The characteristics of LC parallel Circuit

Basic principle:
In a parallel circuit experiment, the internal resistance of the device or component being tested
can be determined by measuring the voltage drop across each branch of the circuit and the
current flowing through each branch. The voltage drop is measured using a voltmeter, while the
current is measured using an ammeter. The internal resistance of the device or component can
V2 V2
then be calculated using Kirchhoff’s law =
I2 I2

Related Physics:
Capacitor:
A capacitor is an electrical component that stores energy in the form of an electric field. It is
made up of two metal plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. When a
voltage is applied across the plates, the electric field between them increases, storing energy.
When the voltage is removed, the electric field collapses, releasing the stored energy.
Capacitors are used in a variety of electronic circuits to store and release energy.

Inductor:
An inductor is an electrical component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when
current passes through it. It is made up of a coil of wire, usually wrapped around a core of
ferromagnetic material such as iron. Inductors are used in a variety of applications, including
power supplies, filters, and oscillators.

Parallel combination:
A parallel combination is a type of electrical circuit in which two or more components are
connected in parallel, meaning that they are connected to the same voltage source and the
same current flows through each component. This type of circuit is useful for increasing the
total current capacity of a circuit, as each component can handle a portion of the total current .

Resonance Frequency:
Resonance frequency is the frequency at which an object vibrates at its maximum amplitude
when excited by an external force. It is the frequency at which an object vibrates at its natural
frequency and is determined by the physical characteristics of the object. Resonance frequency
is important in many applications such as in sound systems, musical instruments, and electronic
circuits.

Loss factor:
Loss factor is a measure of the efficiency of a device or component in converting energy from
one form to another. It is expressed as a ratio of the output power to the input power. The
higher the loss factor, the less efficient the device or component is at converting energy. Loss
factors are commonly used to measure the efficiency of electrical components such as
transformers, motors, and capacitors.

Quality factor:
Quality factor (Q-factor) is a measure of the efficiency of an electrical or electronic component
or system. It is defined as the ratio of the reactance of the component or system to its
resistance. Quality factor is used to measure the performance of inductors, capacitors, and
resonant circuits. It is also used to measure the performance of antennas, filters, and other
components. Higher quality factors indicate higher efficiency and better performance.

Band width:
In an LC circuit, the bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which the circuit can operate. It
is determined by the values of the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) of the circuit. The higher
the values of L and C, the higher the bandwidth of the circuit. The bandwidth of an LC circuit is
usually expressed in hertz (Hz).

Objectives:
To find resonance frequency, band width loss factor and quality factor

Apparatus:

 Capacitor (100 μF , 200 μF ¿

 Inductor (90 mH ,120 mH )
 Function Generator
 Connecting wires
 Plug in board (4mm)
 Digital Multimeters
 Digital Counter

Theoretical background
When the inductor (L) and capacitor (C) are connected in parallel as shown here, the
voltage V across the open terminals is equal to both the voltage across the inductor and the
voltage across the capacitor. The total current I flowing into the positive terminal of the circuit
is equal to the sum of the current flowing through the inductor and the current flowing through
the capacitor:
V=V L = VC
I = IL+IC

The theoretical background of an experiment involving an LC circuit is based on the principles of

electrical resonance. An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in series or
in parallel. When an alternating voltage is applied to the circuit, the inductor and capacitor
interact with each other, creating a resonance frequency. This resonance frequency is
determined by the values of the inductance and capacitance of the circuit. The resonance
frequency is also affected by the resistance of the circuit, which is determined by the internal
resistance of the components. By measuring the resonance frequency of the circuit, the values
of the inductance and capacitance can be determined.

An LC circuit, also called a resonant circuit, tank circuit, or tuned circuit, is an electric
circuit consisting of an inductor, represented by the letter L, and a capacitor, represented by
the letter C, connected together. The circuit can act as an electrical resonator, an electrical
analogue of a tuning fork, storing energy oscillating at the circuit's resonant frequency.
LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal
at a particular frequency from a more complex signal; this function is called a bandpass filter.
They are key components in many electronic devices, particularly radio equipment, used in
circuits such as oscillators, filters, tuners and frequency mixers.
An LC circuit is an idealized model since it assumes there is no dissipation of energy due
to resistance. Any practical implementation of an LC circuit will always include loss resulting
from small but non-zero resistance within the components and connecting wires. The purpose
of an LC circuit is usually to oscillate with minimal damping, so the resistance is made as low as
possible. While no practical circuit is without losses, it is nonetheless instructive to study this
ideal form of the circuit to gain understanding and physical intuition.
Resonance occurs when an LC circuit is driven from an external source at an angular
frequency ω0 at which the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude. The
frequency at which this equality holds for the particular circuit is called the resonant frequency.
The resonant frequency of the LC circuit is
1
ω o= ❑❑❑❑
√ LC
When XL equals XC, the two branch currents are equal and opposite. They cancel out each other
to give minimal current in the main line (in principle, zero current). However, there is a large
current circulating between the capacitor and inductor. In principle, this circulating current is
infinite, but in reality is limited by resistance in the circuit, particularly resistance in the inductor
windings. Since total current is minimal, in this state the total impedance is maximal.
The resonant frequency is given by
where L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farads. The angular
frequency ω0 has units of radians per second.
The equivalent frequency in units of hertz is
ωo 1
❑❑ f o= =
2 π 2 π √ LC
Note that any branch current is not minimal at resonance, but each is given separately by
v
dividing source voltage (V) by reactance (Z). Hence I =  , as per Ohm's law.
Z

 At f0, the line current is minimal. The total impedance is maximal. In this state a circuit is
called a rejector circuit.[3]
 Below f0, the circuit is inductive.
 Above f0, the circuit is capacitive.

Experimental setup: