THE TWO FACE OF THE 1872 CAVITE unrestrained press.

Democratic,
MUTINY liberal and republican books and
pamphlets reaching the PH
Written by: CHRIS ANTONETTE PIEDAD-
- Presence of the native clergy who
PUGAY
out of animosity against Spanish
Date: September 5, 2012 friars, “ conspired and supported”

1872 CAVITE MUTINY: SPANISH the rebels and enemies of Spain.

PERSPECTIVE  Izquierdo - blamed the unruly

Spanish Press for “stockpiling”
A. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED
malicious propagandas grasped by
CONSPIRACY
the Filipinos.
 Jose Montero y Vidal – prolific
o more spiteful
Spanish historian documented the
o Reported to the King of
event and highlighted it as an
Spain that the “rebels”
attempt of the indios to overthrow
wanted to overthrow the
the Spanish government in the PH.
Spanish government to
 Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo- his
install a new “hari” in the
official report magnified the event &
likes of Father Burgos &
made use of it to implicate the native
Zamora.
clergy, w/c was then active in the
o He added thar the native
call for secularization.
clergy enticed other
 Two accounts complimented &
participants by giving them
corroborated with one other, only
charismatic assurance that
that the general’s report was more
their fight will not fail
spiteful.
because God is w/ them
Main reasons of the “revolution” coupled w/ handsome
promises of rewards such as
- Abolition of privileges enjoyed by the
employment, wealth, and
workers of Cavite arsenal such as
rank in the army
non-payment of tributes &
o In his report lambasted the
exemption from force labor
Indios as gullible and
- Spanish Revolution w/c overthrow
possessed an innate
the secular throne, dirty
propensity for stealing
propagandas proliferated by
 1872- the two Spaniards deemed why Filipino failed since that was not
that the event was planned earlier the actual signal
and was thought of it as a big  “Revolution” was easily crushed
conspiracy among educated leaders, when the expected reinforcement
mestizos, abogadillos or native from Manila did not come ashore.
lawyers, residents of Manila &  Sergeant Lamadrid- killed in the
Cavite & the native clergy. skirmish
 They insinuated that the  GOMBURZA – were tried by a
conspirators of Manila & Cavite court-martial & were sentence to die
planned to liquidate high-ranking by strangulation
Spanish officers to be followed by  Patriots like (oaquin Pardo de
the massacre of the friars. Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
 FIRING OF ROCKETS FROM THE Jose and Pio Basa, other
WALLS OF INTRAMUROS- pre- abogadillos)- suspended by the
concerted signal among the Audiencia (High Court) from the
conspirators of Manila and Cavite practice of law.
 January 20, 1872- the district of  Gov. Izquierdo- dissolved the native
Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the regiment of artillery and ordered the
Virgin of Loreto with the usual creation of artillery force to be
fireworks displays. And composed exclusively of the
 Those in Cavite mistook the Peninsulares.
FIREWORKS as the sign for the  FEBRUARY 17, 1872- attempt of
attack, & just like what was agreed the Spanish government &
upon Frailocracia to instill fear among the
 SERGEANT LAMADRID - the 200- Filipinos so that they may never
men contingent headed him commit such daring act again, the
launched an attack targeting GOMBURZA were executed. This
Spanish officers at sight and seized event was tragic but served as of the
the arsenal, moving forces that shaped Filipino
 GOV. IZQUIERDO- readily ordered nationalism.
the reinforcement of the Spanish B. A Response to Injustice: The
forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. Filipino Version of the Incident
 REINFORCEMENT FROM MANILA  DR. TRINIDAD HERMINIGILDO
DID NOT COME ASHORE- reason PARDO DE TAVERA- Filipino
 scholar & researcher, wrote the  TAVERA- believed that Spanish
Filipino version of the bloody friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite
incident in Cavite. Mutiny as a powerful lever by
o The incident was a mere magnifying it as full-blown
mutiny by the native Filipino conspiracy involving not only the
soldiers & laborers of the native army but also included
Cavite arsenal who turned residents of Cavite and Manila, &
out to be dissatisfied w/ the more importantly the native clergy
abolition of their privileges. overthrow the Spanish government
 Gov. Izquierdo- Tavera blamed his in the PH.
cold-blooded policies such as the  CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN
abolition of privileges of the workers MADRID- announced its intention to
& native army members of the deprive the friars of all the powers of
arsenal & the prohibition of the intervention in matters of civil
founding of schools of arts & trades government & the direction &
for the Filipinos, w/c the general management of educational
believed as a cover-up for the institutions.
organization of a political club.  This turnout of events was believed
o Ordered the reinforcement of by Tavera, prompted the friars to do
Spanish troops in Cavite something drastic in their dire desire
 JANUARY 20, 1872- 200 men to maintain power in the PH.
comprise of soldiers, laborers of the  CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF
arsenal, & residents of Cavite SPAIN- the intention of installing
headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose reforms, welcomed an educational
in arms & assassinated the decree authored by SEGISMUNDO
commanding officer & Spanish MORET promoted the fusion of
officers in sight. sectarian schools run by the friars
 Insurgents were expecting support into a school called Philippine
from the bulk of the army but that Institute.
didn’t happen.  The Decree proposed to improve the
 News about mutiny reached standard of education in the PH by
authorities in Manila requiring teaching positions in such
 AFTER 2 DAYS- the mutiny was schools to be filled by competitive
officially declared subdued. examinations.
 This improvement was warmly o dwelt more on the execution
received by most Filipinos in spite of of the three martyr priests
the native clergy’s zest od which he actually witnessed.
secularization,
UNRAVELING THE TRUTH
 FRIARS- fearing that their influence
in the Ph would be a thing of the 4 accounts of the 1872 Mutiny: basic facts
past, took advantage of the incident that remained to be unvarying
& presented it to the Spanish 1. There was dissatisfaction among the
Government as a vast conspiracy
workers of the arsenal as well as the
organized throughout the members of the native army after
archipelago w/ the object of
their privileges were drawn back by
destroying Spanish sovereignty. Gen. Izquierdo.
 TAVERA- confirmed that the Madrid
2. Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and
Government came to believe that strict policies that made the Filipinos
the scheme was true without any
move and turn away from Spanish
attempt to investigate the real facts government out of disgust
or extent of the alleged “revolution”
3. The Central Government failed to
reported by Izquierdo and the friars. conduct an investigation on what
 Convicted educated men who
truly transpired but relied on reports
participated in the mutiny were of Izquierdo and the friars and the
sentenced life imprisonment.
opinion of the public
 GOMBURZA (native clergy) were 4. The happy days of the friars were
tried and executed by garrote.
already numbered in 1872 when the
 This episode leads to the awakening Central Government in Spain
of nationalism and eventually to the
decided to deprive them of the
outbreak of Philippine Revolution of power to intervene in government
1896.
affairs as well as in the direction and
 EDMOND PLAUCHUT’S (FRENCH management of schools prompting
WRITER)- his account
them to commit frantic moves to
complimented Tavera’s account by extend their stay and power
confirming that the event happened
5. The Filipino clergy members actively
due to discontentment of the arsenal participated in the secularization
workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.
movement in order to allow Filipino
priests to take hold of the parishes in
 the country making them prey to the 2 versions of Cavite Mutiny
rage of the friars
 FILIPINO VERSION- it is a simple
6. Filipinos during the time were active
mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers
participants, and responded to what
and laborers of the Cavite arsenal
they deemed as injustices; and lastly
who turned out to be dissatisfied
7. The execution of GOMBURZA was a
with the abolition of their privileges
blunder on the part of the Spanish
 SPANISH VERSION- an attempt of
government, for the action severed
the Indios to overthrow the Spanish
the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and
government in the Philippines.
the event inspired Filipino patriots to
call for reforms and eventually GOMBURZA:
independence. There may be
MARIANO GOMES
different versions of the event, but
one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite JOSE BURGOZ

Mutiny paved way for a momentous JACINTO ZAMORA

1898
1. TRIBUTO- the Filipinos were
June 12, 1898 compelled to pay tribute called

may we “not forget those who fell during TRIBUTO, to the colonial

the night.” – Elias (Noli Me Tangere) government.

2. POLO Y SERVICIOS
PRIVILEGES (CAVITE ARSENAL)
 16 TO 60 YEARS OLD of
 Exempted in paying taxes age were requires to give

 Exempted from force labor thei free labor called polo to

the government
February 17, 1872- GOMBURZA were
 Church, bridge and barko
executed by garrote in public to serve as a
3. MONOPOLY- pagkontrol sa
threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight
kalakalan
the Spaniards again
4. KRISTIYANISMO (CHRISTIANITY)-
SECULARIZATION- magkaroon ng mas makapangyarihan ang mga
magandang katungkulan ang mga native pari.
clergies (mga Pilipinong pari) dito sa 5. REDUCTION- paglipat ng mga
Pilipinas na hindi nagustuhan ng mga leader ng mga katutubo upang
prayleng Espanyol. mapa-alis sa bansa
 CENTRALIZE GOVERNMENT – pag - Because of the execution of the
alis ng kapangyarihan sa mga native GOMBURZA the nationalism was
Filipino. awaken.

ADAPT FROM SPANISH TWO FACES OF CAVITE MUTINY (PPT)

- FIESTA  1898 June 12,

- PASKO  Philippine independence declared:
- CHRISTIANITY “During the Spanish-American War,
Filipino rebels led by Emilio
AMERICAN- nagtatag ng benevolent
Aguinaldo proclaim the
assimilation
independence of the Philippines
- Treaty of paris ( kapangyarihan ng after 300 years of Spanish rule.
Espanya)  July 4, 1946:

DEC. 10, 1898- naisalinang kapangyarihan  The Philippines Gained

ng Espanya sa American Independence from the United

States. In WWII's aftermath.
Hindi nagkaisa ang mga Pilipino
Two major events happened in 1872
1980- natalo ang Pilipino
 First was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.
Pamahalaang Kolonyal
 The martyrdom of the three martyr
Edukasyong Makabanyaga priests in the persons of Fathers
Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and
Paano nakaalis ang mga Pilipino sa
Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)
America?
which is the awakening of
- WORLD WAR II nationalism among the Filipinos.

PHILIPPINES- strategic base of the MUTINY

American
 A rebellion against authority. Mutiny
- Nasa Philippines ang comes from an old verb “mutine”
pinakamalaking military base. which means “revolt”.
 Cavity mutiny uprising military
AFTER THE BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA &
personnel of Fort San Felipe (the
NAGASAKI
Spanish arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines) on January 20 1872.
  Around 200 soldiers and laborers paying provinces for tobacco crops, pay
rose up in the belief that it would tribute and rendering of forced labor.
elevate to a national uprising. The
It is not clearly identified if Indios planned to
mutiny was unsuccessful, and
inaugurate a monarchy or a republic
executed many of the participants
because they don’t have a word in their own
It describes the uprising of the Filipino language to describe this different form of
troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal government, whose leader in Filipino would
due to the removal of the privileges: be called “hari”.
exemption from force labor.
However, it turned out that they would set at
The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the supreme of the government priest, that
the removal of long-standing personal the leader selected would be Jose Burgos
benefits to the workers such as tax (tribute) or Jacinto Zamora which is the plan of the
and forced labor exemptions on order from rebels who guided them, and the means
the Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo. they counted upon its realization.

The mutiny was quickly cluttered Governor A RESPONSE TO INJUSTICE: THE

Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident FILIPINO VERSION OF THE INCEDENT
and used it as an excuse to clamp down on
The incident was merely a mutiny by the
those Filipinos who had been calling for
native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the
government reform.
Cavite arsenal who turned out to be
1872 CAVITE MUTINY: SPANISH dissatisfied with the abolition of their
PERSPECTIVE privileges.

Native clergy attracted supporters by giving Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies such
them charismatic assurance that their fight as the abolition of privileges of the workers
would not fail because they had God’s and native army members of the arsenal
support, aside from promises of lofty and the prohibition of the founding of school
rewards such as employment, wealth, and of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the
ranks in the army. general believed as a cover up for the
organization of a political club.
He insisted that the mutiny is stimulated and
prepared by the native clergy, mestizos and Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and
lawyers as a signal of objection against the Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
injustices of the government such as not powerful lever by magnifying it is a full-
blown conspiracy involving the native army, in the abolition of the privileges in
residents of Cavite and Manila and the terms of taxes and force labor.
native clergy to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines.

This turnout of events was believed by

Tavera, prompted the friars to do something TOPIC 7: AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES
drastic in their dire to maintain power in the Agrarian Reform:
Philippines.
• Includes measures to modernize the
The friars, fearing that their influence in the agricultural practices and improving
Philippines would be a thing of the past, the living conditions of entire
took advantage of the incident and agrarian population.
presented it to the Spanish Government as
• Essentially the rectification of the
a vast conspiracy organized throughout the
whole system of agriculture.
archipelago with the object of destroying
Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly • Centered on relationship between
confirmed that the Madrid government came production and the distribution of
to believe that the scheme was true without land among farmers.
any attempt to investigate the real facts or
Agrarian Reform means the redistribution
extent of the alleged “revolution” reported by
of lands, regardless of crops or fruits
Izquierdo and the friars.
produced to farmers and regular
Convinced educated men who participated farmworkers who are landless, irrespective
in the mutiny were sentenced life of tenurial arrangement, to include the
imprisonment while members of the native totality of factors and support services
clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were designed to lift the economic status of the
tied and executed by garrote. This episode beneficiaries and all other arrangements
leads to the awakening of nationalism and alternative to the physical redistribution of
eventually to the outbreak of Philippine lands, such as production or profit-sharing,
Revolution of 1896. labor administration, and the distribution of
shares of stocks, which will allow
 Both the Filipino and Spanish
beneficiaries to receive a just share of the
versions presented that the reason
fruits of the lands they work.
of the mutiny was due to the unfair
decision of the Gobernador General Republic Act No. 6657
An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian Pre-Spanish Period
reform program to promote social justice
• Filipinos lived in villages or
and industrialization, providing the
barangays ruled by chiefs or datus.
mechanism for its implementation, and for
The datus comprised the nobility.
other purposes
Then came the maharlikas
This Act shall be known as the (freemen), followed by the aliping
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of mamamahay (serfs) and aliping
1988. saguiguilid (slaves).

The welfare of the landless farmers and • Despite the existence of different
farmworkers will receive the highest classes in the social structure,
consideration to promote social justice and practically everyone had access to
to move the nation toward sound rural the fruits of the soil.
development and industrialization, and the
Spanish Period
establishment of owner cultivator ship of
economic-size farms as the basis of • The concept of encomienda (Royal
Philippine agriculture. Land Grants) was introduced.

With due consideration for the rights of • This system grants that
landowners to just compensation and the Encomienderos must defend his
ecological needs of the country, a more encomienda from external attack,
equitable distribution and ownership of land maintain peace and order within,
must be implemented in order to give and support the missionaries.
farmers and farmworkers the chance to • In turn, the encomiendero acquired
improve their quality of life and increase the right to collect tribute from the
their sense of dignity through increased indios (native).
productivity of agricultural lands.
American Period
The agrarian reform program is founded on
Significant legislation enacted during the
the right of farmers and regular
American Period:
farmworkers, who are landless, to own
directly or collectively the lands they till or, • Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the
in the case of other farm workers, to receive ceilings on the hectarage of private
a just share of the fruits thereof. individuals and corporations may
Agrarian Reform History acquire: 16 has. for private
 individuals and 1,024 has. for the poor tenants as well as
corporations. consumers.

• Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act • Rural Program Administration,

No. 496) – Provided for a created March 2, 1939 – Provided
comprehensive registration of land the purchase and lease of haciendas
titles under the Torrens system. and their sale and lease to the
tenants.
• Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced
the homestead system in the Japanese Occupation
Philippines.
• “The Era of Hukbalahap”
• Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054
• Hukbalahap controlled whole areas
and 4113) – regulated relationships
of Central Luzon; landlords who
between landowners and tenants of
supported the Japanese lost their
rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane
lands to peasants while those who
lands.
supported the Huks earned fixed
Common Wealth Period rentals in favor of the tenants.

Significant legislation enacted during • Upon the arrival of the JapSanese in

Commonwealth Period: the Philippines in 1942, peasants
and workers organizations grew
• 1935 Constitution – "The promotion
strength. Many peasants took up
of social justice to ensure the well-
arms and identified themselves with
being and economic security of all
the anti-Japanese group, the
people should be the concern of the
HUKBALAHAP.
State “
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
• Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An
PROGRAM
Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act
No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 – Provided • Redistribution of public and private
for certain controls in the landlord- agricultural lands to farmers and
tenant relationships. farm workers who are landless
regardless of tenurial arrangements.
• National Rice and Corn Corporation
(NARIC), 1936 – Established the • Aims to promote social justice and
price of rice and corn thereby help industrialization.
• Promote higher income as and
increases the chances of farmer
beneficiary to be non-poor.