Topic 25

BENAZIR BHUTTO 1988 TO 1990:

Benazir Bhutto, the eldest child of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was born on June 21, 1953, at Karachi. She wanted to join the Foreign
Service but her father wanted her to contest the Assembly election. Benazir Bhutto also assisted her father as an advisor. In July
1977, General Zia-ul-Haq imposed Martial Law. During the Martial Law, Benazir was allowed to proceed abroad on medical
grounds.

She returned on April 10, 1986, one million people welcomed her at the Lahore airport. She attended rallies all over Pakistan
and supported the Movement for Restoration of Democracy. On December 18, 1987, Benazir married Asif Ali Zardari in
Karachi. She contested the elections, which were held by Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who had taken over as acting President after the
death of General Zia in an air crash on August 17, 1988, at Bahawalpur.

PPP won and Benair Bhutto became the first women to serve as Prime Minister in an Islamic country. Minister Benazir Bhutto
announced that the ban on Student Unions and Trade Unions would be lifted. The P. P. P. Government hosted the fourth S. A. A.
R. C. Summit Conference in December 1988. As a result of the Conference, Pakistan and India finalized three peace agreements.
Benazir Bhutto launched and supervised the secret project, integrated research programme (IRP) a missile programme which
remained under Benazir Bhutto’s watch and successfully ended in 1996. Pakistan’s first military satellite, Badr-I was also
launched under her government through China. With launching of Badr-I, Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto, became the first
Muslim country to have launch and placed the satellite in Earth’s orbit. She declared the “1990”, a year of space in Pakistan and
conferred national awards to scientists and engineers who took participation in the development of this satellite. During her 20
months premiership she also announced to construct 1500 houses for the poor. Her government electrified 4000 villages,
increased supply of natural gas, established first women bank, increased salaries, increased exports.

BB faced a lot of problems since beginning. PPP gained majority in Sindh but not in other provinces.so she had to form a
coalition with MQM but she had to face fierce opposition by IJI led by Nawaz Sharif who controlled the provincial
government of Punjab. Other political parties also opposed her and within 11 months the opposition parties organised Non
Confidence Motion in the National Assembly.

BB also faced resistance from ISI; Army couldn’t support Benazir’s government. Religious community also condemn women
rule in Pakistan. Benazir also lost public support as it was unable to deliver on its promised employment and economic
development. Education and health schemes couldn’t be launched. Besides that she faced accusations that there was a
corruption within her government and her husband Asif Ali Zardari was later arrested on charges of blackmail and was jailed
for two years. Her government was also faced to deal with the country’s growing drug abuse problem.

Critical situation created when Sindhis and Mahajirs confrontation became severe. Widespread riots in Karachi ended MQM
alliance with PPP in august 1989.BB also had the clashes with President and a major area of disagreements was over
appointments to positions in the military and judiciary. This brought power struggle between prime minister and president.
The unemployment and labor strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country and
Benazir Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to in a cold war with the President. In November 1990, after a long political
battle, Khan finally used the Eighth Amendment to dismiss Benazir Bhutto’s government following charges of corruption,
nepotism, and despotism. Khan soon called for new elections in 1990 where Bhutto accepted her defeat.

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Fresh elections were scheduled on October 24, 1990. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan appointed Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi as the
caretaker Prime Minister.

Midnight Jackal was a political intelligence operation launched under President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff
General Mirza Aslam Beg, with the objectives to bring the Vote of no confidence movement in the Parliament by bribing the
members of Benazir’s own party.

Her publications include "Daughter of the East" and "Foreign Policy Perspective".

ISLAMI JAMHOORI ITTEHAD (IJI):

The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad/Islamic Democratic Alliance was a conservative alliance formed in September 1988 to oppose the
Pakistan Peoples Party in elections that year. The alliance comprised nine parties, of which the major components were
the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), National Peoples Party (NPP), Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), with PML accounting for 80% of the IJI's
electoral candidates. The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, under director Hamid Gul, had a major role in forming the
right-of-centre political alliance.
The head of the party was Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, but its most resourceful leader was Nawaz Sharif, a young industrialist whom
Zia ul-Haq had appointed chief minister of Punjab. Sharif was striving for control of the Pakistan Muslim League, which was
headed at that time by former Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo.

Nawaz Sharif becomes PM 1990-93:

Elections for the National and Provincial Assemblies were held on October 24 and 27, 1990. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the
ex-Chief Minister of Punjab, was elected as the Prime Minister on November 1, 1990.

During his tenure as the Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif made efforts to strengthen the industrial sector with the help of the
private sector. National reconstruction programmes were launched. He introduced a policy of privatization of the industries
which had been nationalized under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Projects like Ghazi Brotha Hydro power project and the Gwadar
miniport were initiated. Land was distributed among landless peasants in Sindh. A massive uplift of Murree and Kahuta was
done during his term as Chief Minister of Punjab. Relations with the Central Asian Muslim republics were strengthened and E.
C. O. (RCD) was given a boost. He also opened industries such as shipping, electricity supply, airlines and telecommunication.
He imported thousands of yellow cabs to overcome unemployment. Cheap loans were provided. He also started nuclear
programme which completed in 1998.

In an attempt to end the Afghan crisis, the "Islamabad Accord" was reached between various Afghan factions.

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 A No Air Attack accord was also signed with India in 1991.His most important contribution was economic progress. The
remarkable Motorway project was initiated that was completed during his second tenure.

Nawaz Sharif's Government remained in power till April 18 1993, when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the National
Assembly, once again exercising his power through the Eighth Amendment.

Reasons for Downfall:

1: Nawaz Sharif policies were undermined by lack of capital for investment. US support (aid) was also reduced after the soviet-
Afghan war.

2: The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was an international bank founded in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi, a
Pakistani financier. The Bank was registered in Luxembourg with head offices in Karachi and London. A decade after opening,
BCCI had over 400 branches in 78 countries and assets in excess of US$20 billion, making it the seventh largest private bank in
the world.

BCCI came under the scrutiny of financial regulators and intelligence agencies in the 1980s, due to concerns that it was poorly
regulated. Subsequent investigations revealed that it was involved in massive money laundering and other financial crimes, and
had illegally gained the controlling interest in a major American bank. BCCI became the focus of a massive regulatory battle in
1991, and, on 5 July of that year, customs and bank regulators in seven countries raided and locked down records of its branch
offices. The collapse of BCCI bank in 1991 led to investors losing huge sums of money harming Pakistan’s finances. This caused
the government to lose a lot of political support.

3: Sharif suffered a major loss of political support from the co-operatives societies’ scandal. These societies accept deposits
from members and can legally make loans only to members for purposes to the benefit of the membership. However,
mismanagement led to a collapse affecting millions of Pakistanis in 1992. In Punjab and Kashmir, around 700,000 people lost
their savings, and it was discovered that billions of rupees had been granted to the Ittefaq Group of Industries– Sharif's steel
mill. Although the loans were hurriedly repaid, Sharif's reputation was severely damaged.

4: Sharif made the nuclear weapons and energy programme one of his top priorities. He expanded the nuclear energy program,
and continued an atomic programme.

This resulted in a nuclear crisis with the United States which tightened its embargo on Pakistan in December 1990 and
reportedly offered substantial economic aid to halt the country's uranium enrichment programme. Responding to US embargo,
Sharif announced that Pakistan had no atomic bomb, and would sign the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty if India did as well.
The embargo blocked plans for a French-built nuclear power plant, so Sharif's advisors intensively lobbied the International
Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), which allowed China to establish CHASNUPP-I nuclear power plant and upgrade KANUPP-I.

Sharif's nuclear policy was considered less aggressive towards India with its focus on public usage through nuclear power .In
1993, Sharif established the Institute of Nuclear Engineering (INE) to promote his policy for the peaceful use of nuclear energy
but US aid was restricted and USA tried to pressurise Pakistan into ending the nuclear programme causing further economic
and political problems.

5: USA had provided support during the Soviet-Afghan war, which was reduced when the war ended causing economic
problems.

6: Support for Afghan warlords had led to guns becoming freely available increasing crime, kidnappings and murder. There were
also drug problems associated with refugees from the Soviet-Afghan war flooding into towns and cities. Both increased
pressure on the government;

7: The Shariat Bill passed by Nawaz sharif was unpopular with groups in the alliance who wanted Islam to play an even greater
role in government and others in opposition who wanted it decreased.

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8: Karachi’s condition became further deteriorated. Gun carrying became the part of culture. Kidnappings, bombings and
murders became common. Kalashnikov culture also began; there was easy availability of guns. There were issues associated
with refugees from the Soviet Afghan war. Drug addiction increased.

9: Most importantly Sharif came into open conflict with Ishaq khan, particularly after the death of General Asif Nawaz Janjua in
Jan. 1993.Nawaz sharif wanted his own chief of the army staff where as president appointed General Abdul waheed Kakar.
Nawaz sharif wanted to change the 8TH amendment but president didn’t want to do so. Consequently president dismissed
Sharif’s government on 19th April in 1993 alleged corruption and mismanagement. NAWAZ Sharif refused to accept this act and
raised a challenge at the Supreme Court of Pakistan. On 26 May, the Supreme Court ruled 10–1 that the presidential order was
unconstitutional, that the president could dissolve the assembly only if a constitutional breakdown had occurred and that the
government's incompetence or corruption was irrelevant.

1992 co-operatives societies’ scandal

Sharif also lost support from the Punjab Province and Kashmir as well when the co-operatives societies’ scandal became public.
Co-operatives societies accept deposits from members and can legally make loans only to members for purposes that are to the
benefit of the society and its members. However, mismanagement of these societies led to a collapse in which millions of
Pakistanis lost money in 1992. In Sharif's native Punjab Province and Kashmir , around 700,000 people mostly poor people lost
all their savings when the states cooperatives societies went bankrupt. It was soon discovered that the society had granted
billions of rupees to the Ittefaq Group of Industries— Sharif's owned Steel mill. Though Ittefaq Group's management hurriedly
repaid the loans to the affectees, but the Prime minister's reputation was severely damaged.

Moin Qureshi as caretaker PM:

On May 26, 1993, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the Presidential Order of the Assemblies' dissolution as
unconstitutional and ruled for restoring the Nawaz Government and the National Assembly. However, because of the serious
differences between the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, both resigned
from their offices on July 18, 1993, along with the dissolution of the Central and Provincial Assemblies.

Moin Qureshi, a top World Bank official, was appointed as the Caretaker Prime Minister and chairman senate Waseem sajjad
was appointed as the caretaker President. Moin Qureshi was totally unknown in Pakistan; it was, however, felt that as he was a
political outsider, he would remain neutral.

The only blot on Moin Qureshi's tenure as Prime Minister was that, in his last days, he made a large number of promotions and
other administrative decisions in favour of his relatives.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan

Ghulam Ishaq Khan born in January 20, 1915 – 27 October 2006), was a Pakistani bureaucrat who served as the 7th President
of Pakistan as The oldest person to serve as president, elected in 1988 until his resignation in 1993. He was Elected Chairman of
the Senate in 1985; Ghulam Ishaq was elevated to the presidency after Zia's death in an air crash on August 17, 1988. He was
elected president on December 13, as the consensus candidate of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad and Pakistan People's Party.
Ghulam Ishaq used the Eight Amendment and dismissed Benazir's government after just 20 months, on charges of rampant

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corruption and misgovernance. Sharif was elected Prime Minister in 1990, but Ghulam Ishaq dismissed his government on
similar charges three years later. The Supreme Court overturned the dismissal, but ultimately led to both men resigning in 1993.
Retiring from public service, Ghulam Ishaq served as rector of the GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology in his
native province, dying from pneumonia in 2006.

BB becomes PM 1993-96:

Benazir Bhutto returned to power for the second time in 1993 after the resignation of both President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on July 18, 1993. The resignation led to the announcement of fresh elections for the National and
Provincial Assemblies. The elections were held on October 6 and 9, 1993, respectively.

The elections were boycotted by the M. Q. M. No party emerged with an absolute majority in the elections. As a result the P. P.
P. formed the new government with the help of alliances. Benazir Bhutto took oath as Prime Minister on October 19, 1993. The
Presidential election was held on November 13. Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari, the P. P. P. candidate, won by 274 to 168 votes
against the then acting President Wasim Sajjad.

1: During her second tenure, Benazir again faced trouble from the opposition. In 1994, Nawaz Sharif led a "train march" from
Karachi to Peshawar. This was followed by general strike on September 20. Two weeks later Nawaz Sharif called a "wheel
jam" strike on October 11, 1994. When BB installed a PPP government in NWFP Sharif mobilized the opposition with rallies
and demonstrations in Peshawar, Lahore and the capital .As rumours circulated about BBs political methods and business
interests. Sharif was able to mount a very personal attack on the PM. He criticized her for trying to manipulate the judicial
system and allowing her husband, Zardari, and other members of her family to have too much influence. He claimed that
zardari was engaged in questionable business dealings. This was successful in undermining her position and caused her to
fear that once again she might be forced out of office. Demonstrations and strikes often led to violence including, sometimes,
the deaths of demonstrators. Assassinations and bombings were commonplace.

2: BB also had to face confrontation with her mother Nusrat Bhutto who preferred Murtaza Bhotto as a leader for PPP.
Murtaza also opposed Zardari’s involvement in PPP. Later on Mir Murtaza Bhutto was assassinated under mysterious
circumstances in a police ambush on September 20, 1996. The high-profile killing of her brother in her tenure damaged her
political career.

3: During her second term, Bhutto continued to follow former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's privatisation policies. After the
1993 general elections, the privatisation programme of state-owned banks and utilities accelerated; more than ₨ 42 billion
was raised from the sale of nationalised corporations and industries, and another US$20 billion from the foreign investment.
After 1993, the country's national economy again entered in the second period of the inflation and more roughly began bite
the country's financial resources and the financial capital. Bhutto's second government found it extremely difficult to counter
the second era of inflation.

In 1996 BB attempted to privatize United Bank and raise much needed funds from the government. Unfortunately, offers
made from the bank fell well short of what was expected. Even so the government proposed going ahead with the sale of the
bank to an apparently Saudi-based company. With claims of corruption and that the buyers were actually a group of
Pakistani businessmen, the sale was halted. This further damaged Bhutto’s government. She was criticised for doing this by
wealthy industrialists and politicians from all sides, besides government officials made it harder to privatise nationalised
industries.

4: BB was worried that a group of army officers was planning to remove her from office. She said they wanted an Islamic
state.

5: In March 1996, the Supreme Court dismissed 20 judges appointed by the government including three women judges.
Claims that attempts had been made to intimidate the chief justice did terrible damage to the government’s image. The
government’s refusal to carry out the Supreme Court decision caused a crisis.

6: Manzoor Wattoo was removed as chief minister in the Punjab after he had upset the PPP and their allies by governing in a
very independent manner.

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7: Benazir Bhutto did not introduce the PPP’s social policies.

8: Multiple economic problems including unemployment and inflation /GDP and manufacturing growth rates slowed

9: The strict economic policies imposed on Pakistan by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in return for a loan

10: MOST importantly on 4rth November 1996, President Leghari dismissed BB’s government. Since the death of Zia ul Haq,
military leaders had said that they would not intervene in politics and would stick to their professional duties. In reality,
however, army chiefs were involved in many important political decisions. There is no doubt that the support of the army
chiefs made it possible for Leghari to act. Army units were stationed at key points in Islamabad and soldiers arrested the
PM’s husband, Asif Ali zardari. For President Leghari, the killing of Murtaza, BB’s brother, by police in Karachi, was the last
straw. Rumours blamed both opposition and government supporters for the killing.

In short President Farooq Leghari dismissed Benazir Bhutto's Government on charges of corruption and mismanagement on
November 5, 1996, under the Article 58(2) b of the Eighth Amendment.

REFORMS:
The second tenure of Benazir Bhutto was, however, highlighted by the visit of the U. S. first Lady Hillary Clinton and her
daughter Chelsea in 1995. Hillary's visit considerably changed the world's perceptions about Pakistan and highlighted Pakistan
as a liberal, modern and forward-looking country. In April 1994, Benazir visited the U. S., and projected Pakistan's stance on the
F-16 fighter planes withheld by the U. S. despite payments. Her visit resulted in the passing of the Brown Amendment by the U.
S. Senate on September 21, 1995, easing restrictions on Pakistan. It also helped in attracting foreign investors.

Malik Meraj becomes caretaker PM 1996:

President Sardar Farooq Leghari, exercising his powers through the Eighth Amendment, dismissed Benazir Bhutto's
Government in November 1996, on charges of corruption and extra-judicial killings. After Benazir, Malik Meraj Khalid, Rector
of the International Islamic University, was appointed as caretaker Prime Minister. The next elections were scheduled to be
held on February 3, 1997.

Malik Meraj Khalid held the office of Prime Minister from November 5, 1996, to February 17, 1997.

Nawaz Sharif as PM 1997-99:

As scheduled, elections were held on February 3, 1997. Pakistan Muslim League won with an overwhelming majority with
absolutely light and slight opposition. The Muslim League was able to obtain a two-third majority in the National Assembly and
Mian Nawaz Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister. He obtained a vote of confidence from the National Assembly on February
18, 1997.

A number of very important Constitutional Amendments were introduced during Nawaz Sharif's second term. These include
the termination of the Eighth Amendment, passing of the Thirteenth Amendment and the Ehtesab Act, 1997. Nawaz Sharif
faced a serious confrontation with the Judiciary and the Executive, which eventually led to the resignation of President
Leghari on December 2, 1997.

It was during this term that Pakistan carried out its nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, in response to the Indian experiments of
its five nuclear devices. The Nawaz Government had found it imperative for Pakistan to carry out these nuclear tests, in order
to provide an effective defense, and to deter Indian adventurism.

Nawaz Sharif also signed an accord with the government of PHILIPPINES for the peaceful use of Atomic energy. On 23rd of
March 1997, the summit conference of OIC took place in Islamabad. Government also announced a new trade policy and
allowed import of raw materials from India. First Women University was also established in Rawalpindi in January 1999. Bus
service also began between India and Pakistan. Motorway project was also completed during the second term of Nawaz
Sharif.

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The Fifteenth Amendment was presumed to be an effort by Nawaz Sharif to acquire additional powers for himself. Soon a
serious conflict and confrontation emerged on the scene between him and the Military Generals. This confrontation led to the
resignation of General Jehangir Karamat on October 7, 1998. General Karamat was replaced by General Pervez Musharraf.

The Kargil Operation in its aftermath again led to tense relations between Nawaz Sharif and the armed forces. This tension
culminated into the removal of Nawaz Government by General Pervez Musharraf on October 12, 1999, thus bringing to an end
the second term of Nawaz Sharif's Government.

How was MUSHARRAF able to gain power in 1999?

To lose the Kargil war would remain one of the greatest tragedies for Pakistan, and it’s still hard to find out a culprit. Military
officials from Musharraf's Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ) met with regional corps commanders three times in late September
1999 in anticipation of a possible coup. To banish rumours of a fallout between Musharraf and Sharif, Sharif officially certified
Musharraf's remaining two years of his term on 30 September 1999.

Musharraf had left for a weekend trip to take part in Sri Lanka's Army's 50th-anniversary celebrations. When Pervez Musharraf
was returning from an official visit to Colombo his flight was denied landing permissions to Karachi International Airport after
orders were issued from the Prime Minister's office. Upon hearing the announcement of Nawaz Sharif, replacing Pervez
Musharraf by Khwaja Ziauddin, the third replacement of the top military commander of the country in less than two years, local
military commanders began to mobilize troops towards Islamabad from nearby Rawalpindi. The military placed Sharif under
house arrest, but in a last-ditch effort Sharif privately ordered Karachi air traffic controllers to redirect Musharraf's flight to
India. The plan failed after soldiers in Karachi surrounded the airport control tower. At 2:50 am on 13 October, Musharraf
addressed the nation with a recorded message.]

Musharraf met with President Rafiq Tarar on 13 October to deliberate on legitimising the coup. On 15 October, Musharraf
ended emerging hopes of a quick transition to democracy after he declared a state of emergency, suspended the Constitution
and assumed power as Chief Executive. He also quickly removed the government of political enemies, notably Ziauddin and
national airline chief Shahid Khaqan Abbassi. On 17 October, he gave his second national address and established a seven-
member military-civilian council to govern the country. He named three retired military officers and a judge as provincial
administrators on 21 October 1999. Ultimately, Musharraf assumed executive powers but did not obtain the office of the Prime
minister. The Prime minister's secretariat (official residence of Prime minister of Pakistan) was closed by the military police and
its staff was fired by Musharraf immediately.

There were no organized protests within the country to the coup that was widely criticized by the international community.
Consequently, Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations. Nawaz Sharif was put under house arrest and
later exiled to Saudi Arabia on his personal request and under a contract.

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 PAST PAPERS Questions:
Question No.1: What was the Pucca Qila Massacre? June 2010 Q.5 a 4marks

Question No.2: Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? Nov.2010 Q. 5 b7marks

Question No.3: What problems did nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the 1990s?

June 2011 Q.5 a 4marks

Question No.4: Why did General Mushraff come to power in 1999? Nov.2011 Q.5 b 7marks

Question No.5: Benazir Bhutto’s government had to deal with accusations of encouraging corruption when she was in office in the late 1980s.
Faced with increasing opposition to her rule, she was dismissed from office in 1990 by the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. Nawaz Sharif became
Prime Minister. He believed he could solve Pakistan’s problems and move away from the corruption accusations of the previous government.
However, he did encounter a number of problems, one of which was regarding the Co-operative societies.

(a) What was the Co-operative societies scandal? June 2014 Q.4 a 4marks

Question No.6: During the 1980s, relations between India and Pakistan were fraught with difficulties. The situation in Kashmir was far from
resolved and both sides were developing nuclear weapons. Neither side was willing to sign the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. By the 1990s
tension was increasing again regarding nuclear weapons and Kashmir. Eventually an attempt was made to reduce tensions between the two
countries by ending nuclear testing, and then the Kargil Conflict happened.

(a) What was the Kargil Conflict? June 2014 Q.5 a 4marks

Question No.7: Benazir Bhutto described her time as Prime Minister as problematic: ‘I found that people opposed me simply on the grounds
that I was a woman. The clerics took to the mosque saying that Pakistan had thrown itself outside the Muslim world by voting for a woman,
that a woman had taken a man’s place in an Islamic society. My opponents reduced themselves to verbal abuse rather than discuss issues
simply because I was a woman.’
(a) Describe the problems caused by family feuds that faced the Benazir Bhutto governments.

Nov. 2014 Q.5 a 4marks

Question No. 8: Explain why General Musharraf was able to gain power in 1999.
May June 2015 Q. 5 b 7marks

Question No. 9: Why was Benazir Bhutto dismissed from office a second time in 1996?
Oct 2015 Q. 5 b 7marks

Question No. 10: Was the Co-operative Societies scandal the most important reason why Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993? Explain your
answer. June 2016. 5 c 14 marks

Question No. 11: Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s rise to power in 1999. Oct.2016 Q. 5 a 4marks

Question No. 12: What happened at Pucca Qila? Oct.2017 Q. 5 a 4marks

The 1988 Hyderabad massacre, also known as "Black Friday" or "Pucca Qila massacre" was the coordinated massacre of
more than 162 Muhajir civilians in Hyderabad, Sindh on September 30, 1988. Unidentified gunmen opened fire on large
crowds belonging to the Muhajir National Movement and innocent bystanders, including women and children. Sindhi
nationalists, including (Sindhi Baloch) Qadir Magsi and the Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party, were widely seen as responsible
for the massacre.
Muhajir militants retaliated in the city of Karachi the following day in ethnic rioting, which killed at least 46 people. A
curfew was enforced in both Karachi and Hyderabad. In total over 200 people died in the space of two days.

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Question No. 13: Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the main reason why she left office in 1990? Explain your answer.

May June 2018 Q. 5 C 14 marks

Question No. 14: Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government ended in 1996. June 2020 Q No. 5 B 7 Marks

Question No. 15:

Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) the main reason for the government ending in 1993? Explain your
answer. June 2020 Q. 5 c 14 marks

Question No. 16:

To what extent did Benazir Bhutto’s privatisation policy contribute to the government being replaced in 1996? Explain your answer.

Nov.2020 Q. 5 c 14 marks

A BREIF BIOGRAPHY ON PERVEZ MUSHRAFF:

Pervez Musharraf born on 11 August 1943 is a Pakistani politician and a retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan
from 2001 until tendering resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008.Born in Delhi during British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and
Istanbul, he went on to study Maths at the Forman Christian College in Lahore and would later study at the Royal College of Defence Studies in
1991. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1964 and went on to play an
active role in the Afghan civil war. Musharraf saw action in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a second lieutenant, by the 1980s; Musharraf was
commanding an artillery brigade. In the 1990s, he was promoted to major general and assigned an infantry division, and later commanded the
Special Services Group. Later he served as deputy military secretary and the director general of military operation.

The simultaneous of conflicts in North with India and West with Afghanistan as well as the economic turmoil, Nawaz Sharif's credibility was
undermined and destroyed as the public opinion turned against him and his policies. On 12 October 1999, Prime Minister Sharif attempted to
remove Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf as Sharif saw the General as responsible for his failure,
and appoints General Ziauddin Butt in his place. Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, attempted to return through a PIA commercial flight to
return to Pakistan after he heard the news. Sharif ordered civilian Inspector-General of Sindh Police Force Rana Maqbool to arrest of Chief of
Army Staff and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Musharraf.

Sharif ordered the Jinnah Terminal to be sealed off to prevent the landing of the Musharraf's airliner fearing a coup d'état. However, the
Captain of the A300 aircraft requested refuelling; therefore, Sharif ordered the plane to land at Nawabshah Airport, today called as Shaheed
Benazirabad Airport. Meanwhile, in Nawabshah Airport, Musharraf contacted top Pakistan Army Generals who then took over the country and
ousted Sharif's administration. Musharraf later assumed control of the government as chief executive. Sharif was taken to Adiala Jail where a
court trial headed by Military judge was set to begin.

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