Handwritten Thai Character Recognition Using
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168. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, “Hybrid Cluster-based Geographical Routing Protocol to
Mitigate Malicious Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Network”, International Journal of Ad Hoc and
Ubiquitous Computing, 2016 Vol.21 No.4, pp.224-236. DOI: 10.1504/IJAHUC.2016.076358, 2016.
169. N. Keerthana, Viji Vinod and S. Sudhakar, “A Novel Method for Multi-Dimensional Cluster to Identify
the Malicious Users on Online Social Networks”, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
15, No. 6, pp: 4107-4122, 2020.
170. A. U. Priyadarshni and S. Sudhakar, “Cluster Based Certificate Revocation by Cluster Head in Mobile
Ad-Hoc Network”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 10, No. 20, pp. 16014-
16018, 2015.
171. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, “Investigation of Attribute Aided Data Aggregation Over
Dynamic Routing in Wireless Sensor,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.10, No.11,
pp:1465–1476, 2015.
172. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, “Trustworthy Position Based Routing to Mitigate against the
Malicious Attacks to Signifies Secured Data Packet using Geographic Routing Protocol in MANET”,
WSEAS Transactions on Communications, Vol. 12, No. 11, pp:584- 603, 2013,
173. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, “A Trust and Co-Operative Nodes with Affects of Malicious
Attacks and Measure the Performance Degradation on Geographic Aided Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc
Network”, Life Science Journal, Vol. 10, No. (4s), pp:158-163, 2013.
174. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, “An Efficient Agent-Based Intrusion Detection System for
Detecting Malicious Nodes in MANET Routing”, International Review on Computers and Software,
Vol.7, No.6, pp.3037-304,2012.
175. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, “Authorized Node Detection and Accuracy in Position-Based
Information for MANET”, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.70, No.2, pp.253-265,2012.
176. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The Post-War Novel as Catch-22: The Chronology and Ex-P.F.C Winter
Green” in International Journal of Research Culture Society, Volume: II, Special Issue II, February
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177. S. Suman Rajest; Anbarasi, “The Postwar Novel as Postmodern: Billy Pilgrim’s Imagination and the
Critical Tendency towards Teleology, Slaughterhouse – Five”, International Journal of Advance
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178. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Necessary Heads Which are Used for Writing a Scholarly Journal” in New
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179. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Impact of 21st century’s different heads of learning skills for students and
teachers” in International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Volume: V, Issue
IV, April 2018, Page No.: 170-178.
180. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “21st Century Learners’ Student-Centered Learning Various Stages” in
International Conference, Age and Content in Journey of Language by VISTAS (Tamil Department),
Volume: I, Issue I, April 2018, Page No.: 474-492. (International Conference Paper)
181. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “American Postmodern Novelist Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49:
Structure and Absurd Realism” in Proceedings of the IOSRD, 73rd International Conference on Future
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182. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The “Four Cs” Education For 21st Century’s Learners” in Research Guru
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183. Jerusha Angelene Christabel G, Suman Rajest S, “A Short Review on Fragmented Narration in Select
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Protect Resource Using Z-Test Based 4-Tier Geomark Traceback (Z4TGT),Wireless Personal
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187. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Seven Divergence Measures by CDF of fitting in Exponential
and Normal Distributions of COVID-19 Data”, Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation,
Vol.32(3), pp. 1212 - 1222, 2021.
188. D.K. Sharma and Haldhar Sharma, “A Study of Trend Growth Rate of Confirmed cases, Death cases
and Recovery cases in view of Covid-19 of Top Five States of India”, Solid State Technology,
Vol.64(2), pp. 4526-4541, 2021.
189. D.K. Sharma, “Information Measure Computation and its Impact in MI COCO Dataset”, IEEE
Conference Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication
Systems (ICACCS), Vol.1, pp. 2011-2014, 2021.
190. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Keyword extraction using Renyi entropy: a statistical and
domain independent method”, IEEE Conference Proceedings, 7th International Conference on
Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Vol.1, pp. 1970-1975, 2021.
191. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Generalization of F-Divergence Measures for Probability
Distributions with Associated Utilities”, Solid State Technology, Vol.64(2), pp. 5525-5531, 2021.
192. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “A Study of before and after Lockdown Situation of 10 Countries
through Visualization of Data along With Entropy Analysis of Top Three Countries”, International
Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol.14(1), pp. 496-525, 2021.
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Some Discussions with Application to Rainfall Data", International Journal of Grid and Distributed
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194. Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, “Generalized Ùseful non-symmetric divergence measures and
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Object Detection and Game-Based Learning

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Object Detection and Game-Based Learning

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CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY

AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

Object Detection and Game-Based Learning

Dhruv Singh, Rahul Kumar, V. Satheesh

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 61

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 62

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© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 64

Figure 1: YOLO Object detection

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 65

Figure 2: Architectural Design

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 66

Figure 3: Element of label y

Figure 4: Inference time

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 67

Figure 5: Welcome page

Figure 6: Image Detection

Figure 7: Object Detection in Video

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 68

Figure 8: Real-time Object detection using Webcam

Figure 9: Car detection in moving frame (Game)

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 69

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 70

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51. M. Bharathidasan, V. Indragandhi, Ramya Kuppusamy, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Shabana Urooj4,*,

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 73

64. Subramanian Vasantharaj, Indragandhi Vairavasundaram, Subramaniyaswamy Vairavasundaram,

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 74

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© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 78

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 79

© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 80

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© 2022, CAJMTCS | CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES www.centralasianstudies.org ISSN: 2660-5309 | 83

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