1. Compare Quantitative (25 pts) and qualitative (25 pts) Research.

Present as many aspects of

their point of difference.

By nature, qualitative and quantitative research have various similarities and differences.
Depending on which type of research researchers would opt to employ in their study, there are
considerably a number of points to be considered especially in drawing out a line between the
qualitative and quantitative approach to research. The table below presents the prominent
differences between quantitative and qualitative research.

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Quantitative study is rooted in positivism Qualitative study is rooted in constructivism
(Farghaly, 2018). Positivism is a philosophical (Farghaly, 2018). Constructivism is a
approach to naturalistic phenomenon philosophical approach that capitalizes on
characterized by the belief that such human’s meaningful experiences.
phenomenon can be explained empirically by
mathematical and/or logical knowledge.
Quantitative research is mainly deductive Qualitative research is mainly inductive
(Farghaly, 2018). Deductive reasoning is an (Farghaly, 2018). Inductive reasoning is a way
approach of drawing out specific observations of drawing conclusions out from chunk of
out from a relatively general phenomenon. individual inferences.
Quantitative studies require controls Qualitative studies do not require controls
(Farghaly, 2018). Control groups are mainly (Farghaly, 2018). Qualitative studies are more
used in a quantitative research. inclined to “spontaneous” processes rather
than trying to “control” natural occurrences.
In terms of methodology, ideally, quantitative In terms of methodology, ideally, qualitative
researchers must detach their personal researchers must attach their personal beliefs
beliefs (Farghaly, 2018). to their subject (Farghaly, 2018).
Research designs like experimental, quasi- Research designs like phenomenology, case
experimental, and non-experimental are some study, and grounded theory are some of the
of the manifestations of a quantitative indications of a qualitative approach to
approach to research (Fagharly, 2018). research (Fagharly, 2018).
Quantitative studies work within the confines Qualitative studies produce theories. Contrary
of theories. This means, quantitative studies to quantitative research, qualitative studies
are made to test existing theories (Fagharly, bring forth novel theories (Fagharly, 2018).
2018).
Quantitative studies require samples – Qualitative studies do not require samples.
objects or individuals drawn from a
population. Usually samples are computed
numerically.
Sampling in a quantitative study should be Sampling in a qualitative study should be
made randomly (Fagharly, 2018). made intentionally or purposefully (Fagharly,
2018).
A typical quantitative research follows the A typical qualitative research follows the
following research process: (1) pinpointing following research process: (1) pinpointing a
scientific inquiry (2) drawing out hypotheses natural occurrence (2) identifying the desired
(3) reviewing of related literatures and/or research participant(s) (3) collecting and
studies (4) sampling (6) result analysis (7) interpreting data (4) drawing out conclusions
rejecting or accepting hypotheses (Fagharly, (Fagharly, 2018).
2018).
Hypotheses are the initial guesses used in a Propositions are the initial assumptions of a
quantitative research, and these guess would researcher towards the natural occurrences
remain unchanged until the end of the study observed. This is subject to change as the
(Fagharly, 2018). research progresses (Fagharly, 2018).
Data collection are usually made using Data collection are usually done through
questionnaires. interviews.
In terms of data analysis, usually inferential In terms of data analysis, usually content and
and descriptive statistics are employed in a thematic analysis are employed in a
quantitative research. qualitative research.
Validity and reliability of research instruments Validity and reliability of research process in a
in a quantitative studies are performed qualitative study are usually described by
quantitatively. Known formulae are used. transferability, credibility, and dependability.
Basias and Pollalis (2018) delineated the Basias and Pollalis (2018) delineated the
advantages of using a quantitative approach advantages of using a qualitative approach to
to a research. These advantages include: a research. These advantages include: deeper
inclination to a relatively objective results due understanding of a naturalistic phenomenon
to numerical data used; processing of large under consideration; facilitating the
sample data; highlighting of changes and development of novel areas of thinking;
differences within the obtained data; easy channeling in-depth researches.
comparison of numerical data.
Quantitative study is rigid (Basias & Pollalis, Qualitative study is flexible (Basias & Pollalis,
2018). With quantitative studies subject to 2018). Qualitative studies’ processes can be
theories, it must undergo rigorous processes deliberately changed based on the premise of
subject to standardization. the researcher.
The type of questions employed in a The type of questions employed in a
quantitative study is generally in closed-form qualitative study is generally in open form
(Basias & Pollalis, 2018). In this way, data (Basias & Pollalis, 2018). The responses of
obtained can be easily transformed or respondents may vary facilitating an in-depth
transcribed into numerical one. analysis of data.
Quantitative researchers must be crucial to Qualitative researchers must be crucial on the
variables of their study (Maxwell, 2019). context of their study (Maxwell, 2019).
Quantitative studies seek to find relationships Qualitative studies seek to find processes
(Maxwell, 2019). behind relationships (Maxwell, 2019).
Causal descriptions are primarily made in a Causal explanations are emphasized in a
quantitative study (Maxwell, 2019). qualitative study (Maxwell, 2019).
Numerical model in a form of graphs is the Conceptual model in a form of diagram or
usual data presentation for quantitative figures is the typical data presentation for
studies (Borgstede & Scholz, 2021). qualitative studies (Borgstede & Scholz,
2021).
Quantitative studies, based on Borgstede and Qualitative studies, based on Borgstede and
Scholz (2021), are mainly characterized by Scholz (2021), are mainly characterized by
variable-based models of the following conceptual-based models of the following
qualities: qualities:
 • Person-space approach to behaviors • Behavior-space approach to
• Abstractions are made from individuals
individuals to populations • Abstractions are made from behaviors
• The syntactic form is presented by: forming categories
∀𝑗 : 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ). • The syntactic form is presented by:
• Induction is applied to behaviors ∃𝑗 : 𝑋𝑌𝑍𝑖 .
• Deduction is employed to cases • Deduction is applied to behaviors
• Induction is employed to cases

Sample numerical model employing Sample conceptual-based model employing

quantitative approach (Borgstede & Scholz, qualitative approach (Borgstede & Scholz,
2021) 2021)
The theory produced out from quantitative The theory imposed in a qualitative study
studies is always at stake, as it is always subject could possibly be true in a specific context.
to deliberation, and numerical scrutiny; hence The theory produced from a qualitative study
results of a quantitative study could be easily could hardly be falsified, as it entails the
falsified (Borgstede & Scholz, 2021). experiential deliverables of the author
(Borgstede & Scholz, 2021).
Once theory under quantitative study Theory produced in a qualitative study may
becomes law, it is assumed that such law can be inherently true in that study but not in
be applied to other worlds or context, i.e., other studies. It acknowledges the idea of
speed of light can be assumed to be equal in spontaneity and relevance (Borgstede &
both earth and Jupiter (Borgstede & Scholz, Scholz, 2021). Such premise can be translated
2021). Such premise can be translated in the in the following expression: ⋄ (∃i ∶ XYZi).
following expression: □(∀i ∶ yi = f (xi).
Generalizations are employed in a top-down Generalizations are employed in a bottom-up
way (Borgstede & Scholz, 2021). way (Borgstede & Scholz, 2021).

2. Personally, which design you like more and why (25 pts)? Give a sample research title where
your chosen research design is applicable (25 pts).

Personally, I like more the qualitative approach to research, since this approach acknowledges
my existence in generalizing data. For instance, I am free to particularly analyze data and gather
them and I am not restricted by various standardized rules. Qualitative approach to research
challenges me to see similarities and differences, patterns and occurrences categorically, instead
of numerically. Moreover, it allows me think of the causal processes more than the causal
relationships, as I tend to show more interest in areas of “how”, especially that I love cooking
and baking.

A sample research title that can be aligned to qualitative approach to research is: Lived
Experiences of Single-Mother Bakers in Iriga City. This qualitative study can utilize case study
approach to gather data, and that thematic and content analyses can be used to analyze the
obtained data. Moreso, a case model can be crafted out from the responses of the respondents.
In obtaining data from the respondents, scheduled interview can be made.

While I held dearly qualitative research design, I also believe that combining quantitative and
qualitative research designs provide a more holistic approach to analyzing certain phenomenon.
This mixed method research design has gained popularity in the recent days (Maxwell, 2019).

REFERENCES:

Basias, N., & Pollalis, Y. (2018). Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Business & Technology:
Justifying a Suitable Research Methodology. Kowloon; GMP Press and Printing.

Borgstede, M., & Scholz, M. (2021). Quantitative and qualitative approaches to

generalization and replication–a representationalist view. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.605191

Farghaly, A. (2018). Comparing and contrasting quantitative and qualitative research approaches
in education: The peculiar situation of medical education. Education in Medicine Journal,
10(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2018.10.1.2

Maxwell, J. A. (2019). Distinguishing Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Response

to Morgan. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. https://doi:10.1177/1558689819828255