Humanities 011:

Eduction

Things you need to remember:

Adding not negates the whole proposition.
Adding non negates the term (subject/predicate) only.

No S are P = All S are not P

Not all S are P = Some S are not P
**S - subject; P - predicate

PROCESS OBVERSION CONVERSION

DESCRIPTION Changing the quality of the subject Transforming the position of the subject and predicate
and predicate
Two types:
*no change in quantity and meaning a) Simple conversion (I and E)
b) Accidental conversion (A  I)
*Applicable to A, E, I, O
PARTS Obvertend – given proposition Convertend – given proposition
Obverse – final proposition Converse – final proposition

STEPS 1) Change the quality of the SIMPLE CONVERSION: ACCIDENTAL CONVERSION:

obvertend
2) Change the predicate into its 1) Transpose the subject and 1) Transpose the subject and
contradictory (non) predicate predicate
3) Retain the subject and quantity 2) Retain the subject and 2) Change the quantity from
quantity universal to particular
3) Retain the affirmative quality

FORMULA/ AE SIMPLE CONVERSION: ACCIDENTAL CONVERSION:

SHORTCUT All S are P  No S are non-P
EE AI
IO No S are P  No P are S All S are P  Some P are S
Some S are P  Not all S are non-P
II
EA Some S are P  Some P are S
No S are P  All S are non-P

OI
Not all S are P  Some S are non-P
EXAMPLES All men are rational beings.  No men No men are rational beings.  All men are rational beings. 
are non-rational beings. No rational beings are men. Some rational beings are men.

Some men are rational beings.  Not Some men are rational beings. 
all men are non-rational beings. Some rational beings are men.

No men are rational beings.  All men

are non-rational beings.

Not all men are rational beings. 

Some men are non-rational beings.
 Humanities 011:
Eduction

PROCESS CONTRAPOSITION INVERSION

DESCRIPTION A combination of obversion and conversion The given proposition undergoes a series of obversions and
conversion

Two types: Two types:

a) Partial contraposition (not applicable to I) a) Simple inversion
b) Full contraposition b) Complete inversion

PARTS Contraponend – given proposition Invertend – given proposition

Contraposit – final proposition Inverse – final proposition

STEPS PARTIAL FULL CONTRAPOSITION: SIMPLE INVERSION: COMPLETE INVERSION:

CONTRAPOSITION:
1) Obvert the given 1) Obvert the given 1) Change the subject 1) Change the subject and
proposition proposition if the original predicate of the original
2) Convert the 2) Convert the proposition to its proposition to its
obverse of the obverse of the contradictory contradictory
given propostion given proposition 2) Change the 2) Change the quantity
3) Obvert the quantity from from universal to
converse of the universal to particular
obverse of the particular 3) Retain the quality
given proposition 3) Change the quality
4) Retain the original
predicate

FORMULA/ PARTIAL FULL CONTRAPOSITION: SIMPLE INVERSION: COMPLETE INVERSION:

SHORTCUT CONTRAPOSITION:
A A AO AI
All S are P All S are P All S are P  Some non-S All S are P  Some non-S are non-
 No S are non-P  No S are non-P are not P P
[obverse] [obverse]
 No non-P are S  No non-P are S E I EO
[contraposit] [converse] No S are P  Some non-S No S are P  Some non-S are not
 All non-P are non-S are P non-P
E [contraposit]
No S are P
 All S are non-P E
[obverse] No S are P
 Some non-P are S  All S are non-P
[contraposit] [obverse]
 Some non-P are S
O [acc. converse]
Not all S are P  Not all non-P are non-S
 Some S are non-P (contraposit)
[obverse]
 Some non-P are S O
[contraposit] Not all S are P
 Some S are non-P
[obverse]
 Some non-P are S
[converse]
 Not all non-P are non-S
[contraposit]
EXAMPLES All men are rational All men are rational All men are rational All men are rational beings. 
beings. beings. beings.  Some non-men Some non-men are non-
 No men are  No men are non- are not rational beings. rational beings.
non-rational rational beings.
beings. [obverse] [obverse] No men are rational No men are rational beings. 
 No non-rational  No non-rational beings.  Some non-men Some non-men are not non-
beings are men. beings are men. are rational beings. rational beings.
[contraposit] [converse]
 All non-rational
No men are rational beings are non-men.
beings. [contraposit]
 All men are non-
rational beings. No men are rational
[obverse] beings.
 Some non-  All men are non-
rational beings are rational beings.
men. [contraposit] [obverse]
 Some non-rational
Not all men are beings are men.
rational beings. [acc. converse]
 Some men are  Not all non-rational
non-rational beings are non-men.
beings. [obverse] [contraposit]
 Some non-
rational beings are
men. [contraposit]