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Surveying & Geomatics

Surveying is used to determine positions on Earth through direct or indirect measurements. It involves collecting topographic data for construction projects. Modern surveying utilizes electronic instruments like total stations and GPS. The objectives are to prepare maps and plans, collect field data, perform setting out, and show engineering features. Surveying principles include working from whole to part and locating new stations using two reference points. It is used for cadastral maps, engineering projects, contours, and military/geological purposes. Primary divisions are plane and geodetic surveying. Classification is based on instruments, methods, purposes, and field nature.

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Renjith S Anand
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2K views14 pages

Surveying & Geomatics

Surveying is used to determine positions on Earth through direct or indirect measurements. It involves collecting topographic data for construction projects. Modern surveying utilizes electronic instruments like total stations and GPS. The objectives are to prepare maps and plans, collect field data, perform setting out, and show engineering features. Surveying principles include working from whole to part and locating new stations using two reference points. It is used for cadastral maps, engineering projects, contours, and military/geological purposes. Primary divisions are plane and geodetic surveying. Classification is based on instruments, methods, purposes, and field nature.

Uploaded by

Renjith S Anand
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE I

SURVEYING & GEOMATICS


SURVEYING
• Surveying is the art and sciences of determining the positions of points
on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distances, elevations and directions.

• Activity involved in collection of topographic features of a location for


future construction.
• Surveying has advanced from chain surveying to remote sensing with the
advent of various electronic sophisticated instruments.
SURVEYING
It also includes measurement of area and volumes.
Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to
some scale. It is carried out to fix alignment of road,
railway and canal.
It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction
of structure.
Electronics total station and Global Positioning System
(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for
the surveying work.
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System
(GIS) are adopted for Surveying and planning of many
civil engineering projects.
OBJECTIVES OF SURVEYING

 The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to


show relative position of points or the object on the
surface of the earth.
 To collect field data.
 To analyze and calculate the field parameters for
setting out operation of actual engineering works
 The map or plan is draw to some suitable scale. It
shows the boundaries of districts, state and countries
too.
 It is also include details of different engineering
features such as building, roads, railways, dams, canals
etc.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Two basic principles of surveying


i. Always work from the whole to the part
ii. To locate a new station by at least measurement from
two fixed reference points

The purpose of working from whole to part is “to


localise the errors and to control the accumulation of
errors”.

According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first


enclosed by main stations and main survey lines. The area is
then divided into a number of divisions by forming well
conditioned triangles.
I. Always work from the whole to the part
II. To locate a new station by at least measurement from two fixed reference points

various methods of fixing point C with respect to already fixed points A


and B by measuring sides, angles or setting perpendiculars.
USES OF SURVEYING

Surveying may be use for the following :

i. To prepare cadastral map


ii. To prepare an engineering map showing
engineering details like highways, railways,
canals, dams, reservoirs, etc
iii. To prepare the contour map to determine the
best possible route and amount of earthwork
required
iv. To prepare military map
v. To prepare geological map, archeological map
etc.
PRIMARY DIVISIONS

• Plane surveying :
Type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered plane
and the spheroidal shape of the earth is neglected
The survey extended to small area<200km2
Plane survey is used for layout of canal ,building,highways,railways etc

• Geodetic surveying
Shape of the earth is considered
 area>200 km2
Classification of
Surveying

Based on
Based on Based on Based on
nature of
Instrument Methods Purposes
field
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
INSTRUMENTS USED
a. Chain Survey
b. Compass Survey
c. Chain and Compass Surveying
d. Plane Table Survey
e. Theodolite Survey
f. Tachometry Survey
g. Leveling Survey
h. Photogrammetric Survey
i. EDM Survey

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