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Problem 1: An AM (amplitude-modulated) radio signal fAM(t) is described by
fAM(t) = (1 + afaudio (t))sin (Ωct)
where faudio(t) is the audio signal, sin (Ωct) is known as radio-frequency carrier signal (fc
= 500 – 1600 kHz - the AM band), and a is a positive constant that determines the
modulation depth. (Note that we require |afaudio (t)| < 1 otherwise we have over-
modulation.) the following figure shows an AM signal with an “audio” waveform that is a
simple low frequency sinusoid. You can see how the audio signal “modulates” the
amplitude of the rf signal.

(a) Sketch the magnitude of the Fourier transform of fAM(t) when faudio(t) = 0.
Answer:
We have shown in class (see the Fourier handout):
F {sin(ωct)} = −jπ (δ(ω − ωc) − δ(ω + ωc))
F {cos(ωct)} = π (δ(ω − ωc) + δ(ω + ωc))

(a) When faudio ≡ 0, fAM(t) = sin(ωct), and from above

(b) Let a = 0.5, and sketch the magnitude of the Fourier transform of fAM(t) when
faudio(t) = 0.5 cos(2π · 1000t) + 0.25 cos(2π · 2000t)
(Hint: There is no need to actually compute the FT. Consider expanding fAM(t), or
simply use properties of the FT.)

Answer: There are several ways of doing this. For example

(i) Expand fAM(t) into sinusoidal components using this trigonometric relationship:

fAM(t) = (1 + afaudio (t))sin (ωct)

= (1 + 0.5 (0.5 cos(2π · 1000t) + 0.25 cos(2π · 2000t))sin(ωci)
= sin(ωct)
+0.25 cos(2π1000t) · sin(ωct)
+0.125 cos(2π2000t) · sin(ωct)
= sin(ωct)
+0.125 (sin((ωc + 2000π)t) + sin((ωc − 2000π)t))
+0.0625 (sin((ωc + 4000π)t) + sin((ωc − 4000π)t))
and take the Fourier transform of each of the five components:

FAM(jω) = −jπ{(δ(ω − ωc) − δ(ω + ωc))

+ 0.125 (δ(ω − (ωc − 2000π)) − δ(ω + (ωc − 2000π)))
+ 0.125 (δ(ω − (ωc + 2000π)) − δ(ω + (ωc + 2000π)))
+ 0.0625 (δ(ω − (ωc − 4000π)) − δ(ω + (ωc − 4000π)))
+ 0.0625 (δ(ω − (ωc + 4000π)) − δ(ω + (ωc + 4000π))) }

giving a total of 10 impulse components in the spectrum.

(ii) Alternatively you can recognize that the expansion to
fAM(t) = sin(ωct) + 0.25 cos(2π1000t) · sin(ωct) + 0.125 cos(2π2000t) · sin(ωct)
involves time-domain products and these will result in frequency-domain convolutions, so
that

where Fc(jω) = F {sin(ωct)}, F1000(jω) = F {0.25 cos(2000πt)}, and F2000(jω) = F

{0.125 cos(4000πt)}. The same result as in (i) will follow.
 (c) Use your result from (b) to generalize, and sketch the magnitude spectrum of fAM(t)
when faudio(t) has a spectrum (again let a = 0.5):

Answer: The following generalizes the results of part (b)

(d) If faudio has a bandwidth B = Ωu − Ωl, what is the bandwidth of a band-pass filter that
would be necessary to select the signal fAM(t) out of all the other AM radio stations?
Answer: From the above figure it can be seen that the required bandwidth is 2ωu rad/s.
Problem 2: We generally ignore in the phase response in filter design. Although you might
wish for a “zero-phase” filter, you can see from the class handout on causality that a filter
with a purely real frequency response is acausal, and as such cannot be implemented in a
physical system. The following are a pair of tricks that may be used to do “off-line” zero-
phase filtering of recorded data. (Note: these methods are used frequently in digital signal
processing - it is difficult to do this in continuous time.) Assume that you have a filter H(jΩ)
with arbitrary phase response H(jΩ), and that your input signal is f(t) is recorded on a tape-
recorder that can be played forwards or backwards.

Method (1) 1. Pass f(t) through the filter and record the output g(t) on another tape recorder.
2. Play g(t) backwards through the filter (that is the filter input is g(−t)) and record the output
x(t).
3. The filtered output is found by playing the x(t) backwards, that is y(t) = x(−t).

Answer: This problem uses the time-reversal property of the Fourier transform, if
F {f(t)} = F(jω) then F {f(−t)} = F(−jω), and if f(t) is real then F(−jω) = F(jω), so that F
{f(−t)} = F(jω).

Method(1) 1. G(jω) = F(jω)H(jω).

2. X(jω) = G(jω)H(jω).
3. Y (jω) = X(jω) = F(jω)H(jω)H(jω) = F(jω)H(jω)H(jω) = F(jω)|H(jω)| 2 .

The equivalent transfer function is

 Heq = |H(jω)| 2
which is real, that is with zero phase shift.

Method(2) 1. G(jω) = F(jω)H(jω).

2. X(jω) = F(jω)H(jω).
3. Y (jω) = G(jω) + X(jω) = F(jω)H(jω) + F(jω)H(jω) = 2F(jω)ℜ {H(jω)}.

The equivalent transfer function is

Heq = 2ℜ {H(jω)}

which is real, that is with zero phase shift. Note that because it squares the frequency
response magnitude, method (1) will have a sharper cut-off characteristic than method (2).