TASK 01:

(a) What are the functions of labour inspection?

1. To secure the enforcement of the legal provisions relating to conditions of work
and the protection of workers while engaged in their work,
2. such as provisions relating to hours, wages, safety, health and welfare, the
employment of children and young persons, and other connected matters, in so
far as such provisions are.
3. To inform workers of their legal rights and responsibilities under labour laws.
4. To conduct inspections.
5. To investigate complaints made by workers to a labour inspector.
6. To secure and enforce compliance with an labour law by securing the
undertaking or issuing the compliance orders; and
7. To perform any other prescribed function.

(b) What are the actions the labour inspector could take following a
visit?
If a labour inspector believes that an employer is not complying with any
requirement of the Act, he may seek a written undertaking in the same way that he
may seek agreement.
If an employer continues to fail to comply with the written undertaking given by the
employer, the Director-General may apply to the Labour Court for an order directing
the employer to do so.
If a labour inspector determines that an employer has violated an Act requirement,
he or she may issue an Improvement Notice.
Prohibition Notice
Both are compliance orders with a deadline for the employer to serve it or, if
wanted, take it to the court.

TASK 02:
What are the positive indicators of health and safety culture in the
organization?
According to the scenario,
1. The site manager regularly goes around the factories and monitors all activities.
2. The site manager often interacts with the workers and solves their problems.
3. Risk assessments are done through worker inputs.
4. Risk assessment documents are available in the office and safe.
5. The rate of accidents and incidents is low but there is also a written record.
6. New workers who arrive are given a site visit and induction training and given a
written form covering first aid and emergency procedures.
7. The policy of correct use of mobile phones has been communicated to the
workers. Permanent workers have been trained in manual work.
8. Incident investigation and timely corrective action management.
9. Another consistent sign of a healthy culture is effective communication. Holding
weekly or monthly safety discussions is an excellent method to improve
communication about safety while fostering a positive culture.
10. Trained staff are also more likely to adopt safety culture because they are aware
of hazards and the impact they might have on workplace safety.
11. Teamwork.

TASK 03:
(a) Why is it important to secure the scene of this near miss?
It is important to secure near misses for these following reasons:
 To make sure that everyone involved is protected It's crucial to check that
everyone involved is secure and out of harm's way after an accident. You must
first secure the area in order to achieve this.
 To safeguard the evidence It is critical to preserve evidence at the scene of an
accident so that it can be utilized to assess what occurred and who may be held
responsible.
 If the scene is not secured, evidence may be lost or tampered with which could
impact the outcome of any potential legal action.
 To prevent further accidents In some cases, securing the scene of an accident
can help prevent further accidents from occurring.
 To ensure insurance coverage In some cases, your insurance company may
require you to take certain steps after an accident, such as securing the scene, in
order to ensure that your coverage is not impacted.

(b) Why should this near miss have been investigated?

 Investigating this near miss and reported cases of occupational ill health will
help you uncover and correct any breaches in health and safety legal compliance
you may have been unaware of .
 The fact that you thoroughly investigated an incident and took remedial action
to prevent further occurrences.
 Investigation of this near miss would help demonstrate to a court that your
company has a positive attitude to health and safety.
 Investigation findings will also provide essential information for your insurers in
the event of a claim.
 An investigation of this near miss can help you identify why the existing risk
control measures failed and what improvements or additional measures are
needed.
 Investigating this near-misses can help prevent them from turning into an injury
or fatality.

TASK 04:
What individual human factors could have influenced the behaviour of
the young worker injured while cleaning the electric milling machine?
1. Lack of competence: the worker is new to the job and temporary worker who is
just 17 years old and it is their first full-time job.
2. Lack of training: they are not trained well, not in induction and no special
training on machine maintenance.
3. Lack of experience: young and they have been with the organization for just
over a week thus general workplace exposure is very low.
4. Lower Ability: and knowledge - unaware of the hazards of the machinery
maintenance and unauthorized use of it.
5. Skill: poor mental and physical skill in carrying out the works such as cleaning
activities. The decision made was poor to get home quicker.
6. Attitude: poor attitude towards safety by ignoring the safety measures because
they have never done this task before and have not had the chance to watch
anyone else do it either. And they worked without his buddy to supervise them.
7. Poor risk perception: unaware the risk due to work load. Work stress to
complete it not have received good quality training and education on the
hazards and risk of the job.
8. Skewed perception from Fatigue: due to repeated and continuous work load
since the time lost cleaning up, production continues longer than expected.
9. Negative motivation: Negative motivation to work as overtime duty even
though they are young and incompetent.
10. Poor personality: risk taking i.e.; without isolating the power, and standing on a
chair to gain access, they could lean over the side of the large funnel and reach
inside with both hands to remove the spiked drum.
11. Less developed communication skills: otherwise he might have communicated
this cleaning requirement over the machinery to the supervisor thus accident
would have been prevented.
12. Peer pressure: negatively influenced from new co-workers and other workers
doing work quickly since everyone (including the manager) clears up the mess in
the storage room quickly and efficiently.

TASK 05:
What are the possible reasons for a general lack of knowledge about
emergency procedures across the organization?

 There is a dearth of well designed rules and procedures for emergency

preparedness inside the organization. Apart from written information on
emergency procedures, There is a general lack of education and training on
disaster preparedness.
 A lack of practical training sessions leads to the idea of halting by pushing the
emergency stop button, and no mock drills are conducted to guarantee worker
competency.
 The top management is unaware of its legal obligations and educational needs.
 Language hurdles or the inability to read could be the problem. Although written
material was provided during induction, the personnel were unaware of it.
 Incompetent trainers conducting training during induction and other activities.
 Risk assessment was insufficient because it couldn't find the scope of emergency
procedures.
 Lack of proper inspection from an external enforcement agency and
 insurance company enforcing the emergency arrangements.
 Workers may not be interested in reading written emergency procedures
because they are ambiguous and lengthy.
 Lack of verbal communication: written communication has many drawbacks, so
verbal communication in an emergency is needed during the training and
meeting.

TASK 06:
Comment on the extent to which Article 19 of C155 and
recommendation 16 of R164 may have been contravened.
 As per ILO C155 article 19 (A), cooperate and follow all the information. They
decided to dismantle and clean one of the electric milling machines without the
assistance of their "buddy" (who was busy cleaning another machine). They are
supposed to work only under supervision.
 C155 Article 19 (A) was violated again because machinery maintenance should
be done only by a competent authority. They know that this is something they
are not supposed to do because all equipment cleaning tasks should be
supervised.
 Recommendation 16 A requires that the workers take reasonable care of their
health and safety, putting themselves in danger without isolating the power
applying LOTO since electric shock is potential risk in all power machinery.
 Recommendation 16 A has been contravened since they could stand on a chair
to gain access height, they lean over the side of the large funnel structure and
reach inside with both hands to remove the spiked drum.
 They didn't comply with safety instructions and procedures as per
recommendation 16 B-failed to follow procedures to work as a buddy system
and failed to comply with the instructions for safe cleaning of the machine.
 Recommendation 16-B has been failed, which requires to follow the
 information and instructions given in the user's manual and handbook.
 Recommendation 16 C is failed, which requires that all safety devices should be
in use. For instance, they failed to turn the power off or use isolators and apply
LOTO.
 Recommendation 16C: They failed to use protective devices such as
 suitable PPE like suitable hand gloves before work.
 In R164, Recommendation 16 D is contravened to report any hazardous
situation that is violated by not reporting to the supervisor.

TASK 07:
Some of the essential features that need to be in place, for a permit-to-
work system to work in practice, were agreed at the emergency
meeting.
1. PTW should be systematic: it must have the following parts. Issue, Receipt,
Clearance, and Cancellation/Extension. Each part should be well documented.
And it should be appropriate for the company.
2. Development of PTW should be considered before, during, and after any high-
risk activity. PTW should be issued only by the competent authority after
physical examination of the site.
3. Education on its arrangements: for its operation, its benefits during the
induction, and special training should be arranged. The issuer must be familiar
with the process and requirements.
4. The "issue" part should be explained with the date, time, location, and nature of
the work, so that the conflict of the work can be eliminated.
5. Workers' competencies should be mentioned in the issue section because all
high-risk activities must be performed by experienced and trained personnel.
6. The type and details of the equipment they could use during the work should be
mentioned in PTW, so that the suitability of machinery can be ensured. (well
inspected and maintained)
7. Training should be done. Sometimes TBT and mock-drills of emergencies are
required for issuing the permit, and that should be mentioned in PTW.
8. PPES details in ISSUE and that should be ensured. Like cut-resistant hand gloves,
safety shoes, safety belts, etc.
9. Confined space entry, such as entry into the reactor and vessels during
maintenance, requires special PTW and it should be addressed by considering
atmospheric monitoring and use of breathing apparatus.
10. Cancellation of the PTW must be done only after the physical inspection of the
competent authority.Allow the work to resume the service or give permission to
do other work only after the cancellation of the PTW.

TASK 08:
Why does this organisation need to urgently review its health and
safety management system?
 A robust health and safety management system is the foundation of any health
and safety management.
 It should be dynamic, not static. As per the PDCA cycle, the act is an unavoidable
part of the management that is reviewing. Then only can continual improvement
be achieved.
 The current management system is weak in many areas. First of all, the company
has no formal and certified system (such as ISO 45001) even though it has been
working for the last 100 years and has high production.
 Their policies and procedures are not well developed. Particular emphasis is not
placed on emergency procedures and manual handling training.
 Roles and responsibilities were not allocated suitably. Orgainising section of the
management is weak.
 ERT is not appointed and trained and the maintenance crew is not appointed.
 Planning is not done effectively; SSW is not developed for all activities, and only
the cheese making recipe has a procedure, whereas emergency procedures are
not well developed.
 Resources are not allocated and many administrative controls have to be
implemented.
 Training is not effective without special training, such as emergency training,
induction training, maintenance training, housekeeping training, or first aid
training.
 Supervision is not effective even though there are vulnerable groups of people
at the place.
 Because verbal and graphical communication must be improved, information
and instruction were insufficient.
 Risk assessments are not suitable and sufficient; they do not determine all
hazards.
 The PTW system is not in place so far even though high risk activities are
carrying out.