ASSESSING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BWAISE TO DESIGN AN

APPROPRIATE HANDLING SYSTEM

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF

ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE AT KAMPALA
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF BACHELOR’S OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

KHABUYA ASHA
1153-03104-03219
&
GOBERA MIKE
1153-03104-03050

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES (SEAS)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MAY, 2019

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 DECLARATION
We declare that this project report for the fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering is based on our own efforts and has never
been submitted to any academic institution for any award.

KHABUYA ASHA
Sign…………………………….. Date………………………………..
GOBERA MIKE
Sign…………………………….. Date………………………………….

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 APPROVAL

This is to certify that KHABUYA ASHA and GOBERA MIKE did their research under my
supervision. I therefore approve the project report for submission for the award of a
Bachelor’s degree of Science in Civil Engineering of Kampala International University.

Sign…………………………………. Date…………………………..…………

Supervisor. MR MUSIIME ENOS BAHATI

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to thank the Almighty God who has kept us healthy
throughout the period of carrying out this research.

Also, we would like to thank our supervisor Mr. Musiime Enos Bahati for his cooperation
and guidance at different stages of the research. He was persistently providing us with
support and his valuable comments on how to improve the quality of this report is very
much appreciated.

We would also like to thank our parents and guardians for the financial and moral
support they provided us with during the implementation of the project.

Special thanks to our dear lecturers, the local leaders and the people in Bwaise, our
research assistants, friends and the entire civil engineering fraternity for offering us a
conducive atmosphere for the successful completion of this research.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.....................................................................................................i
APPROVAL..........................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................ix
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1
1.1 Background..................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement........................................................................................2
1.3 Main objective...............................................................................................3
1.3.1 Specific objectives......................................................................................3
1.4 Significance of the project.............................................................................3
1.5 Scope of the project......................................................................................4
1.5.1 Content scope............................................................................................4
1.5.2 Geographical scope....................................................................................4
1.5.3 Time scope................................................................................................4
1.6 Justification..................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................6
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................6
2.2 Definitions of terms and concepts..................................................................6
2.3 Classifications of solid waste by nature...........................................................6
2.4 Waste Management Waste Management........................................................6
2.4.1 The ways of managing solid waste..............................................................7
2.5 Types of Composters.....................................................................................9

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2.6 Opportunities from wastes...........................................................................11
2.7 Solid waste management collection systems.................................................11
2.7.1 Hauled-Container Systems (HCS):..............................................................12
2.7.2 Stationary-Container Systems (SCS)..........................................................12

CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................14
3.0 METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................14
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................14
3.2 Research design..........................................................................................14
3.3 Sample size estimation................................................................................14
3.4 Methods of data collection...........................................................................15
3.5 Data analysis and interpretation...................................................................17

CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................18
4.0 RESULTS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION............................................18
4.1 The current state of solid waste management in Bwaise................................18
4.2 Nature of solid waste...................................................................................19
4.3 Determining the appropriate Solid waste management system.......................25
4.5 Design of the appropriate solid waste management system...........................29
4.5.1 Determining the required volume of the collection vehicle...........................30
4.5.2 Designing a solid waste tumbler composter................................................32

CHAPTER FIVE..................................................................................................35
5.0 CONCLUSIONS, CHALLENGES AND RECCOMENDATION.................................35
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................35
5.2 Conclusion..................................................................................................35
5.3 Problems and challenges..............................................................................35
5.4 Recommendations.......................................................................................36
APPENDICES.....................................................................................................38
APPENDIX I: SCHEDULE OF THE WORK.............................................................38

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APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE.........................................................................39
APPENDIX III: BUDGET....................................................................................41

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1; showing the current state of solid waste management.............................................18
Table 2; showing biodegradable waste.................................................................................20
Table 3; showing non-degradable waste generated...............................................................22
Table 4; showing percentage of each nature of waste generated in Bwaise............................23
Table 5; showing the suggested solid waste management methods.......................................25
Table 6; showing conversion factors used for calculations taken from draft 16 UK waste
classification scheme...........................................................................................................28
Table 7; showing the typical values of haul constant coefficients a and b (Peavy et al1985)....29
Table 8; showing data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled and
stationary container collection systems.................................................................................30

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: poor waste disposal in Bwaise.................................................................................3
Figure 2; the location of Bwaise.............................................................................................4
Figure 3; showing collection and selling reusable plastic bottles...............................................8
Figure 4; showing compost heap compost..............................................................................9
Figure 5; showing wooden compost bin..................................................................................9
Figure 6; showing compost multi-bin....................................................................................10
Figure 7; showing Composting tumbler.................................................................................10
Figure 8; showing a hauled container system........................................................................12
Figure 9; showing the stationary container system................................................................13
Figure 10; a researcher interviewing a resident of kimombasa, Jambula zone, Bwaise II.........16
Figure 11; a researcher interviewing a resident of Kulumba zone, Bwaise I.............................17
Figure 12; a graph showing the current state of Solid Waste Management in Bwaise...............19
Figure 13; a graph showing the biodegradable waste generated in Bwaise.............................21
Figure 14; a graph showing the non-biodegradable solid waste generated in Bwaise...............23
Figure 15; a graph showing the nature of wastes generated in Bwaise...................................24
Figure 16; a graph showing various Solid Waste Management methods that were suggested by
residents in Bwaise..............................................................................................................26

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SW- Solid Waste

SWM- Solid Waste Management

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 ABSTRACT
This report is from a study that looks at the nature, practices, challenges, and possible
solutions for solid waste management systems in Bwaise, Kampala. The study used
mainly questionnaires, interviews and observation. The findings suggest that in Bwaise,
poor communities could generate income from waste disposal activities, if certain
measures are put in place. Furthermore, in this area, 60% of the garbage is
biodegrable, composed mainly of food related waste. Non-biodegradable wastes
constitute of the 40%, of which the main component is polythene bags. It was also
established that a good part of the communities currently use illegal methods of
disposal which include burning and open space dumping. Among the challenges facing
solid waste management are the inactivity of institutional framework to support and
mobilize for effective waste disposal. As a result there is little community effort to
reduce on the problem. So sensitization of community should be given more attention.

The communities suggested the following solutions: sensitization and community work.

The study recommended the following: composting, sensitization, and building strong
institutions at grassroots levels and participation of the community from the initial
stage of designing the project. After analyzing the background, the waste flows the
appropriate method that will be used will be composting using a composting tumbler
made in order to convert organic waste into compost.

If maintained, the compost will benefit the division in the ecological and the financial
level.

Money can be saved by using this organic fertilizer with a minimum cost.

This report contains chapters whose contents are as below;

Chapter one: Introduction which gives the general background of the study,
statement of the problem, significance of the project, project objectives and scope of
the project.

Chapter two: Literature review which reviews documents related to the study topic.

Chapter three: Methodology which contains the tools and softwares used in the
research to obtain the specific objectives.
Chapter four: Results obtained, their analysis and discussions.
Chapter five: Conclusions and recommendations.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Waste is a man-made substance in a given time and places which in its actual
structure and state is not useful to the owner or is an output without an owner and
purpose. In other words, waste is anything that we no longer need. It is also
commonly referred to as rubbish, trash, garbage, refuse, effluents and “unwanted or
unusable materials”. It is important to note that wastes take two forms that is; solid
or liquid wastes;

The term solid waste (SW) may be used to refer to municipal waste and can be
categorized in seven groups. They are residential (or household or domestic waste),
commercial, institutional, street sweeping, construction and demolition, sanitation
and industrial wastes. (Rush brook, 1999). While municipal solid waste refers to solid
wastes from houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, which
are very often the responsibility of municipal or other governmental authorities, solid
waste from industrial processes are generally not considered “municipal”. However it
should be taken into account when dealing with solid waste as they often end up in
the municipal solid waste stream.

Urban dwellers generally consume more resources than rural dwellers, and so
generate large quantities of solid waste and sewage. For example, solid waste
disposal is a major problem in urban African centers, where more than half the
population now lives in urban areas. Northern Africa is the most urbanized, while in
Southern and in Western and Central Africa, urbanization levels are still lower (about
33-37 percent.)

Although human or animal excreta often ends up in the solid waste stream,
generally the term solid waste does not include such waste materials.

Uganda is facing rapid urbanization of 5.1% per annum; leading to overcrowding

and the development of slums and informal settlements with poor waste
management practices. Waste management in these areas is hampered by multiple
land tenure system with many tenants not having a right to the land and therefore
not able to manage waste domestically. Human activities create waste, and the way
these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed-off can cause risks to the
environment and to public health.

Furthermore, there is no comprehensive national urban policy and the institutional

framework to regulate and support urban development. The consequence is
that many towns and urban settlement, drainage channels and roads are highly

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littered. Some families especially in crowded high density areas don’t have access to
garbage disposal skips and while private collectors are too expensive for these poor
households hence forced to dispose of garbage in drainage channels, road sides
and abandoned buildings.

Solid Waste (SW) collection is currently one of the most critical services; whose
quality and coverage has caused serious public outcry in slum areas. Kampala
Capital City Authority (KCCA) acknowledges that the amount of Solid waste
generated overwhelms the capacity of the Authority to collect and dispose i t given
the fact that the cost of solid waste collection is enormous.

Out of 1, 200–1,500 tons of garbage generated per day, only 400-500 tones are
collected giving a collection efficiency of only 40%. This implies that 60% of Solid
waste generated daily is not properly collected and disposed which has resulted
into indiscriminate disposal by the public. It is estimated that Kampala City
Council (KCC) now KCCA spends United States Dollars 1.53 million per month to
remove only 30% of the total waste generated (Ngategize2009). As the amount of
solid waste increases, the cost of its removal increases yet KCCA does not have
sufficient resources to completely and efficiently carry out this responsibility. The
result has been delays in disposing o f this garbage. Also the communities are
ignorant of the best way to manage the waste, as there is little community
initiative to undertake collective action. Given this situation there is need to
promote complimentary alternatives such as to manage garbage in a sustainable
manner in addition to being a potential source of income for the poor.

1.2 Problem statement

Poor solid waste collection and disposal is a threat to public health and reduces the
quality of life for urban residents’ especially in-unplanned settlements. Bwaise area is
one of the typical examples of such settlements. The city council has failed to solve
the problem of solid waste management in Bwaise evidenced by roadside heaps and
trench heaps of uncollected waste. The municipal council engaged a private
contractor, (Nabugabo Ventures) in the area who have failed to provide sufficient
service due to lack of willingness of the residents to pay the fee for solid waste
collection. This has created vulnerability to health hazards and environmental
negative effects. Thus there is need to design a system that can handle waste
properly.

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Figure 1: poor waste disposal in Bwaise

1.3 Main objective

To assess solid waste management in Bwaise so as design an appropriate handling
system.
1.3.1 Specific objectives
 To determine the current service status and the nature of solid waste in
Bwaise.
 To determine the amount of solid waste generated in Bwaise.
 To design an appropriate solid waste management system.
1.4 Significance of the project
1. This research will generate more information to the already existing body of
knowledge in the area of solid waste management and to Bwaise in
particular.
2. Also the findings will enlighten the policy makers, local leaders and the local
people of the gaps existing in the solid waste management. These findings
will help in drafting appropriate solid waste management that will empower
citizens and make them aware of how to handle solid waste so that both the
council and citizens would join efforts to solve the problem at hand.
3. The study will provide future scholars and researchers with information
regarding the solid waste management.
4. The project will bridge the gap between theoretical skills studied in class and
the practical skills that are always needed in day today practice in the field of
Civil Engineering.
5. The project will help us to enhance our academic experience through carrying
out research, engineering practice to come up with the secondary data for the
assessment.
6. The project also will expand our creativity while seizing the profession ethical
values as a basis to venture into our professional career in future. This will
build confidence and skills among us to be competitive in the current job
market.

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1.5 Scope of the project
1.5.1 Content scope
The study was limited to household and commercial enterprises waste generated
in Bwaise with special emphasis on the Solid waste management cycle from
collection to ultimate disposal.

1.5.2 Geographical scope

The study was conducted in Bwaise which is located in Kawempe Division, Kampala
district, three miles north of the city centre. It is divided into three parishes, Bwaise
I, Bwaise II and Bwaise III with a population of 45510 people (National Population
and housing census, 2014).

Figure 2; the location of Bwaise

1.5.3 Time scope

The project started in September 2018 and ended in May 2019.

1.6 Justification
One way of estimating the scale of poor solid waste management in urban centers is
to base it on the number of people who live in poor quality houses or neighborhood
that lack the basic infrastructure services such as solid waste management systems.
Several approaches have been suggested in order to improve solid waste
management in developing countries including Uganda. This situation challenges
Communities and Community Based Organizations to operate in providing solid
waste collection services.

To a large extent the solid waste collection efficiency depends on the involvement
and participation of the communities themselves in supporting the whole concept.
Furthermore, it also depends on the useful information and lessons from current
best practices in the provision of this important service. Such information and
lessons can be obtained only through studies; hence a study such as this can assist
in the improvement and performance of SWM in the urban settlements.

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Poor waste management has been found to result into pollution of both surface and
ground water through the leachate draining and impairing the permeability of soils
as well as blockage of drainage systems (NEMA, 1998).

It is against this background that the study on waste management was carried out
to assess solid waste management in Bwaise and design appropriate solid waste
management system.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, attempts were made to review relevant literature to help in the
understanding of solid waste management. We acknowledge the fact that there is
some literature on solid waste management in towns of Uganda and in other
countries of the world. Most of the literature reviewed is from the different sources
these are text books, websites, Newspapers and journals. In this section, the main
purpose is to review issues related to solid waste management that have been
investigated by other researchers, in order to gain more insights into the subject
under the study and avoid duplications of efforts in this area.

2.2 Definitions of terms and concepts.

Waste is a man-made substance in a given time and places which in its actual
structure and state is not useful to the owner or is an output without an owner and
purpose (Zerbock O. ( 2003)).. In other words, waste is anything that we no longer
need. It is also commonly referred to as rubbish, trash, garbage, refuse, effluents
and “unwanted or unusable materials”.

There are two forms that is; solid or liquid wastes;

Solid wastes refer to particles or materials which are no longer useful to their
owners and which require to be discarded. They are both organic/biodegradable for
instance the waste generated from animal and plant remains; it may be broken
down by living organisms such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi e.g. green plant
tissue waste, food remains, paper, animal and waste (feaces and urine), and non-
organic/non bio- degradable wastes, is that form of waste that cannot be broken
down by living organisms. It includes metals, polyethylene, most plastics and rubber.
Most non bio degradable wastes are produced from manufacturing industries.

On the other hand, Liquid wastes refer to waste materials that contain full liquids.
These include waste water from industries, households; sewerage and leachate from
land fill or garbage heaps.

2.3 Classifications of solid waste by nature

 Biodegradable waste; is the waste that can be decomposed by the biological
process to form compost.
 Non-biodegradable; is the waste that cannot be decomposed.

2.4 Waste Management Waste Management

The term ‘Waste Management’ includes all issues and processes associated with
the generation, processing, and disposal of all categories of wastes produced by
human activities or related to human existence; it includes, therefore, the stages of

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production and minimization, collection, handling and transportation, reuse and
recycling, treatment and disposal of all such wastes.

Despite the fact that waste handling and transport varies from region to region,
country to country, there are waste management concepts that are universally
accepted and implemented like the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle). According to
(NEMA, 2000), Solid waste management encompasses generation, collection,
transportation and disposal of wastes. Authorities have the responsibility to ensure
safe, reliable and cost effective removal and disposal of solid waste. Garbage is
collected from both the well to do households and poor ones. It is also the process
by which products and by-products generated by business and industry are
collected, stored, transported, treated, disposed of, recycled or reused in an effort to
reduce their effect on human health. Therefore, a properly managed waste; that is
well collected and sorted recycled, treated, disposed of hygienically will promote a
clean and safe environment to live in. Waste management is practiced by small
businesses when they collect and sort their wastes, recycle their wastes, treat their
wastes, dispose of their wastes or implement ways of reducing their waste (EPA,
2008).

2.4.1 The ways of managing solid waste

There are various solid waste management systems. Which are;

 Landfills; this focuses attention on burying the waste in the land.

 Pyrolysis; is the decomposition or transformation of a compound caused by
heat. Pyrolysis typically occurs at temperatures in the range of 650 to 1,500
degrees Fahrenheit. Most pyrolysis systems use a drum, kiln-shaped
structure, or a pyrolysis tube, which is externally heated, either using recycled
syngas or another fuel or heat source.
 Waste Prevention This is the avoidance of waste generation of waste.
 Waste reduction; This is by finding ways of making a particular item whilst
producing less waste in the process, this is one of the most effective ways to
reduce pollution, save natural resources, protect the environment and save
money. Industry has a major part to play in waste reduction.
Challenges met in waste reduction at the global level
Until recently, the focus in South Africa for example; has been on waste disposal and
impact controls or "end of the pipe" treatment (DEAT, 2000). However, this focus
has faced a number of challenges and these include:

• Lack of waste avoidance, minimization and cleaner production technology

initiatives.
• Lack of regulatory initiatives to manage waste minimization.
• Few incentives for reducing waste.

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 • Industries not required to submit plans for waste disposal when applying to
establish new enterprises.
• Inadequate resource recovery and a general lack of commitment to recycling
– no legislation, policy or waste management culture that promotes resource
recovery or makes it financially viable.
• Lack of appropriate waste management strategies and treatment technologies
associated with these policies also have a negative effect on human health.

 Waste reuse. Reuse can be defined as using a waste product without further
transformation and without changing its shape or original nature. This is the
second option in the waste hierarchy. Different types of solid wastes can be
reused, such as bottles, old clothes, books and anything else that is used
again for a similar purpose to that originally intended.

Figure 3; showing collection and selling reusable plastic bottles.

 Waste recycling. Recycling waste means that the material is reprocessed

before being used to make new products. Recycling means treating the
materials as valuable resources rather than as waste. It has many benefits
but it is important to have a market for the end product, otherwise the
process will not be economically sustainable. For example, waste paper can
be broken down to its fibres in a process called pulping (Nyakaana et al,
2006).
 Composting: Composting is the process where biodegradable organic
wastes (food and garden waste) are converted into compost in a natural
biological process (DEAT and DWAF (1999)). Composting can be done by
individual householders and community groups or on a commercial scale. On
the larger scale, the waste from an entire town or city could be composted if
sufficient land, labor and equipment is available. The benefits of composting
are not only the reduction of waste, but also the production of compost which
is a valuable soil improver. Compost is a term for organic matter that has

8
 decomposed into a form that plants can use. Compost can be used in potting
mixes or mixed in with garden soil.

2.5 Types of Composters:

Compost heap; this is a traditional open-air heap. This type of composting
used to exist in the past and can still be found in some gardens. It is usually a
wide foot high heap that contains six layers of green garden waste and
kitchen waste, placed over the brush core. Two layers of cow or chicken
manure cover the layers. The heap type unlike the modern composting must
be turned every 6 weeks.

Figure 4; showing compost heap compost

Wooden compost bin; this bin is easy to make. It can be made using four
pallets and an additional one as a floor, stuck together using a metal pole.
The pallets should contain gaps to allow aeration, then covered by a piece of
plastic that will play the role of an isolator and will protect the compost from
heavy rain too. This bin is suitable for a house garden, as it usually does not
take a lot of space.

Figure 5; showing wooden compost bin

Compost multi-bin; in this bin, the compost should be turned every week first,
and then left to mature for a month. This composter needs to be watered regularly
too and its compost can be ready in few weeks. However, this kind of bin requires a
lot of indoor space and a fair amount of effort.

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Figure 6; showing compost multi-bin

Composting tumbler; this type of composters is easy to use because it can be

turned easily. The materials inside it can then be mixed thoroughly, which allows
the compost to be ready quickly two-three weeks. The tumbler generates high-
quality compost, but is not as easy to make as the previous composters.

Figure 7; showing Composting tumbler

A well-made compost is dark brown and smells like the forest. It is composed
from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and water. These four ingredients are mandatory
for the composting organism to work effectively.

Carbon: brown material, provides energy and the microbial oxidation of carbon
produces the heat.

Nitrogen: such as fruits and vegetables are used to grow and reproduce more
organisms to oxidize the carbon.

Water: An adequate level of moisture is very important to maintain too. It

lowers the structural strength of the organic waste and consequently speeds
the decomposition process.

Oxygen; the availability of oxygen is crucial too since our process is a biological
oxidation. Therefore, the compost should be turned daily to supply O 2 and to allow
the aerobic respiration. It is important to keep the percentage of oxygen in the
compost from falling below 18%.

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Temperature; High temperatures are essential for good compost, excessively
high temperature slow down the decomposition activity of the organic matters.
Indeed, only few bacteria can perform above 70°C. The best-case scenario will
be a varied temperature from 45 to 50°C. In a higher level of accuracy, the C/N
ratio must be between 25 and 35. If the ratio is below 20, nitrogen is lost and
ammonia is released, which leads to a bad smell in the compost.

However, if the C/N ratio is above 40, the decomposition process slows

down. The following chemical reaction summarizes the composting process:

Organic waste + O2 Compost + CO2 + H2O + Heat

The composting process.

1. Blending or proportioning of materials: Composting works best with the right

mixture of wastes so that the moisture content and the proportions of the
chemical elements carbon and nitrogen are suitable. Generally, the ideal mix
for composting is three parts, for example, of ‘brown’ waste (such as leaves,
hay, straw, eggshells, shredded paper, card and woody material), with one
part ‘green’ material (such as grass, food waste and animal manure). ‘Brown’
waste contains a higher proportion of carbon and ‘green’ waste, contains
more nitrogen and has a higher moisture content. Thus the ratio of brown
waste to green waste is 3:1.
2. Composting: Finally the waste is fed into the composter to be composted.

2.6 Opportunities from wastes.

It should be noted that though the word "waste" refers to something that is "no
longer serving a purpose", something "without value" (as the Concise Oxford
Dictionary puts it), Obviously, however, certain people in certain circumstances
consider waste materials as a resource for their family, their livelihood, or their
enterprise. The so- called waste materials may serve as a crucial resource within
households. For example, oily milk packages may be used as fuel; leftover food may
be fed to pigs and goats; discarded cardboard may serve as walls and roofs of
houses. If that is the case, one can expect that household members re-value waste
materials and see their usefulness for different purposes, such as domestic utility,
saving on household expenditures, earning money, or other purposes (ERL, 2008).
Therefore, this study will be seeking to find out whether the people in Bwaise have
some of these practices that serve to promote a clean and safe environment.

2.7 Solid waste management collection systems

Based on their mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two
categories: hauled-container systems and stationary-container systems.

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2.7.1 Hauled-Container Systems (HCS):
This is a collection system in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are
hauled to the processing, transfer, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either
their original location or some other location are defined as hauled-container
systems. There are two main types of hauled-container systems:

(1) Tilt-frame container

(2) Trash-trailer.

Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop
boxes, are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish
from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers.
Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large
containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at
commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations.

The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of tilt-frame container systems.

Trash-trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand,
timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes
at construction sites.

1 2 3 n

Beginning
of route, t1 End of route, t2
(Vehicle with
empty container)

Transfer Station
or Disposal Site

Figure 8; showing a hauled container system

2.7.2 Stationary-Container Systems (SCS)

Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at
the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as
stationary-container systems. Labor requirements for mechanically loaded
stationary-container systems are essentially the same as for hauled-container
systems.

1
There are two main types of stationary-container systems: (1) those in which self-
loading compactors are used and (2) those in which manually loaded vehicles are
used.

Because a variety of container sizes and types are available, these systems may be
used for the collection of all types of wastes.

The major application of manual transfer and loading methods is in the collection of
residential wastes and litter. Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial
and residential wastes where pickup points are inaccessible to the collection vehicle.

1 2 3 n

Beginning
Of route, t 1
(Empty Vehicle )

End of route, t 2 Transfer Station ,

MRF or Disposal Site

Figure 9; showing the stationary container system

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter specifies the study strategy, study instruments, data analysis
techniques and design softwares that were used to explore the underlying solid
waste management and seek the opinions on how the problem would be handled.

3.2 Research design

The research strategy that the study utilized was the descriptive method. A
descriptive research presents facts concerning the nature and the status of the
situation, as it exists at the time of the study and describes the present conditions,
events or systems based on impressions of the respondents of the research. The
time horizon of the research was cross-sectional design where data was collected
over a two weeks period. The research also used a mixed methods approach (i.e.
qualitative and quantitative designs), both methods were utilized for instance the
qualitative opinions that we got were confirmed by statistical data. Finally, the study
also used approaches like questionnaires, in-depth interviews, observations
(qualitative) as well as survey and statistical records like graphs, pie-charts and
tables (Quantitative).

The unit of analysis was the phenomenon solid waste management using the
residents in the selected four zones with at least one from all the three parishes. The
observation design consisted of the selected participants making careful observation
of their environment and contributing to the participatory discussion and analysis of
the situation in their community.

The Statistical design involved tabulating the methods and types of waste generated.

3.3 Sample size estimation

The study involved the selection of 4 zones out of the 23 zones in Bwaise. In Bwaise
I Parish, Kulumba Zone was selected, in Bwaise II Parish Jambula and Katale zone
were selected, and in Bwaise III Parish Bukasa zone was selected. Bukasa zone was
selected to represent to least developed area, Kulumba represented the most
developed area, Katale was selected to represent the highly generating waste and
Jambula was selected randomly.

The sample size was determined by the use of Yamane formula, which is;

n=N/ (1+Ne2)

n=sample size

1
N=total population

e=marginal error

Assuming confidence of 95%, e=0.05

n=45510/ (1+ (45510*0.052))

=396.5 approximately 397people

The sample size comprised of 397 respondents (local people- considering a number
of issues like residential, business-small or high etc.) from different zones of Bwaise.
A non–probability sampling procedure was used where purposive techniques were
employed. This is because, in purposive/judgmental sampling, the researcher
purposively chose respondents who, in his opinion, thought to be relevant to the
research topic. In this case the researcher was convinced that his judgment is more
important than obtaining a probability sample because waste management is not a
new phenomenon therefore, to obtain relevant data, one must choose relevant
respondents.

3.4 Methods of data collection

Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used because
qualitative methods involve the use of words rather than numbers; the methods
involved descriptions of the study and this approach helped to generate quality
information that gave meaning to numbers. While quantitative methods involved the
collection of numerical data in order to explain, predict and control phenomena of
interest and the data collected was presented as a table in numbers. The numerical
data obtained was used to explain the social life of the people of Bwaise in relation
to solid waste management. These methods included, administering questionnaire,
interviewing and observation.

a) Interviews

Personal interviews were conducted and at same time using observation method
where the occurrence of the social events or phenomenon recorded. While
interviewing, the researcher was guided by both structured and unstructured
questionnaires which worked as interview guide. Questionnaires were used as guide
to people who cannot read or write.

b) Questionnaires

The questionnaires consisted of questions both open and closed in which well
answered questions exhausted the research objectives. This method gave the

1
respondents enough time to reflect, concentrate and at times consult. This was used
to collect in-depth household information to establish the authenticity of information
got from the other methods. In addition, the questionnaire was used to collect the
following data: Current service status, methods of waste management and nature of
waste generated.

c) Document Review (secondary data)

This was used to collected data that was not specifically gathered for the research
question at hand. The researcher got information from the study of documents
about waste management. This data helped the researcher with the starting point
for additional research. More to that documents related to the topic were studied to
give more information on the issues under investigation.

Figure 10; a researcher interviewing a resident of Kimombasa, Jambula zone, Bwaise

II

1
Figure 11; a researcher interviewing a resident of Kulumba zone, Bwaise I

3.5 Data analysis and interpretation

This entailed editing, repeating interviews where necessary, summarizing,
categorizing and grouping similar information, analyzing according to the theme of
the study. Quotations and observations made were noted during the interviews and
their sources or the name of the interviewee. All the questionnaires were analyzed
whether completed or not.

Statistical analysis was done manually and where necessary Microsoft Excel
Spreadsheets were used to present the data in a tabular or graphic form like pie-
chats, bar graph generated.

It was from the results of analysis that interpretation and discussion of the data
obtained in relation to phenomenon solid waste management.

The volume of the collection vehicle for a stationary container system was
determined basing on the BS EN 12574- 2

The tumbler composter was designed using Civil 3D

1
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION
4.1 The current state of solid waste management in Bwaise
This results were obtained from question 11 of the questionnaire which was closed
ended and the respondents were required to say ‘yes’ if the services were good and
‘No’ if they were not.

From the categorizing it was observed the majority said ‘No’ which is represented in
the table 1 below;

Table 1; showing the current service state of solid waste management

YES NO

127 270

32% 68%

1
Figure 12; a graph showing the current service state of Solid Waste Management in
Bwaise

A graph showing the current state of Solid Waste

Management in Bwaise

32%

68%
YESNO

From the graph above it is observed that the ‘No’ with 68% is greater than the ‘Yes’
with 32%. The results mean that the current service status of solid waste
management is the really poor hence there is need for improvement by coming up
with an appropriate solid waste management system.

4.2 Nature of solid waste

The solid waste generated in Bwaise was categorized into two i.e. biodegradable and
non-biodegradable.

The results concerning the nature of waste were got from question 9 of the
questionnaire which was open ended and respondents gave an average of two
answers and they were categorized and represented in tables below.

1
Table 2; showing biodegradable waste

Item Rate

Peelings 65

Banana leaves 76

Yard wastes 36

Sweeping dust 20

Ash 18

Animal wastes 58

Left over foods 82

Papers 68

Total 423

This table shows the different types of biodegradable wastes generated in Bwaise. It
was found that out of the 705 responses concerning types of wastes generated 423
of them were the biodegradable ones as shown above.

2
 A graph showing the biodegradable waste generated in Bwaise.

90 82
76
80
68
70 65
58
60

50
Ra

36
40
30
20 18
20

10

0
Peelings Banana Yard waste Sweeping Ash Animal Left over Papers
leaves dusts wastes foods
Item

Figure 13; a graph showing the biodegradable waste generated in Bwaise

Graph above shows the amount of each biodegradable generated with food remains,
banana leaves, peelings, papers and animal wastes having higher values.

2
Table 3; showing non-degradable waste generated

Item Rate

Polythene (Buveera) 70

Plastics 60

Old sacks 27

Metals 40

Glass 34

Broken clay plates and 21

clays

Old cloth 30

Total 282

This table shows the different types of non-biodegradable wastes generated in

Bwaise. It was found that out of the 705 responses concerning types of wastes
generated 282 of them were the non-biodegradable ones as shown above.

2
 A graph showing the non-biodegradable solid waste generated in Bwaise
70

70
60
60

50
40
40 34
30
Ra

27
30
21
20

10

0
Polythene Plastics Old sack Metals Glass Broken clayOld clothes
plates
Item

Figure 14; a graph showing the non-biodegradable solid waste generated in Bwaise

Graph above shows the amount of each non-biodegradable waste generated with
polythenes and plastics having higher values.

Table 4; showing percentage of each nature of waste generated in Bwaise

Non- Biodegradable Total

biodegradable

Items 282 423 705

registered

Percentage 40 % 60% 100 %

2
Figure 15; a graph showing the nature of wastes generated in Bwaise

A graph showing the nature of wastes generated in Bwaise

40%

60%
Biodegradable

Non-biodegradable

This graph shows that the biodegradable waste with 60% is greater than the non-
biodegradable with 40%. It shows that the biodegradable need quick solution
compared to the non-biodegradable since they are more by 20%. It was from this
that a composter was found to be the best solution of the poor state of solid waste
management in Bwaise.

2
4.3 Determining the appropriate Solid waste management system
This was obtained from question 12 of the questionnaire which was an open ended
question where respondents gave an average of 2 responses each.

This was tabulated in table below.

Table 5; showing the suggested solid waste management methods

Method suggested Rate of Ranking

use

Burning /incinerating 45 7

Sensitization 70 1

Dust bins 48 6

Composting 58 3

Recycling and reuse 54 4

Bulungi 64 2
Bwansi/community
based

Tendering private 28 8
firms

Warning posters 54 4

By laws 49 5

2
Figure 16; a graph showing various Solid Waste Management methods that were

A graph showing various Solid Waste Managment methods that were suggested by res
70
64

70
58
60 54 54
48 49
50 45

40
Rat

28
30
20
10
0

Methods

suggested by residents in Bwaise

As observed above, the results from ranking indicate preference for the following
approaches and methods in this order: Sensitization, ‘Bulungi Bwansi’ (Community
Work), composting, recycling, warning posters, by laws, Dustbins/containers,
burning. The approach of tendering to private firms was the least liked yet this is the
approach currently being implemented under the Kampala Solid Waste Ordinance. In
Bwaise, Nabugabo Ventures is the company that won the tender to collect garbage
from this area. Given this unfavorable response, a lot of effort needs to be done to
convince the public to accept and support this initiative.

Despite clear advantages, these approaches nevertheless, have some drawbacks.

Remedy measures like recycling, for example, may involve high initial and capital
costs; it also necessitates the identification of markets for recycled material and
requires educating the general public to accept the need to separate materials at
sources. And reducing waste arising at source may require the regulation of
industry, the development of economic instruments to encourage plant modification
or redesign, and the education of consumers as to the benefits of “environment
friendly” products.

2
Public awareness through sensitization has an important role to play. This is the key
to the success of any SWM policy. It is no surprise that the local communities ranked
it first in their solutions to SW problem.

Community works was a good suggestion which showed that the community is really
concerned about the waste management and are willing to work hand in hand with
the council to solve the problem of poor solid waste management though it needed
another method that it can work with. This community work majorly focuses on the
collection part and leaves out the disposal part. Thus there was need to design an
appropriate waste management which can work with the community works and the
sensitization to improve on the current status.

Basing on the observations and analysis the major cause of the poor waste
management was that the community was not willing to pay the collectors.

Some of the interviewees said;

“We see no reason why we should pay a fee for garbage disposal, where do the
taxies we pay go?”

4.4 Determination of the amount of waste generated in Bwaise

One of the basic considerations when designing a solid waste management system is
the amount of waste to be handled.

The amount of waste generated in Bwaise was calculated as shown below;

2
Table 6; showing conversion factors used for calculations taken from draft 16 UK
waste classification scheme

CALCULATING THE VOLUME OF WASTE GENERATED IN BWAISE PER DAY

REFERENCE CALCULATION OUTPUT UNITS

National Population and housing Population of Bwaise I+ 45510 People

census ,2014 BwaiseII+BwaiseIII
=19058+18269+8183

KCCA, Kawempe Division, Solid Estimation of waste 1.0 kg/person/day

Waste Management department generated

Total waste 45510 kg/day

generated=population
*weight generated by
each person.

=45510*1

Analysis of questionnaire data 60% of the waste is 27306 kg/day

biodegradable

=60*45510/100

2
Conversion table ,table 6 101.13 m3/day

1tonne of household
waste=0.27tonnes/m3
but
27306kg=27.307tonnes,

Therefore the volume of

biodegradable waste
=Mass/density

=27.307/0.27

4.5 Design of the appropriate solid waste management system

Table 7; showing the typical values of haul constant coefficients a and b (Peavy et
al1985)

2
Table 8; showing data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled
and stationary container collection systems

Collection
Pick up
loaded
container
and Empty At
deposit contents site
empty of loaded time
Loading Compaction container. container s
Vehicle method ratio, r h/trip h/continer h/trip
Hauled
Container
systems
Tilt frame Mechanical 0.40 0.127
Tilt frame Mechanical 2.0-4.0 0.40 0.133
Stationary
container
systems
Compactor Mechanical 2.0-4.0 0.050 0.10
Compactor Manual 2.0-4.0 0.10

4.5.1 Determining the required volume of the collection vehicle

The container system selected is the manually loaded stationary container system.

REFERENCES CALCULATIONS OUT PUT UNIT

volume of waste 101.13 m3/day

generated=(total weight of
biodegradable*1000)/0.27

Off route factor, W 0.15

Length of work day, H 8.0 h

Time from garage to the first 0.25 h

container location, t1

Time from last container 0.33 h

location to the garage,t2

3
 Number of trips per day, Nd 3.0 trips/day

Time per trip for stationary 2.07 h/trip

container system, Tscs=(H(1-
W)-(t1+t2))/Nd

=(8*(1-0.15)-(0.25+0.33))/3

From KCCA Average speed 40.00 km/h

table 8 At site time per trip, s 0.10

Table 7 Empirical haul constant, a 0.050

Table 7 Empirical haul constant, b 0.025

KCCA, Kawempe Round trip haul distance, x 5.0 km/trip

Division, Solid Waste
Management
department.

Pick up time per trip for a 1.8 h/trip

stationary container system,

Pscs=Tscs-(s+a+bx)

=2.07-(0.1+0.050+(0.025*5))

Rear off house pickup location, 50.0

PRH, considering 50% backyard
and 50% kerbside

Average number of containers 2.0 cotainer/locatio

per pick up location, Cn n

Average pick up time per 1.78 min/location

location,

tp=0.72+(0.18*Cn)+(0.014*PR
H)

=0.72+(0.18*2)+(0.014*50)

Number of collectors, n 2.0 Collectors

3
 Number of pick up locations per 41 location/trip
trip,

Np=(60*Pscs*n)/(tp*3)

=(60*1.8*2)/1.78

Compaction ratio (2.0-4.0),r 2.5

Volume of waste collected per 0.83 m3/location

pick up location, Vp

=Volume of waste
generated/(3*Np)

Volume of collection vehicle, 13.5 m3/trip

V=Vp*Np/r

=0.28*121.2/2.5

4.5.2 Designing a solid waste tumbler composter

The proposed location of composter is in Jambula where there is an open land
which is currently used as an open dumping disposal area, the land is accessible
in all directions which will allow easy inlet of trucks to dispose the waste and easy
outlet of trucks carrying the compost. The settlements within are also scarce
which will not incur a lot of cost for compensation.

The idea of a large scale composter was adopted as the appropriate solid waste
management system since it is environmental friendly due to the fact that the waste
is composted while enclosed. It was also selected because it can help in the income
generation so as to pay the waste collectors.

The tumbler kind of composters specifically has been chosen because the
turning action it requires provides the compost with a fair amount of air. As
mentioned previously, bacteria need oxygen to keep up the respiration process
that happens within aerobic systems. Additionally, putting the compost in a
closed container will help to retain the temperature inside.

3
The tumbler composter is capable of composting a given volume of waste under
favorable condition for a maximum of 3days.Hence its size should be able to
accommodate thrice the volume generated per day in Bwaise.

The large tumbler has a cylindrical metal barrel container painted with rustproof
paint. Air will flow inside this container through multiple big size holes similar to
those pierced in the pilot tumbler to allow the aerobic process to occur. In order to
allow the composter to let enough O2 in the composter, ¼ of the composter needs
to remain empty.

The tumbler composter was designed considering the following factors:

- Aeration: first of all, the composter designed is a tumbler that contains

a cylindrical metal barrel with an axle that has sharp metallic sticks of a
length of 5m. This allows turning the material inside the tumbler which
allows air circulation. Additionally, holes of a diameter of 5cm each are
pierced on the upper area of composter. Also, the composter contains a
door that allows air entrance even when closed.
- Temperature: The compost temperature may go from 20°C to 70°C.
Therefore, the composter has to offer the adequate heat capacity. The
material that meets the best this requirement is metal, known for its
high capacity to retain heat. That is why our composter is metallic.
- Easiness of the task: In addition to produce high quality compost, this
tumbler also aims to ease the task of composting. To do so, the
composter contains a handle that has two control sticks from the two
sides of the container to allow turning the axe inside the composter,
which turns the components. Sharp metallic sticks have been put on the
axle to shred the composted materials and lower their size to accelerate
the composting process. Additionally, the material of the composter is
made of light metal to allow turning the tumbler easily upside down to
remove the finish product. Furthermore, the composter is attached with
metallic belts to keep it from falling down or moving during the turning
action. The composter is put on a support to keep it stable and easy to
reach.
Basing on the results of the amount of waste generated in Bwaise, the tumbler
composter capacity was to be of (101.13*3)=303.39m 3 and additional space that is
1/3 of the diameter to allow aeration and proper turning.

3
Sizing the tumbler composter.

The volume that the composter is to accommodate =V*3

=101.13*3

=303.39m3

Since the composter is cylindrical, its volume=pi*r 2*h

303.39=3.14* r2*h

96.62= r2*h

Using try and error method

R H v/pi

2 12 48

2.5 13 81.25

3 13 117

3 10.74 96.66

From the calculation a tumbler composter of 3m radius and 10.74m can

accommodate a volume of 303.39m3, but there should a free board of ¼ of the
diameter for aeration purpose.

D=2*r

=2*3=6m

¼*6=1.5m

Therefore the d=1.5+6=7.5m, r=3.75

3
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSIONS, CHALLENGES AND RECCOMENDATION

5.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the conclusions drawn from the research and different
recommendation as far as the research was concerned. It also highlights alternative
areas of further research in reference to this research. The challenges faced are also
highlighted to act as an eye opener to all students and relevant staff towards the
execution of better researchers in this field of study.

5.2 Conclusion
The solid waste management service status was found not to be good environmental
wise which was observed by garbage heaps along the roadsides and in trenches
which leads to rise in drainage blockage of the drainage system and water borne
disease outbreaks.

There is a diversity of waste generated in Bwaise. The largest percentage is

biodegradable waste consisting of food related items. The non-biodegradable waste
is the least consist mainly of polythene bags and plastic bottles. Therefore, it can be
stated that diversity of waste will need diversified disposal approaches for effective
and efficient management of the solid waste.

The amount of waste generated in Bwaise is extremely high due to its high
population, thus there was need to use a container system that could collect the all
the waste every day.

The idea of a tumbler was found to be the most appropriate one due to its ability to
handle worst generated waste and also generating income for the waste collectors.

5.3 Problems and challenges

There is a positive correlation between community’s involvement in policy evolution
and its successful implementation. Where people are involved it is easy to enlist their
cooperation to support the policy than where they are not involved, it is an uphill
task to implement such policies. This could be the reason why the Kampala Solid
Waste Ordinance has been difficult to implement especially at its initiation. Secondly,
there is a relationship between effective solid waste management in communities
and presence of active environmental institutions.

3
5.4 Recommendations
 The Local Authorities should install a motor to ease the rotation of the
composter, since the manual rotation is time consuming and requires a lot of
energy.
 KCCA should excavate the ground where the composter is to be placed to
meet a level that the person operating can reach.
 The primary role of the KCCA should be to sensitize the community of Bwaise
to do the separation waste at the point of generation so as to ease the
collection process of the biodegradables.
 Environmental Education to the communities should be taken seriously. This
will help communities appreciate sound practices such as sorting and
recycling. This will help encourage communities to abandon illegal practices
such as burning, and open space dumping.
 The central government should establish links between recycling companies
and community groups. This will help in handling the non-biodegradable
waste like plastics and old clothes.
 Appropriate technologies in line with the nature of garbage generated.
Possible options include: In the case of non- biodegradable waste, since
polythene bags are generated in such large and increasing quantities and yet
without any immediate foreseeable solution, one option could be to convert
them to energy, through use of combustors or incinerators. This would serve
in the meantime as other solutions are sought.

3
REFERENCES

DEAT and DWAF (1999). National Waste Management Strategies and Action Plans
for South Africa. Strategy Formulation Phase. PMG 130. DEAT and DWAF, Pretoria.

Environmental Resource Limited (ERL), (2008); Solid Waste Disposal–Kampala

Municipal Solid Waste Management. UNEP Technical Publication 6, Nov. 1996.

NEMA,(1998). Caring for our Environment A Handbook for Local leaders,

Nyakaana et al. 2006), population, urban development and environment in Uganda;

the case of Kampala city and its environments. Makerere University, Kampala
Uganda

The National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations, 1999.

The National Environment Act (NEA) (1999); The Republic of Uganda

Uganda
http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/uganda/uganda%20HDR%202005.pdf

UNDP, (2005), Uganda Human Development report, United Nations Development

Program, Kampala, Uganda,

Zake J, Yawe A, Lutalo R and Kaweesa M (2007), A Base line survey Report for
Sustainable Neighbours if focus cities project. Environmental Alert, Kampala, Uganda

Zerbock O. ( 2003).Urban Solid Waste Management, Waste Reduction in Developing

Countries.

Watuwa T and Andrew M (24 September 2013). "Kawempe Congested, Unsafe".

New Vision. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

Nanyonjo, A(3 September 2008). "Kawempe Division Zones Local Councils". New
Vision. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
M. De Bertoldi .et al, The Biology of Composting, 1983
Robert D. Raabe, Cooperative Extension University of California Division of
Agriculture and Natural Resources

3
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: SCHEDULE OF THE WORK
The project will be executed following the time schedule as follows

MONTHS SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY

Reconnaissance

A Survey

C Proposal

T Writing.

V Data collection

T Data analysis
Y Designing

Report Writing

3
APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE
Hello respondent,

We are students of Kampala International University in our final year of study

pursuing a bachelor degree in science in Civil Engineering. We are carrying out a
research study entitled “Assessing solid waste management” a case study of
Bwaise. This study is part of the requirements leading to the award of the above
stated degree programme.

It is upon this, that I kindly request you to respond to this questionnaire with all the
honesty and sincerity. The information you will provide will be entirely for study
purposes and it will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

The researchers do not have enough funds to pay you for responding to the
questions in this form but your positive response is highly appreciated.

Thank you.

PARISH………………………………….
WARD……………………………………………..

1. What is your name?

(Optional)
2. What is your age bracket
□10-25 □26-30 □31-35 □36-above
3. Gender
□Male □ female
4. How many are you in your household?
5. Who heads the household
□ Father □ mother □ wife
□ husband
6. What is his/her occupation? ……………………………………………………………….
7. Do you have a toilet
□ yes □ No
8. If No where do you ease your selves from?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9. Which waste does your household generate?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
10. How do you manage your wastes? State the various methods used in Bwaise.

3
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………

11. Are the methods used efficient to solve the current problem of poor solid waste
management?
□Yes □ No

12. If No, what do you think should be done for a better management?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…

4
APPENDIX III: BUDGET
Activity Cost in shillings

Printing of questionnaires 100000

Transport 100000

Internet 50000

Facilitation of research assistants 300000

Consultation 150000

Stationary 100000

Others 150000

TOTAL 1000000