SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

SPECIFIC ISSUES IN STS

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Global Warming – It refers to the increase in global temperatures that is principally caused by rising
atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
Climate Change – It refers to the gradual, rising changes in climate variables including precipitation,
temperature, and wind patterns.

 Factors that contribute to climate change can be natural internal processes, external forces, and
persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.
 It can also be due to natural occurrences or contributed by acts of human beings.

Causes of Global Warming and Climate Change

Human Causes
 Burning fossil fuels – Fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal contain carbon dioxide that has been
'locked away in the ground for thousands of years. When we take these out of the land and burn them,
we release the stored carbon dioxide into the air.
 Deforestation – Forests remove and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Cutting them down
means that carbon dioxide builds up quicker since there are no trees to absorb it. Not only that, trees
release the carbon they stored when we burn them.
 Manufacturing goods – Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossil
fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics, plastics, clothes, and
other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also release gases.
 Consuming too much – Your home and use of power, how you move around, what you eat, and how
much you throw away all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. So does the consumption of goods
such as clothing, electronics, and plastics.
 Using transportation – Most cars, lorries, ships, and planes run on fossil fuels. That makes
transportation a major contributor to greenhouse gases, especially carbon-dioxide emissions. Road
vehicles account for the largest part, but emissions from ships and planes continue to grow.

Natural Causes
Natural cycles can cause the climate to alternate between warming and cooling.

 Milankovitch cycles – As Earth travels around the sun, its path and the tilt of its axis can change
slightly. These changes, called Milankovitch cycles, affect the amount of

sunlight that falls on Earth. This can cause the temperature of Earth to change. However, these cycles
take place over tens or hundreds of thousands of years and are unlikely to be causing the changes to
the climate that we are seeing today.
 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) – ENSO is a pattern of changing water temperatures in the
Pacific Ocean. In an 'El Niño year, the global temperature warms up, and in a 'La Niña year, it cools
down. These patterns can affect the global temperature for a short amount of time (months or years)
but cannot explain the persistent warming that we see today.
 Volcanic eruptions – Volcanoes have a mixed effect on our climate. Eruptions produce aerosol
particles that cool Earth, but they also release carbon dioxide, which warms it. On top of this, cooling is
the dominant effect of volcanic eruptions, not warmi

Effects of Global Warming and Climate Change

1. Hotter temperatures
 As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the global surface temperature.
 Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and make working and moving around more
difficult.
 Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter.

2. Increased drought
 Water is becoming scarcer in more regions.
  Droughts can stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across
continents.
 Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having
enough water regularly.
3. Rising sea levels

 The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming.

 It is caused primarily by two factors related to global warming: the added water from melting ice sheets
and glaciers, and the expansion of seawater as it warms.
 This melts ice sheets and raises sea levels, threatening coastal and island communities.
 The ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. More carbon dioxide makes
the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life.
4. Loss of species

 Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any
other time in recorded human history.
 Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats.

 Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.
5. Not enough food

 Fisheries crops and livestock may be destroyed or become less productive.

 Heat stress can diminish water and grasslands for grazing.
6. More health risks

 Other health risks include increased hunger and poor nutrition in places where people cannot grow or
find sufficient food.
 Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks will become more common due to the increased
growth of pollen-producing ragweed, higher levels of air pollution, and the spread of conditions
favorable to pathogens and mosquitoes.
7. Poverty and displacement

 Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods.
 Water scarcity may affect crops.
 Heat can make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs.
 Weather-related disasters displace 23 million people a year, leaving much more vulnerable to poverty.

Evidence/News articles/pictures depicting the effects of Global Warming

and Climate Change

 EUROPE BURNS IN THE HEAT WAVE INTENSIFIED BY CLIMATE CHANGE

August 06, 2021
Europe burns under one of its worst heat waves in a very long time on Monday, as researchers and
governments arranged to approve a significant new admonition about the seriousness of climate change.
Greece’s temperature was forecasted at 48 degrees, Europe’s all-time high record, while there were rapidly
spreading fires that seethed in
Water levels of one of Europe's largest waterways drop to the lowest levels in almost a century, exposing
more than 20 hulks on a stretch near Prahovo town in eastern Serbia.
Europe's worst drought in years has pushed the mighty river Danube to one of its lowest levels in almost a
century, exposing the hulks of dozens of explosives-laden German warships sunk during WW2 near Serbia's
river port town of Prahovo.
The vessels were among hundreds scuttled along the Danube by Nazi Germany's Black Sea fleet in 1944 as
they retreated from advancing Soviet forces, and still hamper river traffic during low water levels.
However, this year's drought –– viewed by scientists as a consequence of global heating –– has exposed more
than 20 hulks on a stretch of the Danube near Prahovo in eastern Serbia, many of which still contain tonnes of
ammunition and explosives and pose a danger to shipping.
  Spanish Stonehenge' emerges from drought-hit dam
A brutal summer has caused havoc for many in rural Spain, but one unexpected side-effect of the country's
worst drought in decades has delighted archaeologists -- the emergence of a prehistoric stone circle in a dam
whose waterline has receded.
Officially known as the Dolmen of Guadalperal but dubbed the Spanish Stonehenge, the circle of dozens of
megalithic stones is believed to date back to 5000 BC.
It currently sits fully exposed in one corner of the Valdecanas reservoir, in the central province of Caceres,
where authorities say the water level has dropped to 28% of capacity.

Ways to lessen the effects of Global Warming and Climate Change

1. Forego Fossil Fuels
 The first way to prevent climate change is to move away from fossil fuels. What are the alternatives?
Renewable energies like solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal.
2. Energy & Water Efficiency
 Producing clean energy is essential, but reducing our consumption of energy and water by using more
efficient devices (e.g. LED light bulbs, and innovative shower systems) is less costly and equally
important.
3. Sustainable Transportation
 One way to dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to use mass transit, or switch to walking,
cycling, or some other mode of transport that does not require anything than human energy.
4. Sustainable infrastructure
 To reduce the CO2 emissions from buildings - caused by heating, air conditioning, hot water, or lighting
- it is necessary both to build new low-energy buildings, and to renovate the existing constructions.
5. Sustainable agriculture & forest management
 Encouraging better use of natural resources, stopping massive deforestation as well as making
agriculture greener and more efficient should also be a priority.
6. Responsible consumption & recycling
 Adopting responsible consumption habits is crucial, be it regarding food (particularly meat), clothing,
cosmetics or cleaning products. Last but not least, recycling is an absolute necessity for dealing with
waste.
7. Plant trees

 Planting trees can help much more in reducing global warming than any other method. They not only
give oxygen but also take in carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis, which is the primary
source of global warming.
8. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
 Reducing your need to buy new products results in a smaller amount of waste. Even if you need to buy,
consider buying eco-friendly products. It is the most effective of the three R’s.
9. Save Energy
 When you consume less, less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Setting your thermostat
using your smartphone or changing the type of light bulb you use is a great start.

Technological “Solutions” to GW and CC

1. Carbon Capture
 Significant greenhouse gases is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
o 50% concentration from the industrial revolution
o Aims to capture CO2
o Transport emissions by pipeline to offshore beneath the North Sea
2. Sand Energy Storage
 Sand is found anywhere
 Key role in moving the world to net-zero emission
 Project carried out by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
3. Greater Use of Data Centers
 Provides more efficient computation
4. Solar Shields and Satellites with Movable Reflectors
  Deflecting heat
 Blocks 8 % of the sun’s earth-bound radiation
 This idea inspired by cooling effects of large volcanic eruptions

NANOTECHNOLOGY

 Nanotechnology involves the understanding and control of matter at the nanometer scale. The so-
called nanoscale deals with dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers.
 A nanometer is an extremely small unit of length—a billionth (10-9) of a meter. Just how small is a
nanometer (nm). A single human hair is about 80,000 to 100,000 nm wide.
 On the nanometer scale, materials may exhibit unusual properties. When you change the size of a
particle, it can change color, for example. That’s because in nanometer-scale particles, the
arrangement of atoms reflects light differently. Gold can appear dark red or purple, while silver can
appear yellowish or amber-colored.
 Nanotechnology can increase the surface area of a material. This allows more atoms to interact with
other materials. An increased surface area is one of the chief reasons nanometer-scale materials can
be stronger, more durable, and more conductive than their larger-scale (called bulk) counterparts.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS
Natural nanomaterials

 occurur naturally in the world.

 These include particles that make up volcanic ash, smoke, and even some molecules in our bodies,
such as the hemoglobin in our blood.
Artificial nanomaterials

 Those occur from objects or processes created by people.

 Example: exhaust from fossil fuel burning engines and some forms of pollution
HOW NANOTECHNOLOGY START

 American physicist Richard Feynman is the father of nanotechnology.

 He introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech in a 1959 talk titled "There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom."
 Feynman did not use the term "nanotechnology," but described a process in which scientists would be
able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.
By the end of the 20th century, many companies and governments were investing in nanotechnology. By
the early 2000s, nanomaterials were being used in consumer products from sports equipment to digital
cameras. Modern nanotechnology may be quite new, but nanometer-scale materials have been used for
centuries.
APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES OF NANOTECH
1. Electronics Carbon nanotubes

 are close to replacing silicon as a material for making smaller, faster, and more efficient microchips and
devices, as well as lighter, more conductive, and stronger quantum nanowires. Graphene’s properties
make it an ideal candidate for the development of flexible touchscreens.
2. Energy

 A new semiconductor developed by Kyoto University makes it possible to manufacture solar panels that
double the amount of sunlight converted into electricity. Nanotechnology also lower costs, produces
stronger and lighter wind turbines, and improves fuel efficiency.
3. Biomedicine

 Improving early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer.

 They can attack cancer cells selectively without harming other health cells.
4. Environmental Air Purification with Ions

 Wastewater purification with nanobubbles or nanofiltration systems for heavy metals are some of its
environmentally friendly applications.
5. Food in the Field

 nano biosensors could be used to detect the presence of pathogens in food or nanocomposites to
improve food production by increasing mechanical and thermal resistance and decreasing oxygen
transfer in packaged products. Textile Nanotechnology makes it possible to develop smart fabrics
that don’t stain or wrinkle, as well as stronger, lighter, and more durable materials to make
motorcycle helmets or sports equipment.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF NANOTECH ON HUMAN LIVES AND THE SOCIETY
1. Faster, smaller, and more powerful computers
2. Faster, more accurate medical diagnostic equipment. Ex: LAB ON CHIP
3. Improved pharmaceutical products
4. Improved vehicle fuel efficiency and corrosion resistance
5. Stain-resistant, water-resistant, and flame-resistant fabrics
6. Improved water quality
7. stronger, lighter-weight sports equipment
8. Reduce UV exposure
9. Increased shelf life of plastic bottles
10. Enhanced surveillance and security systems
11. Using face mask

DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

1. Negative Impact on the Environment

 With the advance of nanotechnology pollution has also increased due to the nanoparticle produced
during the making of various drugs, atomic bombs, etc. Hence nanotechnology has a deep impact
on the environment. Many diseases have not only affected humans but also the creatures living in
such environments.
2. Unemployment may prevail
 Due to innovation in science and technology, human labor work has been reduced a lot and many
times people must lose their job as their place has been taken up by technology. Especially in the
field of chemistry, engineering nanotechnology has increased the scope of machines and reduced
labor-intensive work.
3. Economical imbalance
 As the value of oil and diamonds and many more have been reduced the economy has to face
fluctuation as many alternative sources have been introduced that are more efficient and don’t
require any fuel.
4. Hazardous weapons accessible
 Many weapons produced through nanotechnology are hazardous and vulnerable to people. Now to
gain more power, countries use various weapons. With nanotechnology, it became easy for a
nation to produce and use weapons like atom bombs to destroy the enemy. One such hazardous
day was when Nagasaki and Hiroshima faced a nuclear explosion, leaving people vulnerable.
5. Costly
 Nanotechnology although a boon in medicine, engineering, and material science fields is expensive
as the technology requires huge funds to operate and the raw material required is also costly.
Hence the overall procurement of technology for an ordinary man becomes expensive.
6. Negative impact on people’s health
 The health of people is deeply affected due to the nuclear emission of harmful gases. The events of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki are examples of atomic attacks that have already affected people’s health
for many generations. Even now the young generation is facing nuclear reactions ailments.
Current Uses and Future Applications in the Food Industry by Muthu Thiruvengadam, Govindasamy
Rajakumar, and Ill-Min Chung was published in.
 The study revolves around how advances in nanotechnology help the food industry in terms of
packaging, food technology, nanoencapsulation, nanoemulsion and nanosensors as well as how
these advancements could have adverse effects to the health of humans.
From ScienceDaily.com on Nanotechnology News
 recent papers on Nanotechnology applications include nanoscale parapets, aqueducts and
prevention measures on fires through brakes on lithium-ion powered products.
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory
 developed a new way to guide the self-assembly of a wide range of novel nanoscale structures
using simple polymers as starting materials. Under the electron microscope, these nanometer-scale
structures look like tiny Lego building blocks, including parapets for miniature medieval castles and
 Roman aqueducts. But rather than building fanciful microscopic fiefdoms, the scientists are
exploring how these novel shapes might affect a material's functions.

On November 14, 2022, the American Chemical Society studied about Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
 used to power everything from smart watches to electric vehicles, thanks to the large amounts of
energy they can store in small spaces. When overheated, however, they're prone to catching fire or
even exploding. But recent research offers a possible solution with a new technology that can
swiftly put the brakes on a Li-ion battery, shutting it down when it gets too hot.
In Nagoya University, scientists are developing an ultrafast electron microscope using a semiconductor
photocathode and a general-purpose electron microscope.
 Using a unique combination technology, a team of researchers from Nagoya University in Japan
has analyzed the mechanisms of the light-matter interaction in nanomaterials at the smallest and
fastest levels.
Oregon State University scientists have invented a way to make magnetic nanoparticles
 that get hotter than any previous nanoparticle, improving their cancer fighting ability.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
 Refers to sources of energy like solar power, wind
power, and hydropower.
 These are non-polluting, renewable resources that
represent an alternative to traditional fossil fuel sources
 “CLEAN ENERGY”
COMMONLY USED AER HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
2. GEOTHERMAL POWER
3. SOLAR POWER
4. WIND ENERGY
5. BIOMASS ENERGY

NEW ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Algal biofuels
 As an alternative to liquid fossil fuels, algae offers huge commercial potential. And because the
carbon they release has only recently been taken from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, the
impact of algal fuels on the atmosphere is much lower too. Algal fuel production has a minimal
impact on land and water resources too as its ‘farms’ require relatively little space (compared to
cereal farming) and it can be produced using seawater or even ‘grey’ wastewater.

Dancefloors
 This isn’t just smart tech, it’s funky too. Energy floors in Rotterdam have found a way to harness the
kinetic energy of the dancefloor. This is converted to electricity that lights up the dancefloor itself.
With the average person taking 150 million steps in a lifetime, there’s no reason why this
technology can’t find wider commercial applications. Pavegen, a London based company is
demonstrating this with its development of the energy-harvesting ‘smart street’.
Body heat
 Sweden’s latest green energy source – is Swedes. Engineers in
Stockholm have devised a way to harness the heat generated by the
250,000 commuters who crowd into its Central Station every day. The
body heat is channelled through the station’s vent system, then used to
warm up water in underground tanks and pumped through the heating
system of a nearby office block – owned by the same company.
Jellyfish
 To Sweden again and at Gothenburg’s Chalmers University of Technology, Zachary Chiragwandi
and his team are developing a biological fuel cell derived from the fluorescent protein cells of the
jellyfish aequorea victoria. The team has so far used a proof-of-concept device to power a clock
with their technology. Fanciful though it may seem right now, one day these biocells could float in
the oceans, generating cheap power with minimal impact on the environment and at (relatively) low
cost.

ENERGY CRISIS

 A phenomenon of the significant bottleneck in the supply of

energy resources to an economy.
  It refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time
and place those that supply national electricity
grids or those used as fuel in vehicles.

Causes of an Energy Crisis

1. Overconsumption
2. Overpopulation
3. Unexplored renewable energy
4. Major accidents and natural calamities
5. Poor distribtion system

The Advantages of Renewable Energy Resources

1. A Never-ending Fuel Supply

 Renewable energy, as the name implies, is generated from naturally replenishing sources such
as sunlight, wind, water, biomass, and even geothermal (underground) heat.

 Unlike coal, oil, and natural gas mining, which necessitates extensive networks of heavy
machinery, processing plants, pipelines, and transportation, renewables convert natural
resources directly into electricity. And, unlike many fossil fuels, which are becoming
increasingly difficult and expensive to obtain, resulting in the destruction of natural habitats and
significant financial losses, renewable energy never runs out.

2. Zero Carbon Emissions

 The fact that no greenhouse gases or other pollutants are produced during the process is perhaps
the most significant advantage of renewable energy. Whereas coal power plants emit approximately
2.2 pounds of CO2 per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced, solar panels and wind turbines emit
none.
 Renewables are helping to provide us with emission-free energy, heat, cars, and even air travel as
we race to decarbonize our world and embrace energy sources that do not contribute to global
warming.
3. Better Air and Water Quality

 The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity not only warms the climate; it also pollutes the air we
breathe and the water we drink.

 Waterways can also be contaminated by fossil fuel electricity, both from air pollution that falls to the
ground during rain and from waste materials created during the manufacturing process.
4. Electricity at a Lower Cost

 Solar and wind power are now the cheapest sources of electricity in many parts of the world, thanks
to the rapid growth of renewable energy over the last ten years.
 The dramatic drop in solar and wind costs has even prompted many fossil fuel multinationals,
including the six major oil companies, to shift their investments to renewable energy. And, whereas
green energy was once a "clean-but-expensive" alternative, it is now assisting people all over the
world in lowering their energy bills.
5. Creates New Jobs

 With a growing focus on global warming and many governments setting ambitious carbon-reduction
targets, one of the unexpected benefits of renewable energy is that it has quickly become a major
source of new job growth.

Advantage/Importance of AER
1. Environmental benefits
 low or zero carbon footprint.
 Solar and wind power produce almost no carbon emissions
2. Enhanced energy security
 Fossil fuels are unequally distributed, making the global
economy dependent on a few exporting countries.
 reduces reliance on international energy supplies
3.Sustainability
 are renewable

Importance:
 Alternative energy does not emit greenhouse gases or harm the environment, making it a viable
alternative to fossil fuels. On the other hand, it may have intermittent production and geographic
limitations that could benefit from smart grid technology.
Why is alternative energy important in modern times?
Alternative energy sources are important for two reasons:
 Conventional fuels are finite and will eventually run out,
 and alternative energy sources provide energy without adding to the
amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere.

Challenges with the usage of AER

Lack of infrastructure
 Wind and solar energy can be better investments when lifespan costs are considered.
 Lack of infrastructure is a barrier to renewable energy development.
Power Storage
 the lack of power storage at an affordable cost is another drawback.
 Renewable energy sources generate most of their energy at certain times of the day.
 Solar energy and wind are unpredictable. Energy generation by the burning of fossil fuels
is more consistent.
 A battery storage system helps to store the surplus energy for later use.
 Technological advancement has improved the longevity and battery capacity of the storage system.
Non-renewable energy monopoly
 The Lion share of the current energy market is under non-renewable energy sources.
 Certainly, this acts as another obstacle. Solar, wind, and other renewable sources of energy have to
rival the well-established fossil fuel industry.
 Renewable energy sources are the best way to deal the climate change.
Lack of knowledge and awareness
 Lack of knowledge and awareness of renewable energy technology
 Fossil fuel plants are usually in populated areas.
Lack of policies, subsidies, etc
 The lack of policies, subsidies, incentives, and regulations that favor renewable energy
technologies hinders its wide acceptance.
 Corporate lobbying, political pressure, and inherent dependence on fossil fuels remain as
challenges in shifting to the renewable energy industry from the age-old fossil fuel industry.
dramatically. Now there is not much difference between them and fossil fuels price per kWh.Certai

Difference between Non-renewable Energy

Renewable energy harnesses natural energy to produce energy that we can consume. For example, wind's
natural kinetic energy is used to turn a generator, which produces electricity. And since the wind will continue
to blow, it cannot be "used up." Nonrenewable resources can only be used once, and we can't produce more
to replace what we use.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM

GENETICALLY – Refers to genes that are also made up of DNA, which is a

set of instructions for how cells grow and develop.
MODIFIED – This implies that some change or tweak has been made.
ORGANISM – When it comes to GMOs, many people only think of crops. Yet an ‘organism’ isn ’t just a plant; it
refers to all living things, including bacteria and fungi.
 A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been
altered using genetic engineering techniques.

COMMON PROCESS OF GMOS:

1. Identifying the genetic information—or “gene”— that gives an organism (plant, animal, or microorganism) a
desired trait
2. Copying that information from the organism that has the trait
3. Inserting that information into the DNA of another organism
4. Then growing the new organism

GMOS ON DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY

 GM PLANTS WERE ENGINEERED FOR RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL HERBICIDE,
NATURAL PREDATORS, OR PESTS TO PROTECT OUR AGRICULTURE.
HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS (HRC)
 HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE SINCE THE MID- 1980S;
 ENABLED EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS

GMOs IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH

GMO INSULIN
  INJECTABLE INSULIN (FOR DIABETICS)
 PRODUCED IN GM ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA WHICH ARE PRODUCED IN GM
MAMMALIAN CELLS GROWN IN LABORATORY CULTURE.

GMOS IN BIOLOGY
GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) SALMON
 PATENTED BY CANADIAN SCIENTISTS

 TOOK A GENE THAT REGULATES GROWTH HORMONES IN PACIFIC CHINOOK SALMON

AND A PROMOTER GENE FROM AN OCEAN POUT AND INTRODUCED THEM INTO THE
GENETIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATLANTIC SALMON.

ROLE OF GMO IN SOCIETY

ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS OF GMOS
1. Produce higher yields,
2. Have a longer shelf life/food security,
3. Are resistant to diseases and pests,
4. And even taste better.
5. Used in medicine to produce life-saving vaccines, insulin, and treatments for diseases

DIFFERENT ISSUES CONCERNING GMOS

POTENTIAL HARMS TO HUMAN HEALTH

1. ALLERGENICITY
 The public have become concerned that the proteins produced in genetically modified (GM) crops will
lead to an increase in allergic reactions in people who consume those crops.
2. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 First, eating GM foods with antibiotic resistance could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics to fight
disease when these antibiotics are taken with meals. Antibiotic-resistance genes produce enzymes
that can degrade antibiotics
 Second, the resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens, making them
impervious to antibiotics

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL HARMS

1. INCREASED USE OF TOXIC HERBICIDE AND PESTICIDES
 Crops genetically engineered to be resistant to chemical herbicides are tightly linked to the use of
particular chemical pesticides.
2. PLEIOTROPY
 The unknown consequences and structures in the cell’s composition, as well as its relationship with
other cells.
3. OUTCROSSING
 Happens when the genes from GM plants migrate into conventional crops or wild species.

POTENTIAL FUTURE OF GMO

1. CIRCA 8000 BCE
 Humans used traditional modification methods like selective breeding and crossbreeding to breed
plants and animals with more desirable traits.
2. 1973
 Biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen developed genetic engineering by inserting DNA from
one bacteria into another.
3. 2015
 FDA approves an application for the first genetic modification in an animal for use as food, a genetically
engineered salmon.
4. 2020
 Application for GalSafe pig was approved.

POTENTIAL FUTURE OF GMO

 Future GM organisms are likely to:
 include plants with improved resistance against plant disease or drought,
 crops with increased nutrient levels,
 fish species with enhanced growth characteristics.
 For non-food use, they may include plants or animals producing pharmaceutically important proteins
such as new vaccines.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
  It is simply having knowledge or perception about the environment, the impacts of human behaviors on
it, and the importance of its protection.
 It is an integral part of the movement’s success. By spreading awareness to others that the physical
environment is fragile and indispensable, we can begin fixing the issues that threaten it. As a result,
each will conserve the land and water on which all life depends. A clean, healthy and well protected
environment which is comfortable to stay in.

GOALS OF EA
 The main goal of Environmental Awareness is to give acknowledge of how humans should, the users of
the environment, maintain and practice proper usage and protection of the resources.

Some goals of EA:

 To foster clear awareness of and concern about, economic, social, political and ecological
interdependence in urban and rural areas.
 To provide every person with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes, commitment,
and skills needed to protect and improve the environment.
 To create new patterns of behavior of individuals, groups, and society as a whole towards the
environment.
 To make young minds aware of the complex nature of the environment, our dependence on it, and the
consequences it will have if we don’t commit to protecting it.
 To make them aware is to make them understand how our environment suffers from the different
human activities brought by us

IMPORTANCE OF EA
 It is everyone’s responsibility.
 Important to help us save our planet, minimize or almost stop pollution, and global warming.
 Draw a line between maximizing the environment’s resources to create a sustainable world and
destroying the environment by taking advantage and taking these resources for granted.
 Helps us to address and educate environmental issues throughout the society.
 Helps us to begin again in repairing the damage we have caused.
 To environmentally recognize the vulnerability of our environment and the significance of its
preservation.

In summary...
Environmental awareness is to understand the fragility of our environment and the importance of its
protection. Promoting environmental awareness is an easy way to become an environmental steward and
participate in creating a brighter future for our children. Thus, environmental awareness is an integral part
of the movement's success.

WAYS TO PROMOTE EA
1. Volunteer for Different Projects
2. Put Your Creative Skills to Good Use.
3. Participate in a Protest March or Rally.
4. Utilization of social media in a Productive Manner.
5. Place an emphasis on people’s own actions.
6. Make content that is educational
7. Demonstrate your point by doing it.
8. Carry out various surveys
9. Give speeches

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
 Environmental Issues came from the carelessness of humans. It is still observed that some people
possess environmental toxic traits that cause to more complex environmental issues such as:
 Littering * mining
  Deforestation * Burning Garbage

 These toxic traits result to some environmental issues such as: 

o Pollution – is defined as introducing pollutants, organic molecules, or other unsafe materials
into the Earth’s atmosphere. This can either be caused by natural events (like forest fires) or by
man 
made activities (like emissions from automobiles, factories, nuclear wastes, etc.) There are also
existing types of pollution namely Air Pollution, Water Pollution, and Land Pollution
o Global Warming – a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and
its water bodies.
o Deforestation – refers to the cutting down of trees and the destruction of forests.
 o Overpopulation – This is a never-ending human tragedy that is responsible for causing all types
of environmental issues.
o Natural Resource Depletion
o Habitat Loss and Destruction
o Solid waste pollution

WAYS TO SOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Globally
o Support international and local wildlife protection legislation like the Endangered Species Act,
and vote for candidates who advocate for conservation.
o In urban areas and neighborhoods, approaches to human-wildlife coexistence can be as simple
as using animal-proof trash cans and walking pets on leashes.  
o In rural areas, sustainable measures may include installing fencing around crops, training
wildlife rangers, and securing wildlife corridors where animals can safely migrate without human
encounters.
o Local consumerism is key to minimizing ocean noise and reliance on ships. Instead of
purchasing items online which require shipping and plastic packaging, shop at local stores. 
o Track the human activities and create an information site which updates what human  should do
to resolve, maintain, and practice the  different environmental activities. 
 National and Community
o Establish a strong digital presence 
o Hold a peaceful rally 
o Get in touch with local officials 
o Mandate the members of the community to help and attend in community services like cleaning,
tree planting, and other environmental activities that aim best for the  environment 
o Encourage the members of the community to read and watch the news  
o Encourage the members of the community to always abide the rules and keep away the toxic
environmental traits and practices 
o The officials should post information posters of how the members of the community could help
to restore the environment 
 School
o Making Environmental Awareness a Part of the Curriculum
o 3Rs: Reduce waste, Reuse resources, Recycle materials
o Introduce Environmental Awareness Activities
o Make the students comply yearly environmental activities narrative report 
 Students
o Volunteer for Different Projects concerning Environmental Development 
o Use Your Creative Potential 
o Attend a March or Rally that aim to exercise proper maintenance of the environment 
o Effective Use of social media 
o Emphasize on Individual Action 
o Create Informative Content 
o Prove by Action 
o Encourage other students to do the same 

Technological Solutions
 Developing Renewable Energy Technologies (ex. Nuclear powerplant, Wind mills etc.)
 Saving Endangered Wildlife (ex. Mapping visualization, Genes sequencing, High tech fish hooks)
 Adopting a Smarter Life Style (ex. Washing machines, Vacuum, Rice cooker, Oven, Cellphone Heater

BIODIVERSITY
BIO=LIFE
DIVERSITY=VARIETY

 BIODIVERSITY IS THE DEGREE OF VARIATION OF LIFE.

 THIS CAN REFER TO GENETIC VARIATION, SPECIES VARIATION, OR ECOSYSTEM VARIATION
WITHIN AN AREA, BIOME, OR PLANET.
 BIOLOGISTS MOST OFTEN DEFINE BIODIVERSITY AS THE "TOTALITY OF GENES, SPECIES,
AND ECOSYSTEMS OF A REGION”.

CONCEPT AND TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

 BIODIVERSITY IS THE VARIETY OF LIFE FORMS ON EARTH AND THE ESSENTIAL
INTERDEPENDENCE OF ALL LIVING THINGS.
  THE BIODIVERSITY DEFINED AS “THE VARIABILITY AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS
FROM ALL SOURCES INCLUDING, INTER ALIA, TERRESTRIAL, MARINE AND OTHER
AQUATIC ECO-SYSTEMS AND THE ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXES OF WHICH THE AREA
PART- THIS INCLUDE DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES, BETWEEN SPECIES AND OF
ECOSYSTEM.”

3 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
 REFERS TO THE VARIETY OF GENETIC INFORMATION CONTAINED IN ALL OF THE INDIVIDUAL
PLANTS, ANIMALS AND MICROORGANISMS.
 OCCURS WITHIN AND BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF SPECIES AS WELL AS BETWEEN SPECIES
 WITHIN INDIVIDUAL SPECIES, THERE ARE VARIETIES, THAT ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT
 FROM ONE OTHER. THESE DIFFERENCES ARE DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE
 COMBINATION OF GENES.
 GENES ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF HEREDITARY INFORMATION TRANSMITTED FROM ONE
GENERATION TO THE OTHER.
 THE WHOLE AREA OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT DEPEND ON
GENETIC DIVERSITY.
 THE PLANT, AS WELL AS ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES, PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY.
 GENETIC DIVERSITY IS THE WHOLE BASIS FOR A SUSTAINABLE LIFE SYSTEM IN THE EARTH.
 SCIENTISTS IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE TRYING TO INTRODUCE GENETICALLY
MODIFIED SEEDS IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR FOR BETTER YIELD AS WELL AS FOR
RESISTANCE OF DROUGHT AND FLOOD SITUATIONS.

SPECIES DIVERSITY
 A DISCRETE GROUP OF ORGANISMS OF THE SAME KIND IS KNOWN AS SPECIES.
 THE SUM OF VARIETIES OF ALL LIVING ORGANISMS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL IS KNOWN AS
SPECIES DIVERSITY.
 THE BIOTIC COMPONENT IS COMPOSED OF A LARGE NUMBER OF SPECIES OF PLANTS,
ANIMALS AND MICROORGANISMS WHICH INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH THE
ABIOTIC COMPONENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
 THE NUMBER OF SPECIES IN A REGION IS A MEASURE FOR SUCH DIVERSITY. THE RICHNESS
OF SPECIES IN A GIVEN REGION PROVIDES A YARD STICK FOR SPECIES DIVERSITY.
 SPECIES DIVERSITY DEPENDS AS MUCH ON THE GENETIC DIVERSITY AS ON THE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION.
 THE GOOD CLIMATE WITH GOOD PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SUPPORTS A BETTER SPECIES
DIVERSITY.
 SPECIES RICHNESS IS A TERM WHICH IS USED TO MEASURE THE BIODIVERSITY OF A GIVEN
SITE.

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
 A SET OF BIOTIC COMPONENTS (PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND MICROORGANISMS) AND ABIOTIC
COMPONENTS (SOIL, AIR, WATER, ETC) INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER IS KNOWN AS AN
ECOSYSTEM.
 THE DIVERSITY AT AN ECOLOGICAL LEVEL OR HABITAT LEVEL IS KNOWN AS ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY.
 THIS IS THE NUMBER OF SPECIES IN A COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS.
 IT STUDIES VARIATION IN THE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN WHICH SPECIES LIVE, EXIST
AND INTERACT.
 DEPENDING UPON THE ABIOTIC RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AN
ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPS ITS CHARACTERISTIC LIVING ORGANISMS.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

 HUMAN BEINGS ARE DEPENDENT FOR THEIR HEALTH, WELL- BEING

AND ENJOYMENT OF LIFE ON BASIC BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND
PROCESSES.
 PEOPLE GET FOOD AND MANY MEDICINES AND INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS FROM THE WILD AND DOMESTICATED COMPONENTS
OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.
 HUMAN BEINGS BENEFIT IN MANY WAYS FROM BIODIVERSITY.
BIODIVERSITY HAS DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS. IT ALSO
PROVIDES SERVICES TO ENTIRE ECOSYSTEMS.
  BIODIVERSITY IS IMPORTANT TO PEOPLE BECAUSE WE DEPEND ON OTHER SPECIES AND
THE ECOSYSTEMS THEY CREATE. BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, FOOD,
MEDICINES, AND NATURAL PRODUCTS, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, AND NATURAL BEAUTY.

FACTORS/CURRENT ISSUES THAT LEAD TO BIODIVERSITY

LOSS/THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 HABITAT LOSS
o THINNING FRAGMENTING, OR OUTRIGHT DESTRUCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM'S PLANT,
SOIL, HYDROLOGIC, AND NUTRIENT RESOURCES
 INVASIVE SPECIES
o ANY NONNATIVE TOO MANY AQUATICS OR SPECIES THAT TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS,
SIGNIFICANTLY WHICH DEPLETES THE MODIFIES OR STOCKS OF SOME DISRUPTS
THE SPECIES WHILE DRIVING ECOSYSTEMS OTHERS TO EXTINCTION IT COLONIZES
 OVEREXPLOITATION
o -PROCESS OF HARVESTING TOO MANY AQUATIC OR TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS, WHICH
DEPLETES THE STOCKS OF SOME SPECIES WHILE DRIVING OTHERS TO EXTINCTION
 POLLUTION
o ADDITION OF ANY SUBSTANCE OR ANY FORM OF ENERGY TO THE ENVIRONMENT AT
A RATE FASTER THAN IT CAN BE RENDERED HARMLESS
 CLIMATE CHANGE
o ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL WARMING.

-MODIFICATION OF EARTH'S CLIMATE ASSOCIATED WITH

RISING LEVELS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
OVER THE PAST ONE TO TWO CENTURIES.

CONSERVATION

 MAINTENANCE OF THE INTEGRITY OF THE HABITAT AND IMPROVEMENT OF HABITAT

IN PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY FOR THE DESIRED SPECIES TO GROW AND
REPRODUCE WELL.
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF FOREST FIRES. BURNING OF GRASSLANDS HAS TO
BE CONTROLLED. BY CONTROLLING THE FOREST FIRE, PROTECTION CAN BE GIVEN
TO WILDLIFE.
 EXCESSIVE CUTTING SHOULD BE ELIMINATED AND ONLY MATURE TREES SHOULD BE
HARVESTED. NEW SEEDLINGS SHOULD REPLACE THE HARVESTED TREES.
 Fragmentation of the forest area or wildlife habitat, which decreases the biological diversity (both
genetic diversity and ecological diversity), should be minimized.
 Wise management in the control of insects and disease that attack trees.
 Measures to check the velocity of wind in deserted areas, planting 'wind breaks' across the direction of
wind is helpful. Trees and shrubs may be planted in several rows to check the blowing away of the
fertile topsoil, which determines the vegetational growth
 ONE SHOULD NOT SMOKE IN THE WOODS. CAMPS FIRE AND TRASH FIRES SHOULD BE
CAREFULLY TENDED AND THOROUGHLY EXTINGUISHED.
 GRASSES SUCH AS CYNODON DACTYLON ARE UTILISED AS EROSION RESISTING PLANTS.
CONSERVATION OF MANY SUCH TYPES OF GRASSES HELP IN IMPROVING THE SOIL
FERTILITY OF THE REGION FOR LUXURIANT GROWTH OF THE PLANTS.
 REFORESTATION IN DEGRADED FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL WASTELANDS WITH SUITABLE
STRAINS OF TREE SPECIES, WHICH ARE VIABLE, GENETICALLY SUPERIOR AND DISEASE
RESISTANT

TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
 DEVELOPING AUTONOMOUS DEVICES TO CATALOGUE AND PUBLICIZE THE IRREPLACEABLE
VALUE OF ECOSYSTEMS BEFORE THEY VANISH
 CREATING HANDHELD DNA SCANNERS FOR INSPECTING ORGANIC PRODUCTS AND FACIAL
RECOGNITION SOFTWARE FOR CHIMPANZEES TO PREVENT POACHING AND ILLEGAL TRADE
OF PROTECTED SPECIES
 APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING TO CROWDSOURCED ENVIRONMENTAL DATA TO REPORT
ON ANIMAL LIFE, SUCH AS SUGGESTING WAYS TO MITIGATE HABITAT LOSS.

TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP BIODIVERSITY PRESERVATION IN WAYS THAT HUMANS CAN’T:

 A SLOW-MOVING, SOLAR-POWERED ROBOT CAN MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL DATA OVER
MONTHS OR YEARS WITHOUT DISTURBING WILDLIFE.
 A MICROELECTRONIC PROSTHESIS CAN TURN JELLYFISH INTO LIVING SENSORS TO
COLLECT REAL-TIME DATA ON OCEAN HEALTH.
  MICROSCOPIC RADIO TRANSMITTERS AND RADAR-REFLECTING TAGS TRACK INVASIVE
INSECTS TO THEIR NESTS AND DESTROY THEIR COLONIES.
 AN “INTERNET OF WILD THINGS” THAT USES INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) TECHNOLOGIES
CAN MONITOR HABITAT CHANGES AND STOP ANIMAL POACHING.
 PHYTOEXTRACTION USES TREES TO ABSORB METALS IN SEWAGE, TRANSFORMING
CONTAMINATED SLUDGE INTO FERTILIZER WHILE CREATING A FOREST THAT CAN BE
HARVESTED TO RECOVER THE METALS.
 SENSORS, DRONES, AND REPURPOSED SMARTPHONES CREATE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
TO DETECT SIGNS OF UNWANTED HUMAN PRESENCE IN PROTECTED AREAS.
 AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS COULD PATROL AND BLOCK ACCESS TO AREAS THAT HUMANS
CANNOT OR SHOULD NOT ENTER.
 WE CAN APPLY TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TO CONSERVING AND RESTORING
BIODIVERSITY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE WHOLE PLANET.

FUTURE OF BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE PROCESSES THAT SUPPORT ALL LIFE ON EARTH,
INCLUDING HUMANS.
 BIODIVERSITY UNDERPINS THE HEALTH OF THE PLANET AND HAS A DIRECT
IMPACT ON ALL OUR LIVES.
 REDUCED BIODIVERSITY MEANS MILLIONS OF PEOPLE FACE A FUTURE WHERE FOOD
SUPPLIES ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO PESTS AND DISEASE, AND WHERE FRESH
WATER IS IN IRREGULAR OR SHORT SUPPLY.

HOW MIGHT BIODIVERSITY CHANGE IN THE FUTURE UNDER VARIOUS PLAUSIBLE SCENARIOS?
 BIODIVERSITY WILL CONTINUE TO BE LOST AT EXTREMELY HIGH RATES OVER THE NEXT 50
YEARS. GIVEN INERTIA IN THE INDIRECT DRIVERS AND IN ECOSYSTEMS, THIS LOSS CANNOT
BE HALTED OVER THIS TIME.
 NONETHELESS, OPPORTUNITIES EXIST TO REDUCE THE RATE OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
AND ASSOCIATED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IF SOCIETY PLACES AN EMPHASIS ON
ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION, RESTORATION, AND MANAGEMENT.
 READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The Great Debate: Rizal Retraction

“RETRACTION”
- this defines as a statement saying that something you previously said or wrote is not true.
- Documents about retraction came from:
- Ratified and notarized declarations
- Accounts from the newspapers at that time

December 26, 1896

 Dr. Jose P. Rizal was accused and tried before a military tribunal for the alleged crimes of rebellion,
sedition, and illegal association. The prosecutor and the defense finished presenting their arguments
that morning, and the sentence of death was pronounced that same morning.

December 28, 1896

 The Governor General affirmed the death sentence and set the execution of Rizal on December 29, at
7:00 o’clock in the morning. The death sentence was read to Rizal early in the morning of December29.

1. The Rizal retracted his masonic affiliation.

2. That he himself wrote down and signed his retraction.
3. That he and Josephine were married.

According to Ricardo P. Garcia’s “The Great Debate: Rizal’s Retraction,

 there were two(2) great testimonies of eyewitnesses who were privy to what happened in Rizal’s cell
from early morning of December 29 to 6:30 am of December 30.
Eyewitnesses
 Father Vicente Balaguer Llacer
o One of the Jesuit priests who visited Rizal during his last hours in Fort Santiago.
o who, in the notarial act sworn to by him in Murcia, Spain, August 8, 1917, deposes in part:

“That, after Rizal was condemned to death, when the chaplain of the Royal Fort
Santiago, where the convict was, offered his services for so sad circumstances, the prisoner told him that he
appreciated his offering, but that he desired rather be visited by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus by whom
he had been educated. When he made this request, the Rev. Father Superior, Father Pi, in compliance with
the commission of His Grace, the Archbishop, had already sent Father Saderra, Rector of the Ateneo, and
Father Luis Viza to the Fort. When these Fathers entered the Fort that morning of December 29, 1896, Rizal
received them with signs of affection and asked them whether some of those who had been his professors
were still there in Ateneo. They told him that Father Vila Clara only, who had returned to Manila, a few days
before, remained. They told him that I was also in Manila, and he asked that I go also, since I
had been… a Missionary in Dapitan, where he dealt me as a friend. He was a very
polite gentleman, and even friendly towards me.”

(when the chaplain of the Royal Fort Santiago, where the convict was, offered his services for so sad
circumstances, the prisoner told him that he appreciated his offering, but that he desired rather to be visited by
the Fathers of the Society of Jesus by whom he had been educated.”)

 We all know that the Jesuit fathers had been much interested in Rizal’s retraction
since his Dapitan days. They had sent Father Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite professor, to
Dapitan to persuade him to retract. Father Pastels had exchanged several long letters
with Rizal for the same purpose.
 If Rizal was really against the retraction, why did he ask for the same retraction-minded Jesuits to visit
him knowing that they would persuade him with more vigor since he had only one day to live?

 Viewing this objectively, I am more inclined to believe that Rizal was interested in discussing further the
pro and con of his retraction with his friends, the Jesuits. Therefore, the probability of his retraction
at Fort Santiago was indeed great when he invited the Jesuits to visit him.

 As a matter of fact, Rizal had decided to retract on December 29. When his sister Maria visited him at
Fort Santiago on that day to bade him farewell, he told her: “Maria, I am going to marry Josephine.”
 According to Fr. Balaguer, he and Fr. Vila Clara arrived in Rizal’s prison cell around 10o’clock in the
morning on December 29, 1896. He mentioned in his letter and affidavit that their encounter with Rizal
started with a discussion of some articles of Catholic faith. The debated-on issues such as the
supremacy of faith over reason and the dogmatic differences that divided Catholics and Protestants.
They explained to him that they could not administer the sacrament she needed without him signing a
retraction letter and making a profession of faith.

 To this effect, when the Father Superior of the Mission went to the archbishop’s Palace, he brought by
way of precaution a retraction and profession of faith, concise, but including what he thought ought to
be exacted from Dr. Rizal. The Prelate read it and declared it to be sufficient. He said, however, that he
would prepare or order to be prepared a more extensive one.

 Before going to the Fort, fr. Balaguer went to the Palace to receive orders and instructions from the
Prelate. The archbishop gave him the formula of retraction and profession of faith, composed by Rev.
Father Pio Pi. He told him to wait for the other more extensive one, and to present to the convict either
of them, according to his personal disposition. At any rate, it was enough to admit the shorter and
concise formula of Father Pi, since His Grace considered it sufficient to administer the Holy Sacraments
to him.

 Therefore, when, the two Fathers, met him in the chapel, after exchanging greetings with him and
talking on various matters, Father Balaguer, who knew the history and errors contained in his books, to
fulfill their delicate mission, asked Rizal to give an explanation of his ideas on religion. At the outset he
appeared a Protestant, because of certain phrases manifesting love and respect for Jesus Christ.

 (he came to say explicitly that his rule of faith was the word of God contained in the Sacred Scriptures.
Balaguer tried to make him see how false and indefensible such a criterion was, inasmuch as without
the authority of the Church he could not be sure of the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures or of the
books truly revealed by God; how absolutely impossible it is for the individual reason to interpret at his
will the word of God. Then he declared himself openly a rationalist or freethinker, unwilling to admit any
other criterion of truth than individual reason.

 Balaguer then pointed out to him the absurdity of rationalism for the lack of instruction of most of
humankind, and for the absurd and monstrous errors professed by the greatest sages of paganism. He
tried to convince him with irrefutable arguments that there is not, nor can there be, a more rational
criterion than supernatural faith and divine revelation, warranted by the infallible authority of the Church;
that such is the clear testimony of reason, history and the motives of credibility offered with evidence by
the Church. Constrained by these invincible arguments, he came to say to me that he was guided by
the reason God had given him, adding with a self-possession that curdled his blood, that he was going
to appear thus before the tribunal of God, with a clear conscience for having fulfilled his duty as a
rational man. When father Balaguer attacked him with the arguments of Catholic doctrine, he began to
expound the objections of the heretics and rationalists, a thousand times refuted already.

Father Balaguer told Rizal that they need to discuss

• the criterion or rule of faith,
• the authority of the Church,
• her infallibility and divine teaching authority,
• the power of working miracles,
• the death penalty (a subject of so burning an interest in those moments),
• the death of Ananias and Sapphira,
• the Holy Scriptures,
• the Vulgate, Saint Jerome’s version, that of LXX, Purgatory,
• the variations of the Protestant Churches,
• the arguments of Balmes against them,
• the worship of Saints,
• and especially the extension of Redemption, and many other objections of apologetics, a thousand
times refuted with irresistible arguments. When Balaguer attacked him with the logic and evidence of
Catholic truth, He told him with energy that if he did not yield his mind and his reason for the sake of
faith, he would surely be damned. Upon hearing this threat, tears gushed from his eyes,

 Lieutenant Mariano Martinez Gallegos y Lasala (Former Lieutenant of the Infantry)

- who made the affidavit:
- DECLARACION JURADA
Sworn Declaration or affidavit
 The text appears to have been released to the press and published after the death of Rizal, but the
original document was not produced until 1935. Because, immediately after Rizal’s death, Fr. Balaguer
gave it to Fr. Pi and Fr. Pi gave it to Fr. Nozaleda for his secretary to keep it.

The Best Evidence

April 1935
 Father Manuel A. Garcia was appointed the archdiocesan archivist, a
position which he held until 2years ago.
 Archdiocesan archives are said to be the richest source of Philippine
history. It’s filled with thousands of documents that it’s practically impossible to find a
single file amongst them.
1933
 Those archives were piled up on a few shelves.
 The controversy on Rizal’s retraction arose.
It was practically and physically impossible to find the precious document because it is said to be kept. They
attempt to find but no result at all.
 There was no trace of the document. But a thousand claimed that the document existed and a person
who had seen it.
1935
 The retraction of Rizal started to become relevant again.
 This vault was reinforced to be fireproof and has since then been untouched.

May 18, 1935

 They work continued to find the document.
Garcia and his fellow archivists spent years trying to look for the missing documents of Jose Rizal up until May
18, 1935, when they found a document entitled Masoneria. This is where they found the retraction letter that
was supposedly written by Jose Rizal.

Masoneria

A BUNDLE OF JEWELS FOR FILIPINO HISTORY

June 15, 1935

When Romulo and Garcia preparing the atomic bomb for that Saturday, they found two inches letter were the
headlines: “RIZAL’S RETRACTION FOUND.”
• Rizal’s Retraction Found
Garcia had to ask Monsignor O’Doherty, Teodoro Kalaw and General Carlos Romulo for
their opinions on whether the letter was real.
All of them were still doubtful and even went as far as to ask a known handwriting expert to check if it’s Rizal’s
handwriting and not a forged document.

Professor H. Otley Beyer

 Handwriting expert
 Professor Anthropology in the University of the Philippines
 Curator of the UP museum of archeology
 30 – 40 years of experience in examining handwritings
 Prof. Beyer examined the document of Rizal’s retraction twice.
 He went to Archbishop’s Palace together with the folder that have been found, the folder contained
Rizal’s documents.
 The folder contained the documents signed by Dr. Jose Rizal pertaining to the marriage of Josephine
Bracken.
 he believed that there's no one in this world who could forge that much writing in a way that any
good handwriting examiner cannot immediately detect.
 He concludes that all the words on the letter or sheet except the witnesses’ signatures were written by
Dr. Jose Rizal.
Dr. Jose I. del Rosario
- Handwriting expert
- Compared the handwriting of the Retraction not only to the
ULTIMO ADIOS but also to numerous letters of Dr. Jose Rizal.

Capt. Arthur D. Quirke

 "The only true basis upon which statistics bearing upon slope may legitimately be employed to
determine the identity of handwriting.”
 Dr. Jose I. del Rosario has found nothing in it to indicate that it may be a forged or spurious document.
  Rizal did not fight the catholic religion, he fought those who abused that religion.
 Rizal was not against the catholic religion, but against the manner of catholic religion was practiced by
the friars in the Philippines during his time.

The Cry of Philippine Revolution: Balintawak or Pugadlawin?

The word “Cry”

 It comes from the Spanish El Grito de Rebellion (cry of rebellion), or El Grito for short, which refers to a
decision or call to revolt. Unlike the Filipino terms Sigaw or Sigao, it does not always imply yelling.
 The first clash was between the members of Katipunan and the Civil Guards (Gurdia Civil).
 In addition, the learning up of cedulas (community tax certificates) in defiance of the Spanish
Government could also be referred to by the cry.

The First Cry of Revolution

 The “first cry” is generally signified as the “first call for rebellion” a Cry for freedom and independence
 They need to fight in order to prove themselves worthy to be called truly free people.
 It was started because the Spanish discovered a Philippine revolutionary organization commonly
known as Katipunan or KKK.
 After a member called Teodoro Patiño exposed the Katipunan’s illicit acts to his sister, and then to the
mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage, the existence of the Katipunan was revealed to the
Spanish authorities. The secret club was discovered seven days after the Spanish authorities were
informed of its existence.
 It was discovered in 1896 which led to the start of the Philippine Revolution, which is now called the
“First Cry”.
 KKK- Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Venerable
Association of the Children of the Nation). With its primary goal to gain independence from Spain
through a revolution.
 Initially, the term cry referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards (Guardia
Civil). The cry could also refer to the tearing up of community tax certificates (cédulas personals) in
defiance of their allegiance to Spain. The inscriptions of "Viva la Independencia Filipina" can also be
referred to as a term for the cry. This was literally accompanied by patriotic shouts.
Controversy:
The First Cry of the Revolution remains unsolved due to the different dates and that were mentioned by
different eyewitnesses in late August 1896, members of the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio revolted
somewhere around Caloocan, whichincluded parts of the present-day Quezon City.
Different Versions of the Cry:

1. Pio Valenzuela
 One of the surviving witnesses of the Cry of Pugad Lawin and this is confirmed by the list drawn up by
Guillermo Masangkay.
 He was elected fiscal of the secret society in December 1865
 In July 1892, the Katipunan was barely a week old; he joined this secret organization at the age of 23.
 He became a close friend of Andres Bonifacio.
 He was inducted together with the other elected officials at Bonifacio’s home on NewYear’s Day in
1896.
 He used the nom de guerre “Dimas Ayaran” *(untouchable) in the movement.
 Not known for having impeccable memory. His confusing statements threw doubt into the cry itself.
 Later, he wrote his Memoirs of the Revolution and claimed that the Cry took place at Pugad Lawin on
August 23, 1896.

“Cry of Pugad Lawin” by PioValenzuela

 First version: “Cry of Balintawak” was on Wednesday, August 26, 1896.
 Second Version:“ Cry of Pugad Lawin” on August 23, 1896.
 The first place of refuge was in Balintawak together with Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Agueda del Rosario, who arrived there on the 19th of August 1896, and Pio
Valenzuela, who arrived there the following day, 20th of August.
 On the 22nd of August 1896, Valenzuela stated that views were only exchanged and no resolution was
debated or adopted among some 500 members of the Katipunan at the house and yard of Apolonio
Samson at Kangkong.
 August 23, 1896. A thousand (1,000) members of the Katipunan met and carried out considerable
debate and discussion at the Pugad Lawin, at the son of Melchora Aquino, Juan Ramos’ house,
storehouse, and yard.
  August 29, 1896. The members of the Katipunan deliberated on whether the revolution against the
Spanish government should be started.
 Teodoro Plata, a brother-in-law of Bonifacio, was the only man who protested and fought against war
because of the lack of arms and food. After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their
cedula certificates and shouted "Long live in the Philippines!”

Claims:
 Teodoro A. Agoncillio was one of the preeminent Filipino historians of the 20th century. He and his
contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians who earned renown for
promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history (Nationalist historiography).
Aguncillio used his considerable influence and campaigned to change the date and venue of the
first cry to Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
 President Diosdado Macapagal ordered that the cry of Balintawak shall be called the cry of Pugad
Lawin. And it should be celebrated on August 23 instead of August 26. Signed Proclamation No.
149, August 23, 1963, as a special public holiday in Quezon City.

2. Gregoria De Jesus
 She is the wife of Supremo Andres Bonifacio and is also known as the “Lakambini of the Katipunan”
 Was born in the town of Caloocan, Manila to a middle-class, pious Roman Catholic family.
 As a young girl, she was an exceptional student and a silver medal recipient in an examination
organized by the Governor- General and the local parish priest.
 One of the participants in the drama of the Philippine Revolution of 1896
 She was the custodian of secret documents, seals, and some weapons of the Katipunan.

Gregoria De Jesus’Version of the First‘Cry’

 When the activities of the Katipunan had reached nearly all corners of the Philippine Archipelago was
discovered and some of the members were being arrested, they immediately returned to Caloocan.
 Andres Bonifacio along with the other katipuneros left the down some days while De Jesus’ group was
closely being watched by the agents of the Spanish Authorities.
 August 25, 1896. The uprising started, with the first cry to defend people’s freedom. De Jesus was with
her parents during that time.
 She later knew, through her friends, that the Spanish were coming after her.
 De Jesus fled town, secretly going to the rice fields at La Loma, to return to Manila, at 11 pm.
 De Jesus sorrowfully stated that she was treated like an apparition for everywhere she tried to get a
little rest, she was driven away as if the people therein were frightened for their own lives.
 She later found out that the occupants of the houses that she had visited were seized and severely
punished—and some were even exiled.
 Her uncle was one of them whom she had visited on that night to kiss his hand, and he died in exile.

3. General Santiago Virata Alvarez

 His version of Cry is called The “Cry of Bahay Toro”
 He is a prominent Katipunan warlord of Cavite and is a son of Mariano Alvarez, and a relative of
Gregoria de Jesus (Wife of Andres Bonifacio).
 A delegado general of the provincial council of the Katipunan in Cavite.
 He became the captain-general and later commander-in-chief of the Magdiwang forced and fought the
Spaniards from 18996-1897.
 However, Alvarez was not an eyewitness of the historic event. Hence, his version cannot be accepted.

Santiago Alvarez’s The “Cry of Bahay Toro”

 Sunday, August 23, 1896. At the barn of Kebasang Melchora, about 500 katipuneros arrived and met
together at 10 o’clock in the morning. They were ready and eager to join the “Supremo” Andres
Bonifacio and his men.
 Monday, August 24, 1896. About 1,000 katipuneros were already in the big barn when the “Supremo”
decided to hold a meeting at 9 o’clock in the morning.
 At 12 o’clock noon, the meeting was adjourned with the loud cries of “Long live the Sons of the
Country”.
4. General Guillermo Masangkay
 He was born on the 25th of June, 1867
 His version of Cry was entitled The “Cry of Balintawak”
 He is a general in the Philippine-American War.
 One of the original members of the Katipunan
 Designated to build the KKK in Cavite
 A childhood friend and adviser of Andres Bonifacio
  His accounts contribute to our understanding of the Cry of Balintawak and the death of Bonifacio.
 August 26, 1896. A big meeting was held at Apolonio Samson’s house, then the Cabeza of the barrio of
Caloocan.
 Some attendees were all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board of directors of the
organization.
 9 AM, August 26. The meeting was opened with Bonifacio presiding and Jacinto acting as Bonifacio’s
secretary. It is about the discussion of when the uprising was to take place.
 Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela opposed starting the revolution too early because it
would cause distress to enter a revolution without adequate preparation. Plata strongly argued that the
uprising could be very well started without arms and food for the soldiers.
 Andres Bonifacio left the session hall because he knew he would lose in discussions. He said to the
people outside that the leaders are arguing against starting the revolution early; their organization was
discovered. If they don’t start the uprising, the opposition will get them. The people replied “revolt” in
return.
 Bonifacio then asked the people to destroy their cedulas to show if they are ready to revolt as their sign
that all of them have officially declared their severance from the Spaniards.
o Cedula - was first implemented as a 19th century tax reform in the Philippines during the
Spanish rule. According to Bonifacio, it is a sign of slavery of Filipinos
 The people pulled out their cedulas and tore them to pieces. As a result,mthey could no longer go back
to their homes because the Spaniards would persecute them.
 Bonifacio returned to the meeting hall after he obtained the people’s pledge and informed the leaders
that the people have already destroyed their cedulas and have to start the uprising; otherwise, they will
be shot.
 Plata, Pantas, and Valenzuela in spite of the protest, voted for the revolution.
 It was concluded and decided, the people outside shouted: “Long live the Philippine Republic!”
 5 PM, August 26. During the celebration of the leader of the Katipunan's decision at Balintawak, the
watch guards gave the warning that the Spaniards were coming.
 The men were distributed in strategic positions and were ready for the attack of the civil guards which
were led by Bonifacio and other supreme leaders.
 Masangkay was with a group stationed on the bank of a small creek, guarding that place.
 Shots were then fired by the civil guards, and that was the beginning of the fire which later became a
huge conflagration.
Claims:
 DR. MILLAGROS GUERRERO. Professor of History and served as Chair of the Department of History at the
University of the Philippine Diliman. Dr. Millagros Guerrero, Emmanuel N. Encarnacion, and Ramon N. Villegas
stated that these mentioned places are part of Balintawak, and Quezon City during Spanish Regime still not an
existing place. Gullermo Masangkay is an eyewitness of the historic event.

A STUDY ON FILIPINO VALUES

As part of the government's Filipino Values Formation Program, the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts. (NCCA) conducted this research that seeks to determine the different values upheld
across the country, so that Filipinos can continue to embody these values to strengthen the Filipino
society through widespread implementation in partnership with educational institutions. This executes
Chapter 7 of the Philippine Development Plan which states that "the inculcation of values to promote
the common good”.

 The search aims to answer the question: “What is important for the Filipinos?” or “What do Filipinos
value at presenr?”
 The values determined by the research will help in the implementation of AmBisyon Natin 2040

1. FAMILY
 Family is of utmost importance to Filipinos. For them, family becomes a source of strength and
inspiration to brave through challenges in life. This is also where one first learns the value of respect,
kindness, love, and faith in God.
2. EDUCATION
 Education is an important achievement for many Filipinos, for even though the child first learns at
home, it is through education that one learns further about the world, about good manners, and just
and humane treatment of others. An ideal education provides opportunities not only to learn about
lessons in school, but also on how to interact in society. 
 For many Filipinos, education serves as the way to a better future. Sustainable education ensures
better job security
 For impoverished families especially, their children getting proper education gives them a chance to lift
themselves out of poverty.
3. FAITH
  For a lot of Filipinos, faith is an important force in their lives. Some think that believing in a higher being
affects their daily lives and their overall character and that this is where they get their sense of right and
wrong. Some think too that faith gives them resilience to go through life's challenges — the belief that
someone is always there to help them. "Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa."
4. HEALTH AND WELLNESS
 Health and wellness are a priority because this serves as some sort of investment to accomplish what
they want to do in life. Health and wellness range from the physical to mental, as well as spiritual. It is
important that all three are equally healthy.
5. BASIC NEEDS
 For Filipinos, food, shelter, clothing, and medicine are the basic needs essential to function in their daily
lives and help them live as humans with dignity. Anyone who does not attain these needs will have a
hard time to be humane to others. It is important, therefore, that one maintains a sustainable livelihood
where he/she can achieve these basic needs.
6. SELF
 To be able to show one's true self, to display the values one has learned from family, religion, and
community, and to express oneself are important for many Filipinos. To do this, one must be able to
cultivate a strong sense of integrity.
7. WORK AND LIVELIHOOD
 Having work and a livelihood helps one provide basic needs for oneself and one's family. For those
who are in rural places, having a stable source of income ensures that one's daily needs are achieved,
like food, housing, education, and health needs. A secured job means a secured mind and secured
family life. "Pag may kabuhayan, tahimik ang buhay. Walang mag-iisip na magnakaw, kasi meron
naman siya".
8. PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
 Peace and development are connected. When one has inner peace, it manifests in their treatment of
other people. This peace, in turn, contributes to a peaceful society. The
government, however, has a significant role in maintaining this peace by providing its citizens with
equal protection under the law and the right to work, to study, to practice religion, and express
themselves. For some, an indication of a peaceful society is lack of nuisance in the community like
terrorism, crime, gossiping, extrajudicial killings (EJK), planting of evidence, or unjust implementation of
martial law.
 AmBisyon 2040 aims to promote development through peace.
9. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY
 Honesty and integrity are two connected concepts, and both values that should be embodied by an
ideal public servant. For government employees, these are especially important, and they are evident
from the smallest things such as going to work early to major actions such as, resisting the culture of
corruption.

10. RESILIENCE
 There are two types of resilience: one that comes from the self and one that comes from the
community. Resilience is developed first within the self when one is strong enough to face challenges.
It is also seen when one saves up for rainy days. Keeping one's business afloat despite disasters is
also an example of the resilience of the self.
 For the community, it manifests through "bayanihan", when one can give selflessly to others. An
example of this is seen when Mt. Pinatubo erupted and on how local businesses worked together to lift
the community from the ashes of the disaster. The concepts of individual and community resilience are
therefore connected.
11. LIFE AND PURPOSE
 A Filipino saying goes "Habang may buhay, may pag-asa." Many mentioned that their lives and their
purpose are of importance. Having a purpose in life for some is the key to happiness. However, what is
this "purpose"? For some, it comes from having a dream and working hard to achieve it; for others, it is
through helping their families and others. Some mentioned having a precious education or creating a
lasting impact to one's community. Being content with oneself for several is enough a purpose to live.
12. HUMAN RIGHTS
 These sectors face different challenges in exercising their human rights. For IPs, it concerns the
continued practice of traditions and upholding their rights to their ancestral lands; for the Moros, the
biases against their religious identity; for PWDs, the lack of inclusion; for women and LGBTQIA++, the
discrimination based on their gender; and for the poor people, the lack of opportunities. Despite their
different concerns, each group believes that these problems intersect with one another, and that not
one is heavier than the other. It is important for them, therefore, that they work together in ensuring not
one is left behind when it comes to equal rights.
13. ENVIRONMENT
 With the current state of the environment in the country, Filipinos expressed their concerns regarding
the depletion of natural resources: from illegal logging and the destruction of agricultural lands to
irresponsible use of plastic materials and dangerous chemicals. Livelihoods, health, and peace are
threatened by these destructive practices.
14. LOVE FOR COUNTRY
 Filipinos have different ways of showing love for their country. It can be seen through OFWs sacrificing
their lives to work abroad even though they would love to stay in the country. It is manifested by
soldiers who are willing to put their lives on the line to protect the sovereignty of the Filipinos. Even in
small things, such as respecting laws and buying locally made products, Filipinos show their love for
the motherland.
15. HAPPINESS
 Filipinos are known to be happy people. Filipinos always find reasons to smile despite life's difficulties.
However, how is this manifested? The youth say that having a positive outlook helps. For the creative
ones, being able to produce artwork makes them happy. Many mentioned families, friends, and their
communities as sources of happiness. To see them happy already gives them joy.
16. KAPUWA
 Kapuwa is a core Filipino value, a word that encompasses both the self and the other. The good that
the family, neighbors, and community receives is always considered in everything one does. This is
emphasized by the saying, "Ang kapuwa ko ay ako rin."
17. CULTURE, ARTS AND SCIENCE
 The word "culture" encompasses history, identity, and expression such as songs, dances, or other
products that reflect the values of a group. When one passes this heritage to future generations,
especially for indigenous peoples, it helps safeguard one's culture.
18. GOVERNANCE
 Filipinos value a strong and reliable government — a government that is governed by an authority
figure, one who has good leadership and vision, knows how to discipline his/her citizens, and is never
selfish. A governance that lacks these values will lead to its country's downfall.
19. CREATIVE EXCELLENCE
 In the business field, creativity manifests through high quality products especially in a field with many
competitors. A highly creative product is a reflection of how much a society prizes creativity. In the field
of arts, especially in the Philippines where it is not so much sustainable to pursue as a career, creating
something often demands time and effort that goes beyond what one can normally give. One needs,
therefore, to make sacrifices to be creative.
20. SECTORAL VALUES
 Some sectors of the Filipino society identify values that are specific to their context. For the indigenous
peoples (IPs), it is maintaining their ancestral domains and keeping indigenous knowledge, systems,
and practices (IKSP) alive.
21. CONCLUSION
Overall, one can observe that traditional Filipino values have remained the same: family-centered, faith and
virtue-based, sympathetic for others (kapuwa), and education-oriented. Filipinos reiterate the importance of
values related to society such as good governance, love for country, honesty and integrity. As for personal
values, value of the self, life and purpose, resilience, and happiness are important. 
However, there were changes in the articulation of values such as health and wellness, the focus on basic
needs, work and livelihood, concern for human rights, peace and development, protection of the environment,
awareness on the importance of culture and heritage, and creative excellence. Hopefully, these values will be
taught to all Filipinos in schools and communities and will be integrated in different sectors of society, both
private and public, to ensure a stronger Philippines, working for the common good. 

AMBISYON 20Z0
About AmBisyon Natin 2040 
AmBisyon Natin 2040 represents the collective long-term vision and aspirations of
the Filipino people for themselves and for the country in the next 25 years. It
describes the kind of life that people want to live, and how the country will be by
2040. As such, it is an anchor for development planning across at least four
administrations. 
AmBisyon Natin 2040 is a picture of the future, a set of life goals and goals for the
country. It is different from a plan, which defines the strategies to achieve the goals.
It is like a destination that answers the question "Where do we want to be?". A plan
describes the way to get to the destination; AmBisyon Natin 2040 is the vision that
guides the future and is the anchor of the country's plans. 
AmBisyon Natin 2040 is the result of a long-term visioning process that began in
2015. More than 300 citizens participated in focus group discussions and close to
10,000 answered the national survey. Technical studies were prepared to identify
strategic options for realizing the vision articulated by citizens. The exercise
benefitted from the guidance of an Advisory Committee composed of government,
private sector, academe, and civil society. 
The life of all Filipinos in 2040: Matatag, Maginhawa at
Panatag na Buhay 
By 2040, Filipinos enjoy a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life. 
In 2040, we will all enjoy a stable and comfortable lifestyle, secure in the
knowledge that we have enough for our daily needs and unexpected expenses, that
we can plan and prepare for our own and our children's future. Our family lives
together in a place of our own, and we have the freedom to go where we desire,
protected and enabled by a clean, efficient, and fair government.
Filipinos are strongly rooted: matatag. Filipino families live together; there is work-life balance so that there is
time to spend with family even for members who work. On weekends, families and friends enjoy time together
in parks and recreational centers. It is a high-trust society with a strong sense of community. There are
volunteer opportunities, and Filipinos spend time to serve the community, help others who are in need, and
contribute to various causes. Filipinos are comfortable: maginhawa. No one is poor, no one is ever hungry.
Filipino families live in comfortable homes with the desired amenities and secure tenure. Families and friends
are within reach because transport is convenient and affordable, and they can take a vacation together within
the country and abroad. Children receive quality education so that they realize their full potentials and become
productive members of society. Decent jobs that bring sustainable income are available, including
opportunities for entrepreneurship. Filipinos are secure: panatag. Filipinos feel secure over their entire lifetime.
They expect to live long and enjoy a comfortable life upon retirement. There are resources to cover
unexpected expenses, and there are savings. They feel safe in all places in the country. Filipinos trust their
government because it is free of corruption and provides service to all its citizens equally. 
Matatag 
Family is together. 
Time with friends. 
Work-life balance. 
Volunteering. 
Maginhawa 
Free from hunger and poverty. 
Secure home ownership. Good transport facilities. 
Travel and vacation. 
Panatag
Enough resources for day-to-day needs, unexpected expenses and savings. 
Peace and security. Long and healthy life. Comfortable retirement. 

Realizing the AmBisyon 

All sectors of society, whether public or private, should direct their efforts
towards creating opportunities for Filipinos to enjoy a matatag, maginhawa at
panatag na buhay. Government, in particular, must use its tools of fiscal,
monetary and regulatory policies to steer the development path towards
enabling Filipinos to attain their AmBisyon. This pertains to all dimensions of
development: economic, human and physical capital, institutional, social and
cultural. 
By 2040, the Philippines is a prosperous middleclass society where no one is
poor. People live long and healthy lives and are smart and innovative. The
country is a high-trust society where families thrive in vibrant, culturally diverse,
and resilient communities. 
Filipinos live in a prosperous, predominantly  middle class
society where no one is poor. 
Economic growth must be relevant, inclusive and sustainable. Over the next 25
years (until 2040), per capita income must increase by at least three-fold. More
than the increase in income, economic growth must progressively improve the
quality of life of the majority of Filipinos. 
AmBisyon can be partly achieved by having competitive enterprises that offer quality goods and services at
affordable prices. Government must encourage investments in these sectors by improving market linkages,
simplifying government procedures, and facilitating access to finance. These should be complemented by appropriate
human capital development, science, technology and innovation. Following are the priority sectors that have direct
impact on AmBisyon:
Housing and Urban Development
 Construction, construction-related manufacturing, house development-related manufacturing, and utilities
(electricity, gas, and water).
Manufacturing
 Food processing, housing related, construction-related, transport manufacturing,
and other manufacturing.
Connectivity 
 Roads and bridges, port, airports, vehicles, transport systems, and communication. 
Education Services 
  Formal education and re-tooling services. 
Tourism and Allied Services 
 Resort, rest-recreation hotels, accommodation, travel and tour cultural shows, heritage
sites, etc. 
Agriculture 
 Food production, commercial and industrial crop, agricultural biotechnology, etc. 
Health and Wellness Services 
 Primary, secondary, and tertiary care, pharmaceuticals, wellness
facilities, sports and fitness facilities, etc. 
Financial Services 
 Consumer financing, enterprise financing, and insurance savings mobilization. 

Government must also ensure that economic growth is broad-based across sectors and regions; it must result in a
more equal income distribution. Moreover, there should be aggressive interventions to increase opportunities for the
poor to participate in the growth process even as they are protected against the negative impact of economic and
political instabilities, natural and man-made calamities. Poverty must be eradicated by 2040, if not earlier. 

It must also be recognized that certain individuals cannot immediately participate in the growth process. For infants
and children, there is the requisite care, guidance, health and education services until they become mature enough. It
is important that parents and families are able to provide these, although government should stand ready to fill the
gap. A major intervention, therefore, is for parents to adequately prepare for having a family. 

Filipinos live a long and healthy life. 

A long and healthy life allows people to realize their full potential and to enjoy the attainment of their AmBisyon for
many years. This is borne out of healthy lifestyle choices. New products and processes that are safer and cleaner,
and certainly products that promote good health, are needed as well. 

Policies that promote work-life balance can reduce the strain on people's health. Filipinos must also be given more
affordable, clean and safe options for rest and recreation, like open spaces, nature parks and public sports and
fitness facilities. In case of illness, Filipinos must have access to affordable and good quality healthcare. 

Ensuring the quality of health care and health-related products and the safety of
other products is the responsibility of government as well. 

Filipinos are smart and innovative. 

Well-educated, innovative Filipinos will continuously improve the quality of life in

the Philippines. If education is the process of facilitating the "acquisition of
knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits", formal education is the structured
method of facilitating the acquisition of a select set of such knowledge, skills,
values, beliefs and habits. Government, therefore, must be proactive in setting
the agenda for education. It is, after all, about molding the future Filipino and
creating the future Philippine society. 

More than ensuring that Filipino students acquire the foundational literacies
(reading, numeracy, scientific literacy, ICT literacy, economic and financial
literacy, cultural and civic literacy), the formal education system must also ensure
that students obtain competencies (critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity,
communication, collaboration) and develop character qualities (curiosity, initiative,
persistence and grit, adaptability, leadership, social and cultural awareness)2.
This may require a revision of the curriculum content, but more importantly, the
mode of delivery. At the same time, there must be access to lifelong learning
opportunities so that competencies are continuously upgraded and updated. 
Filipinos live in a high-trust society. 

A high-trust society allows Filipinos to enjoy a panatag na buhay together with

their families. Extending to the bigger community, a high trust society equals a
matatag na pamayanan. 

A high-trust society allows people to see to their economic pursuits, secure in

the knowledge that they will be able to enjoy the fruits of their labor. However,
societal ties must be strengthened where every Filipino cares for the plight of his
fellow Filipino. Every Filipino must feel upset if another Filipino is found hungry
and poor, or unable to recover from unfortunate events. 

A caring society does not evolve overnight; it must be cultivated. Venues and opportunities for interpersonal
interaction must be provided. But usually, it takes root from building trust in established institutions like government.
Government must therefore begin the process of confidence-building by being clean, fair and citizen-centered. After
all, a high-trust society is the most durable bedrock for vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient communities of the
Philippines by 2040-- hopefully, sooner. 
 GE 1: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
CHAPTER 2: UNPACKING THE SELF

THE SPIRITUAL SELF

THE CONCEPT OF SPIRITUALITY
 Who we are at our core?
 Subjective and most intimate self.
 Aspect of the self which develops a certain level of spirituality which is deemed as man’s way of
seeking and expressing the meaning and purpose of life
 Speaks of the quality of one’s relationships (God, self, others, institutions, and God’s entire creation)
marked by respect, forgiveness, generous service, and prayer
 Spirituality leads man to a deeper communion with the Divine.

The Spirit & The Soul

 Spirit – (Hebrew: ruach; Greek: pneuma – breath; breath of life)
 a disposition of an individual, a person’s habitual attitudes, man’s supernatural power which comes
from God.
 Where all life and power of God flow.
 Life-giving part of man
 Enables man to serve God and to participate in the supernatural order.

Soul
(Hebrew: nephesh; Greek: psyche – throat or neck; human life)
 The animating principle of human nature
 Modern Psychology: will, mind, the seat of emotion, conscience

THE SOUL STANDS FOR NATURAL MAN WHILE SPIRIT IS THE ETHICAL FACTOR WHICH ADDS THE
NEW DIMENSION OF RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD.

Filipino Perspective
“Espirito/Espiritu”
 Filipino term to represent the spirit
 Visayan: ginhawa
 Tagalog: hininga
 Ilocano: anges

The Filipino Traditional Understanding of the Soul

 The Soul According to the Indigenous Filipino (Demetrio, et. al, 2011)
 Kaluluwa, kararwa, kadkadduwa – rooted from duwa (two)
 The soul has two existences – physical (human body and its life) and spiritual (exists on its own).
 Ilocano term “kadkadduwa” is derived from kadduwa (companion).
 Doubling of “kad” intensifies the nature of companionship so that it means “constant companion” or an
“inseparable partner,” therefore an attached companion of the living person.
 Tagalog – kaluluwa, Bagobos – gimukod, Bukidnon – makatu; Ilonngo – Dungan (person is alive),
kalag (person is dead), Visayans – dungan (willpower); Cebuanos –kaluha; Mindoro – karadwa or
kalag; Kankanays – ab-abiik; Ibanag – ikararua
 Tagalogs – kaluluwa speaks more of the soul of the deceased person than that of the living.
 Ilonggos and Cebuanos – dungan sometimes come out of the body and takes on a visible form such
as that of an insect like housefly or even a lizard. It may leave the body voluntarily as when a person is
asleep.

 The notion of multiplicity of souls is common among Filipinos.

 According to Llanes (1956), as cited in Demetrio, et. al (2011), four souls animate the body in early
Ilokano belief namely:
 Kararwa (soul proper) is the vital elementin man. It can leave only after death.
 Karkarma (second soul) can leave the body when one is frightened; or it can be stolen from the body
when the person goes to isolated places. If the soul fails to return, the owner becomes insane.
Karkarma stands for natural vigor, energy, strength or power. It also stands for mind and reason.
  Aniwaas (aningaas or alingaas; third soul) can leave the body during sleep and visit places which the
person who owns it frequents when awake. If he wakes up, he may lose his aniwaas and become
insane.
 Ar-aria (al-alia; fourth soul) is the liberated soul of the dead. It is the soul that comes down to earth to
visit its relatives and friends, asking them to pray or perform a duty it failed to do in life.

“Loob” and Personhood

 Inner self or being
 The core of one’s personhood and where the true worth of the person lies.
 It is what makes one what he/she is and who he/she is as a person.
 It is a term used to describe a person in relationship with others.
 Manifested through external behavior, and behavior is an authentic person stems from the loob.

Magandang/Mabuting Loob
 (a person can relate well and positively with others; well-intentioned, promotes well-being of others,
especially those in need; people of goodwill)
Masamang Loob
 (a person has a bad character and relates negatively with others)

Covar’s “The Filipino Mind”

- “The use of amulet (anting-anting) may also be a source of prayer. Those who use the anting-anting
believe that the words of Christ and the things used in Catholic liturgy are a strong source of power.”
Mercado (1994) on “Purified Kalooban”
- “a purified kalooban is supported by prayer. This loob that has been continually purified and
strengthened acquires commitment to the cause of the individual. This happens through forms of
sacrifices which include prayer, abstinence from certain kinds of food, or comforts, and sexual
abstinence.”
• Ex. Penitensia during Good Friday

God’s Kagandahang-Loob
 The Filipino concept and value kagandahang-loob can be a very appropriate description of who God is
for Filipinos
 Kindness, generosity, benevolence, helpfulness
 This reminds us of Jesus in whom words and deeds are true manifestations of his kagandahang loob.

Loob and Prayer

 Prayer is “the first expression of man’s interior truth”. Interior truth refers to the core of one’s
personhood (loob), which is closely related to man’s spirit. It is the ultimate organizing center of human
reality. It is also the very zone of creaturehood which is the substratum of ideas, feelings and behaviors.
 Those whose loob is pure, serene and controlled have “special powers” granted to them by Christ such
as the ability to control elements, cure the sick, speak in different languages, interpret signs, among
others.
 Prayer is the Christian’s acknowledgment and awareness of the true nature of the loob, and the
richness or weakness of this loob as exposed by the light of faith. This loob is made “in the image and
likeness” of God.
 Leads people back to Him (pagbabalik loob/conversion), restoring the original goodness of one’s
kalooban.

Practice of Religion
Religion is a way people connect themselves to God as they search for meaning in life.

a. Rituals
 Patterned forms of behavior that have something to do with the natural realm; performed in a repetitive
nature; religious or secular.
 Harang (practiced in Visayan fishing villages) – offering ritual described as “a process of purification
(tuob), invocation (pagtawag), entreaty (pangamuyo), offering (bayad), feast (kan-on), encompassing
almost every aspect of the community’s existence including good or bad harvest, the operation of
fishing boats and cases of illnesses.”
 Kanyaw (Cordillera) – expression of thanksgiving to their deities as well as means to appease them;
solidarity among members of the community
 Buklog (of Subanens in Aurora, Zamboanga) – honor the spirits and plea for favors; symbols of the
Subanen’s relationship with their fellowmen, and a spiritual journey to their Creator.
 Rituals in this sense have the function of uniting the people. They allay fear of crisis as they prompt
collective action.
b. Magic
 Referred to as “tricks” and “illusions” that make impossible things seem to happen, usually performed
as entertainment.
 Stein and Stein (2011) describe it as a special talent or skill; an act that makes impossible things
happen through some sort of trickery or deception, and thereby manipulating not the supernatural
world, but rather human perception.
 Anthropologists use this term to refer to activities, usually rituals, by which a person can compel the
supernatural to behave in certain ways.
c. Witchcraft
 Commonly understood as “kulam”, refers to the idea that certain people have an inborn power to
harness spirits or energies for specific purposes
 Widely considered evil; seen as magic or special power that is worked for illegal or antisocial ends.
 Example: To kill someone for vengeful purposes; steal food remnants, hair, nail clippings, or clothes
from the victim and use these objects to inflict harm upon the victim.

Haviland (2007) mentioned that witchcraft serves a number of functions in society.

 Provides explanations of the inexplicable, like illness or natural disasters
 Allows a community to come together, focus their energy on something (ridding themselves of bad
witchcraft) and to reassert their communal identity.
 A way to explain a personal misfortune without having to shoulder any blame to themselves.
 Provides an outlet for feelings of hostility and frustration without disturbing the norms of the larger
group.

 For Christians, God alone is worthy of adoration, for HE alone, is the ONE, TRUE GOD.
 Much discernment must be done to examine or evaluate our practices whether or not they lead us
closer to the One, True God.
 There are Filipino traditional religious practices (popular/folk religiosity) which are not helpful to our true
worship of GOD, practices which need to be purified, and this calls for a genuine, meaningful Christian
evangelization.

Finding and Creating Meaning

 Viktor Emil Frankl

o Meaning is something to discover rather than to invent.
o It has the same concept with inner happiness, life satisfaction, self-actualization, and deep
spirituality.
o Existential vacuum – life is empty, meaningless, purposeless, aimless, adrift
o We fill our lives with pleasure, eating beyond all necessity, having promiscuous sex, or seeking
power (monetary success), “busy-ness”, conformity, conventionality, anger, hatred, and even
attempts to destroy what we think is hurting us, a neurotic “vicious cycle” such as obsession
with germs and cleanliness, or fear-driven obsession with a phobic object.

Ways of Discovering Meaning of Life

(Frankl’s Logotherapy)

Experiential Values
• Experiencing something or someone we value.
• Example: The love we feel towards another – family, relatives, friends, and workmates

Creative Values
• Becoming involved in one’s projects or projects of one’s own life.
• Creativity and passion involved in arts, music, writing, invention, and work among others.

Attitudinal Values
• Practicing virtues such as compassion, bravery, a good sense of humor, etc.
• Frankl’s most famous example is achieving meaning by way of suffering.
• The goal is self-transcendence, in the spiritual realm.
• It is a reference to God, a reference to religion.

THE DIGITAL SELF

Online Identity – A distinction between how people present themselves online and how they do offline.
However, ... The gap between the online and offline identity is narrowing
 People use social media to communicate with people they know in “real life” contexts (home, work,
school)
 Wireless networking and portable devices make it easy to access social media and information as part
Self-presentation
 SocMed require users to self-consciously create virtual depictions of themselves
 Information and materials people choose to show others
 Interaction with others
 Every digital information a person provides (nickname, email address) can and is used to make
inferences about them

BUILDING AN ONLINE IDENTITY

 Every website collects its own version of who you are, based on the information that you have shared.
 It is up to you how you will represent yourself as closely as who you are and what you do in real life or
selectively, to create a representation far from your real life.
 These are characteristics showing behaviors designed to convey an image about ourselves to other
people and to influence the perception of other people of this image.
 It is selective; carefully done – self benefit, impress others

SELECTIVE SELF-REPRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

 We tend to change our behavior
- We notice we are being watched or observed
- Depending on who we are interacting with
- Depending on what personal information we need to be providing to present ourselves in a way that will
be acceptable to others.

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA

IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF
 Human interaction requires emotional involvement and cognitive effort, but not in online interaction.
 Facebook provides opportunities for increased identity?
– Young users report increased self-esteem and general wellbeing following instances of positive
feedback on social networking sites (Valkunburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006)
– The heaviest FB users were most satisfied with their lives and exhibited greater social and political
engagement (Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009).

• Online interactions cannot reveal one’s true feelings and can decrease people’s happiness levels.
– Emotions are expressed through emoticons or punctuation.
– It is easier to hide emotions behind an email, Facebook post or a tweet.
– Based from studies, there is a tendency for a decreased happiness level and an detriment on overall
wellbeing, rooting from the feeling of jealousy.

• We cannot control our self-presentations on online interactions and this may be both beneficial and
harmful to the individual.
– Online interactions enable us to self-censor to a greater
extent and manage our online identities more strategically
which provides greater opportunity to misrepresent
ourselves.

EXTENDED SELF IN A DIGITAL WORLD

• Russel W. Belk
• Belk presented five changes emerging from our current digital
age.
 Dematerialization – Information, communications, photos, videos, music, calculations, messages,
written words are now largely invisible and immaterial, composed of electronic streams stored in digital
storage devices.
 Reembodiment – “breakout of the visual”, leading to new “constructions” and definitions of the self in
the virtual world where online games, blogs, web pages, photo and video-sharing sites, internet dating
sites are possible.
o We are disembodied and reembodied as avatars. (hiding and faking identities)
 Sharing – Uploading , downloading, sharing – provide free access of information through web surfing.
o Other information kept private before now are shared online (ex. diaries)
o Loss of control due to sharing-uncontrolled sharing of information by online participants or
friends; restrictions are not observed.
 Co-construction of Self – Our digital involvement is social in nature.
o Blogs invite comments, social interaction which help in constructing our individual and joint
extended sense of self as the new version of Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self Theory” known as
the collaborative self.
o Seeking affirmation
 o Friends help to co-construct and reaffirm each other’s sense of self through their postings,
tagging, and comments.
 Distributed Memory – Devices and technologies are available for recording and archiving our
memories.
o Creates a dilemma in the narrative of the self.
o Example: photos posted in the onlineworld may not be accurate in giving memories of the past
since the photos may just be selected representations of happy times hence, may not be
sufficient to tell our stories.

Social Media and Mental Health

POSITIVE
 Support Connections and Communications
 Provide Emotional Support
 Serve as Security Blanket
 Keep Updated
 Feel good about ourselves
 Boost Self-Esteem
NEGATIVE
 Contribute to Anxiety andCDepression
 Feel good about ourselves
 Feelings of Inadequacy
 Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
 Can Lead to Self-Absorption and Impulse Control Issues

SETTING BOUNDARIES ONLINE

Subrahmanyan, Greenfield & Tynes, 2004

– Adolescents’ online interactions are both a literal and a metaphoric screen for representing major adolescent
developmental issues, such as sexuality and identity. Because of the public nature of internet chat rooms, they
provide an open window into the expression of adolescent concerns.
– The online self is a good venue for gender expression and sexuality, because there is no physical
embodiment of gender or other physical markers of identity.
– Age and sex are the primary categories to which people are assigned but these are not evident and non-
explicit in online identity.

How to Set Boundaries Online

– Limit and monitor your social media use
– Try to disable social media push notifications
– Remember that not everything needs to be shared
– You don’t need to respond to every post
– Connect with others IRL
– Refrain from Comparing yourself to others
– Know when to unfollow, unfriend, or block
– Be a responsible digital citizen

TAKEAWAYS
• Always be careful about what
you post on social media.
• Not everything we do, feel,
and think should be shared
online to be viewed by others.
• Behave in an appropriate and
decent manner.
• Anything done or used
excessively is bad for us
(unhealthy).
• Disconnect to reconnect.

LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT

Students are still in the process of becoming a better person in different aspects.
- Education plays a significant role in this process.
- Education should be holistic.
- Guidance and support of significant others are important (Vygotsky’s ZPD) Students are still in the process of
becoming a better person in different aspects.
- Education plays a significant role in this process.
- Education should be holistic.
 - Guidance and support of significant others are important (Vygotsky’s ZPD)

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
STRATEGY HOW IT WORKS APPLICATION
ABSTRACTING/ SUMMARIZING YOU CAN ONLY UNDERSTAND PICK OUT THE MOST ESSENTIAL
AND RETAIN A LIMITED AMOUNT INFORMATION AND SUMMARIZE
OF WHAT YOU READ. IT.
ELABORATING WHEN YOU ADD INFORMATION MAKE UP EXAMPLES, ANALOGIES,
TO AN IDEA, YOU CAN BETTER OR ILLUSTRATIONS TO HELP YOU
UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER IT. UNDERSTAND NEW CONCEPTS.
SCHEMATIZING A SCHEMA IS LIKE A FILE YOU USE LOOK FOR CAUSE/EFFECT
TO STORE IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS, COMPARISON,
INFORMATION YOU WANT TO LISTS OF ITEMS, DESCRIPTIONS,
REMEMBER. AND SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND
WHAT YOU READ.
ORGANIZING WHEN INFORMATION IS ORGANIZE MATERIAL INTO AN
ORGANIZED, IT IS PUT INTO OUTLINE TO HELP YOU SEE THE
SUBSETS, WHICH RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE
ENHANCES OR ADDS TO THE PARTS.
CAPACITY OF WORKING
MEMORY TO STORE IT.
QUESTIONING SELF-QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE IS ASK YOURSELF QUESTIONS ABOUT
A GOOD WAY TO IMPROVE THE MATERIAL YOU ARE READING
COMPREHENSION. TO INCREASE YOUR
UNDERSTANDING.

METACOGNITION
“THINKING ABOUT THINKING”
- THE INTERNAL MASTER CONTROL OF THINKING BEHAVIOR DESIGNED TO MAKE SURE THAT LEARNING
TAKES PLACE
- IT INCLUDES BOTH THE KNOWLEDGE OF COGNITION AND THE REGULATION OF COGNITION.
Pierre Paul Gagne et. Al (2009)
- Metacognition enables students to be more active in their learning, to mobilize all of their resources in
order to have successful learning experiences. In order to do this, they must know how they learn and
be aware of the steps that are followed and the means that are used to acquire knowledge, solve
problems, and perform tasks.
“Explicit attention to and application of thinking skills enables students to develop an increasingly
sophisticated understanding of the processes they can employ whenever they encounter both the familiar and
unfamiliar, to break ineffective habits and build on successful ones, building a capacity to manage their
thinking.” (Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority)
Factors affecting learning
- Individual (learner)
- Task (material)
- Method/Strategy (ways)
METACOGNITION strategies (Dunlonsky et al, 2013)
- Practice over time.
- Questioning and explanation.
- Producing summaries of texts.
- Highlighting and underlining portions of text.
Use your course outline/syllabus as a roadmap.
• Use prior knowledge.
• Think aloud (verbalize thoughts)
• Ask yourself questions.
• Writing (notetaking, making summaries, outlines)
• Organize your thoughts (concept maps, graphic organizers, mnemonics, highlighting)
• Review your exams (review items you have missed)
• Test yourself (practice tests, online tools, workbooks, flashcards)
• Figure out how you learn (look for the learning strategy that works best for you)
• Take a break (self-care)
SETTING #GOALS for success
IMPORTANCE OF GOALS
- Observable and measurable end result of several objectives that are to be accomplished in a given time
frame.
- Desired results or outcomes one wishes, commits, or plans to achieve.
Guide to act: help you determine what you want to do, where you want to go.
Motivate behavior: give direction and purpose
FUNCTIONS OF GOALS
Goals affect performance through four (4) mechanisms:
(1) Directive function – direct attention and effort toward goalrelevant activities and away from goal-
irrelevant activities
(2) Energizing function – high goals lead to great effort than low goals
(3) Goals affect Persistence
(4) Goals affect action indirectly by leading to the arousal, discovery, and/or use of task-relevant knowledge
and strategies.
SELF – EFFICACY
Goals can be achieved only if a person is worthy of believing these goals can be achieved.

Albert Bandura’s Self-Efficacy

- From Social Learning Theory “refers to belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses
of action required to manage prospective situations”
- An individual’s belief that he or she can accomplish using his or her skills under certain circumstances
- Task-specific version of self-esteem
SOURCES OF EFFICACY BELIEFS (Bandura, 1997)
1. Mastery Experiences
Personal performance accomplishments; most effective way to create a strong sense of efficacy.
Positive: a person who performed well in a previous task may feel confident and have high self-efficacy in
performing similar task.
Negative: a person who experienced failure may experience a reduction in self-efficacy
2. Vicarious Experiences
Observance of social models that also influence one’s perception of self- efficacy.
Positive: Mentoring programs, Coaching
Negative: Smoking cessation or weight-loss program (unsuccessful attempts)
3. Verbal or Social Persuasion
A way of strengthening people’s belief that they have what it takes to succeed
Positive: encouragement
Negative: discouragement
4. Emotional and Physiological States
The state a person is in will influence how he or she judges self-efficacy.
Positive: emotions boost confidence in skills
Negative: emotions can be interpreted as signs of vulnerability to poor performance (stress, tension, etc)

GROWTH MINDSET THEORY

 Discovered by Carol Dweck (Stanford University psychologist)
 Mindsets are beliefs about one’s self and one’s most basic qualities.
 People with fixed mindset believe that their traits are just given or mostly innate and interpret failure
as the lack of necessary basic abilities.
 People with growth mindset believe that traits and abilities can be acquired or developed through their
dedication, effort, and study.