SIMILAR TRIANGLES

CONTENTS

  Concept of Similarity Fig.(i)

  Thales Theorem

  Criteria for Similarity of Triangles

Fig.(ii)
  Area of Two Similar Triangles (ii) Any two equilateral triangles are similar
(see fig. (ii))
  Phythagoras Theorem
SIMILAR POLYGONS
  Some Important Theorems
 Definition
Two polygons are said to be similar to each other,
if
CONCEPT OF SIMILARITY
(i) their corresponding angles are equal, and
Geometric figures having the same shape but
(ii) the lengths of their corresponding sides are
different sizes are known as similar figures. Two
proportional.
congruent figures are always similar but similar
figures need not be congruent. If two polygons ABCDE and PQRST are similar,
then from the above definition it follows that :
Illustration 1 :
Angle at A = Angle at P, Angle at B = Angle at Q,
Any two line segments are always similar but they Angle at C = Angle at R, Angle at D = Angle at S,
need not be congruent. They are congruent, if Angle at E = Angle at T
their lengths are equal.
AB BC CD DE
and, = = =
PQ QR RS ST
Illustration 2 :
If two polygons ABCDE and PQRST, are similar,
Any two circles are similar but not necessarily we write ABCED ~ PQRST.
congruent. They are congruent if their are equal. Here, the symbol ‘~’ stands for is similar to.
S
m
D 4. 5c 130° 6c
m
m 4
3 c 130° cm T 100°
E 100°
90° R
C
4.8 c

90°
Illustration 3 :
3.2

cm

120°
m

120°
4.5
3c
cm

(i) Any two square are similar (see fig. (i)) A 4 cm B P 6m Q

 SIMILAR TRIANGLE AND THEIR 1
(AD.EF)
PROPERTIES Area(ADE) 2 AD
 = = .... (i)
Area(DBE) 1 (DB.BF) DB
Definition
2
Two triangles are said to be similar, if their
 Similarly, we have
(i) corresponding angles are equal and,
1
(ii) corresponding sides are proportional. (AE.DG )
Area(ADE) 2 AE
= = .... (ii)
Area(DEC) 1
Two triangles ABC and DEF are similar, if ( EC.DG) EC
2
(i) A = D, B = E, C = F and,
But, DBE and DEC are on the same base DE
AB BC AC
(ii) = = and between the same parallels DE and BC.
DE EF DF
 Area (DBE) = Area (DEC)
D
A 1 1
 =
Area(DBE) Area(DEC)
  [Taking reciprocals of both sides]

B C Area ( ADE) Area (ADE)

 =
E F Area (DBE) Area (DEC)

SOME BASIC RESULTS ON  [Multiplying both sides by Area (ADE)]

PROPORTIONALITY AD AE
 = [Using (i) and (ii)]
 Basic Proportionality Theorem or Thales DB EC
Theorem  Corollary : If in a ABC, a line DE || BC,
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersects AB in D and AC in E, then :
intersecting the other two sides, then it divides the
two sides in the same ratio. AB AC
(i) =
AD AE
Given : A triangle ABC in which DE || BC, and
intersects AB in D and AC in E. AB AC
(ii) =
AD AE DB EC
To Prove : =
DB EC Proof : (i) From the basic proportionality theorem,
we have
Construction : Join BE, CD and draw EF  BA
and DG  CA. AD AE
=
A DB EC
F G DB EC
 = [Taking reciprocals of both sides]
D E AD AE
DB EC
 1+ =1+ [Adding 1 on both sides]
AD AE
B C
AD  DB AE  EC AB AC
Proof : Since EF is perpendicular to AB. Therefore,   =  =
AD AE AD AE
EF is the height of triangles ADE and DBE.
(ii) From the basic proportionality theorem, we
1 1
Now, Area(ADE) = (base × height) = (AD.EF) have
2 2
AD DE
1 1 =
and, Area(DBE) = (base × height) = (DB.EF) DB EC
2 2
 AD AE AF  FC AE  EC
 +1= +1   =
DB EC FC EC
     [Adding 1 on both sides] AC AC
  = FC = EC
AD  DB AE  EC AB AC FC EC
   =  =
DB EC DB EC This is possible only when F and E coincide i.e.
DF is the line l itself. But, DF || BC. Hence,
 So, if in a ABC, DE || BC, and intersect AB in D
l || BC.
and AC in E, then we have
AD AE DB EC EXAMPLES 
(i) = (ii) =
DB EC AD AE Ex.1 D and E are points on the sides AB and AC
respectively of a ABC such that DE || BC.
AB AC AD AE
(iii) = (iv) = Find the value of x, when
AD AE AB AC
A
AB AC DB EC
(v) = (vi) =
DB EC AB AC
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem D E
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the
same ratio, then the line must be parallel to the B C
third side.
(i) AD = 4 cm, DB = (x – 4) cm, AE = 8 cm
Given : A ABC and a line l intersecting AB in D and EC = (3x – 19) cm
AD AE
and AC in E, such that = (ii) AD = (7x – 4) cm, AE = (5x – 2) cm,
DB EC
DB = (3x + 4) cm and EC = 3x cm.
To prove :  || BC i.e. DE || BC
Sol. (i) In ABC, DE || BC
A
AD AE
D F  = (By thales theorem)
 DB EC
E
4 8
  =
B C x4 3x  19
Proof : If possible, let DE be not parallel to BC. 4(3x – 19) = 8(x – 4)
Then, there must be another line parallel to BC. 12x – 76 = 8x – 32
Let DF || BC.
4x = 44
Since DF || BC. Therefore from Basic
Proportionality Theorem, we get x = 17
AD AF (ii) In ABC, DE || BC
= .... (i)
DB FC AD AE
 = (By thales theorem)
AD AE DB EC
But, = (Given) .... (ii)
DB EC 7x  4 5x  2
=
From (i) and (ii), we get 3x  4 3x
AF AE 21x2 – 12x = 15x2 – 6x + 20x – 8
=
FC EC 6x2 – 26x + 8 = 0
AF AE 3x2 – 13x + 4 = 0
 +1= + 1 [Adding 1 on both sides]
FC EC
(x – 4) (3x – 1) = 0 x = 4, 1/3
Ex.2 Let X be any point on the side BC of a AE AP
triangle ABC. If XM, XN are drawn parallel = .... (i)
ED PC
to BA and CA meeting CA, BA in M, N
respectively; MN meets BC produced in T, Again, EF || AB || DC
prove that TX2 = TB × TC.  FP || AB
Sol. In TXM, we have Thus, in CAB, we have
A FP || BA
Therefore, by basic proportionality theorem,
we have
M
N BF AP
= ....(ii)
FC PC
T From (i) and (ii), we have
B X C
AE BF
XM || BN =
ED FC
TB TM Ex.4 In figure, A = B and DE || BC. Prove that
 = .... (i)
TX TN AD = BE
In TMC, we have C
XN || CM
Sol. D E
TX TN
 = .... (ii)
TC TM
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
TB TX
= A B
TX TC
A = B (given)
 TX2 = TB × TC
 BC = AC ....(i)
AE BF
Ex.3 In fig., EF || AB || DC. Prove that = . (Sides opposite to equal angles are equal)
ED FC
Now, DE || AB
A B
CD CE
 =
DA EB
E F
P (By basic proportionality theorem)
CD CE
 +1= +1
DA EB
D C (Adding 1 on both sides)
Sol. We have, CD  DA CE  EB CA CE
 =  =
EF || AB || DC DA EB DA EB
 EP || DC AC BC AC AC
 =  =
Thus, in ADC, we have AD BE AD BE

EP || DC 1 1
 = AD = BE
AD BE
Therefore, by basic proportionality theorem,
we have
Ex.5 In fig., DE || BC. If AD = 4x – 3, DB = 3x – 1, A
AE = 8x – 7 and EC = 5x – 3, find the value of x.
F
C E
E D

B C
DE || BC

A D B AB AC
 = ....(i)
AD AE
Sol. In ABC, we have
In ADC, we have
DE || BC
FE || DC
AD AE
 = [By Thale’s Theorem] AD AC
DB EC  = ....(ii)
AF AE
4x  3 8x  7 From (i) and (ii), we get
 =
3x  1 5x  3
AB AD
 (4x – 3) (5x – 3) = (3x – 1) (8x – 7)  =  AD2 = AB × AF
AD AF
 x=1 Ex.8 In the given figure PA, QB and RC each is
Ex.6 Prove that the line segment joining the perpendicular to AC such that PA = x,
midpoints of the adjacent sides of a RC = y, QB = z, AB = a and BC = b. Prove
quadrilateral form a parallelogram. 1 1 1
that + = .
x y z
Sol. Given : A quadrilateral ABCD in which P, Q,
R, S are the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and P
DA respectively. R
x Q
To prove : PQRS is a parallelogram. y
z
R C
D A a B b C

Q Sol. PA  AC and QB  AC  QB || PA.

S
Thus, in PAC, QB || PA. So, QBC ~ PAC
A P B QB BC z b
 =  = ....(i)
PA AC x ab
Construction : Join AC.
[By the property of similar ]
Proof : In ABC, P and Q are the midpoints
of AB and BC respectively. In RAC, QB || RC. So, QBC ~ RAC
 PQ || AC ....(i) QB AB z a
 =  = ....(ii)
In DAC, S and R are the midpoints of AD RC AC y ab
and CD respectively. [By the property of similar ]
 SR || AC ....(ii) From (i) and (ii), we get
From (i) and (ii), we get PQ || SR. z z  b a 
+ =   =1
Similarly, PS || QR. x y a b a b
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram z z 1 1 1
 + = 1  + = .
Ex.7 In fig. DE || BC and CD || EF. Prove that x y x y z
AD2 = AB × AF.
1 1 1
Hence, + = .
Sol. In ABC, we have x y z
Ex.9 In fig., LM || AB. If AL = x – 3, AC = 2x,  42 – 3AE = 4AE
BM = x – 2 and BC = 2x + 3, find the value
of x. 42
 42 = 7AE  AE = = 6 cm
7
C
Ex.11 In figure, DE || BC. Find AE.
L M C
B

A B 9 cm E
Sol. In ABC, we have D 6 cm
LM || AB
A
AL MB
 = [By Thale’s Theorem] Sol. Let AE = x cm
LC MC
Then EC = (9 – x) cm
AL BM
 =  AD = 2 cm
AC  AL BC  BM
x 3 x2 DB = (6 – 2) cm = 4 cm
   =
2x  ( x  3) ( 2x  3)  ( x  2) AE AD
We have = 
BE DB
x 3 x2
 =
x3 x 5 [By Basic Proportionality Theorem]

 (x – 3) (x + 5) = (x – 2) (x + 3) x 2
 = 4x = 2 (9 – x)
9x 4
 x2 + 2x – 15 = x2 +x–6
 6x = 18 x=3
 x=9
Hence, AE = 3 cm
AD 3
Ex.10 In a given ABC, DE || BC and = . If Ex.12 In figure, ABC is a triangle in which
DB 4
AC = 14 cm, find AE. AB = AC. Points D and E are points on the
sides AB and AC respectively such that
Sol. In ABC, we have AD = AE. Show that the points B, C, E and D
are concyclic.
DE || BC
Sol. In order to prove that the points B, C, E and
AD AE
 = [By Thales Theorem] D are concyclic, it is sufficient to show that 
DB EC ABC + CED = 180º and ACB + BDE
A = 180º.
In ABC, we have
D E AB = AC and AD = AE
A

B C D E
AD AE
 =
DB AC  AE
3 AE B C
 = [ AC = 5.6]
4 14  AE  AB – AD = AC – AE
 3(14 – AE) = 4AE  DB = EC
 Thus, we have Ex.14 Using basic proportionality theorem, prove
that the lines drawn through the points of
AD = AE and DB = EC
trisection of one side of a triangle parallel to
AD AE another side trisect the third side.
 =
DB EC Sol. A
 DE || BC P1 Q1
l1
[By the converse of Thale’s Theorem] P2 Q2
l2
 ABC = ADE [Corresponding angles]
 ABC + BDE = ADE + BDE B C
[Adding BDE on both sides] l1 || BC, l2 || BC

 ABC + BDE = 180º and AP1 = P1P2 = P2B (given)

 ACB + BDE = 180º 1
= AB.
[ AB = AC  ABC = ACB] 3

Again, DE || BC To prove, AQ1 = Q1Q2 = Q2B

 ACB = AED 1
= AC.
3
 ACB + CED = AED + CED
1
[Adding CED on both sides] AQ1 AP1
AB
Proof = = 3
 ACB + CED = 180º AC AB AB
ABC + CED = 180º [ ABC = ACB] AQ1 1 1
 =  AQ1 = AC
Thus, BDEC is quadrilateral such that AC 3 3

ACB + BDE = 180º and  AD AE

Ex.15 In the given figure, = and ADE
DB EC
  ABC + CED = 180º = ACB. Prove that ABC is an isosceles
AD 1 AE 1 triangle.
Ex.13 In fig., = and = . Using
DB 3 AC 4 A
converse of basic proportionality theorem,
prove that DBC
D E
A

D E B C
Sol. We have,
AD AE
=  DE || BC
DB EC
B C
[By the converse of Thale’s theorem]
AE 1
Sol. = ADE = ABC (corresponding s)
AC 4
But, ADE = ACB (given)
AC AC
 = 4  –1=3  ABC = ACB.
AE AE
AC  AE EC AE 1 So, AB = AC [sides opposite to equal angles]
 =3 = 3  =
AE AE EC 3 Hence, ABC is an isosceles triangles.
Ex.16 In fig., if DE || AQ and DF || AR. Prove that To Prove : QR || AD
EF || QR. [NCERT]
Proof : In ABC, we have
Sol. In PQA, we have
PQ || AB
DE || AQ [Given]
CP CQ
P  = ....(i)
PB QA
D [By Basic Proportionality Theorem]
E F In BCD, we have
A PR || BD
CP CR
Q R  = ....(ii)
PB RD
Therefore, by basic proportionality theorem, [By Thale’s Theorem]
we have
From (i) and (ii), we have
PE PD
= ....(i) CQ CR
EQ DA =
QA RD
In PAR, we have
Thus, in ACD, Q and R are points on AC
DF || AD [Given] and CD respectively such that
Therefore, by basic proportionality theorem, CQ CR
we have =
QA RD
PD PF
= ....(ii)  QR || AD [By the converse of Basic
DA FR
proportionality theorem]
From (i) and (ii), we have
Ex.18 ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. E and F
PE PF are points on non-parallel sides AD and BC
=
EQ FR respectively such that EF || AB. Show that

 EF || QR [By the converse of Basic AE BF

= .
Proportionality Theorem] ED FC
Ex.17 Two triangles ABC and DBC lie on the same D C
side of the base BC. From a point P on BC,
PQ || AB and PR || BD are drawn. They meet E F
AC in Q and DC in R respectively. Prove that G
QR || AD.
A B
Sol. Given : Two triangles ABC and DBC lie on
the same side of the base BC. Points P, Q and Sol. Given : A trap. ABCD in which AB || DC.
R are points on BC, AC and CD respectively E and F are points on AD and BC
such that PR || BD and PQ || AB. respectively such that EF || AB.
A D AE BF
To prove : =
ED FC
Construction : Ioin AC, intersecting EF at G.
Q R
Proof : EF || AB and AB || DC
 EF || DC

B P C Now, in ADC, EG || DC
 AE AG Ex.20 Any point X inside DEF is joined to its
 = ....(i) [By Thale’s theorem]
ED GC vertices. From a point P in DX, PQ is drawn
parallel to DE meeting XE at Q and QR is
Similarly, in CAB, GF || AB. drawn parallel to EF meeting XF in R. Prove
that PR || DF.
AG BF
 = ....(ii) Sol. A DEF and a point X inside it. Point X is
GC FC
joined to the vertices D, E and F. P is any
GC FC point on DX. PQ || DE and QR || EF.
[ = by Thale’s theorem]
AG BF To Prove : PR || DF
From (i) and (ii), we get Construction : Join PR.
AE BF Proof : In XED, we have
=
ED FC PQ || DE
Ex.19 In fig., A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and D
OR respectively such that AB || PQ and
AC || PR. Show that BC || QR. [NCERT] P
Sol. In OPQ, we have
AB || PQ
P X
Q R
E F
A
XP XQ
 = ....(i) [By Thale’s Theorem]
PD QE
O
B C In XEF, we have
Q R QR || EF

OA OB XQ XR
 = ....(i)  = ...(ii) [By Thale’s Theorem]
AP BQ QE RF
From (i) and (ii), we have
In OQR, we have
XP XR
BC || QR =
PD RF
OB OC
 = ....(ii) Thus, in XFD, points R and P are dividing
BQ CR sides XF and XD in the same ratio. Therefore,
From (i) and (ii), we get by the converse of Basic Proportionality
Theorem, we have, PR || DF
OA OC
= Theorem 1 :
AP CR
The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle
Thus, A and C are points on sides OP and OR divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of
respectively of OPR, such that the sides containing the angle.
OA OC Given : A ABC in which AD is the internal
= bisector of A and meets BC in D.
AP CR
AC || PR [Using the converse of BPT] BD AB
To Prove : =
DC AC
Construction : Draw CE || DA to meet BA k
produced in E.
A 2
E
4 1
E 4
3
A
B C D
12
Ex.21 Prove that any line parallel to the parallel
sides of a trapezium divides the non-parallel
3 sides proportionally.
Sol. Given : A trapezium ABCD in which
B D C DC || AB and EF is a line parallel to DC
Proof : Since CE || DA and AC cuts them. and AB.
AE BF
 2 = 3 [Alternate angles] ....(i) To Prove : =
ED FC
and,1 = 4 [Corresponding angles] ....(ii)
Construction : Join AC, meeting EF in G.
But, 1 = 2 [ AD is the bisector of A] D C
From (i) and (ii), we get

3 = 4 E F
G
Thus, in ACE, we have

3 = 4
A B
 AE = AC ....(iii)
[Sides opposite to equal angles are equal] Proof : In ADC, we have
EG || DC
Now, in BCE, we have
AE AG
DA || CE   = [By Thale’s Theorem]....(i)
ED GC
BD BA In ABC, we have
 =
DC AE
GF || AB
BD AB AG BF
 =  = [By Thale’s Theorem]....(ii)
DC AC GC FC
[ BA = AB and AE = AC (From (iii))] From (i) and (ii), we get

BD AB AE BF
Hence, = =
DC AC ED FC
Ex.22 Prove that the line drawn from the mid-point
Theorem 2 :
of one side of a triangle parallel of another
The external bisector of an angle of a triangle side bisects the third side.
divides the opposite side externally in the ratio of Sol. Given : A ABC, in which D is the mid-
the sides containing the angle. point of side AB and the line DE is drawn
parallel to BC, meeting AC in E.
 To Prove : E is the mid-point of AC i.e., AD AE
 =
AE = EC. DB EC
Proof : In ABC, we have Thus, the line DE divides the sides AB and
DE || BC AC of ABC in the same ratio. Therefore, by
the converse of Basic Proportionality
AD AE Theorem, we have
 = [By Thale’s Theorem] ....(i)
DB EC DE || BC
A Ex.24 AD is a median of ABC. The bisector of
ADB and ADC meet AB and AC in E and
F respectively. Prove that EF || BC.
D E
Sol. Given : In ABC, AD is the median and DE
and DF are the bisectors of ADB and
ADC respectively, meeting AB and AC in
B C E and F respectively.
To Prove : EF || BC
But, D is the mid-point of AB.
Proof : In ADB, DE is the bisector of
  AD = DB
ADB.
AD A
 =1 ....(ii)
DB
From (i) and (ii), we get
AE E F
=1 
EC
   AE = EC
B D C
Hence, E bisects AC.
AD AE
Ex.23 Prove that the line joining the mid-point of  = ....(i)
DB EB
two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side. [NCERT] In ADC, DF is the bisector of ADC.
Sol. Given : A ABC in which D and E are mid- AD AF
 =
point of sides AB and AC respectively. DC FC
A AD AF  AD is the median 
 =   ....(ii)
DB FC  BD  DC 
D E From (i) and (ii), we get
AE AF
=
EB FC
B C Thus, in ABC, line segment EF divides the
To Prove : DE || BC sides AB and AC in the same ratio.

Proof : Since D and E are mid-points of AB Hence, EF is parallel to BC.

and AC respectively. Ex.25 O is any point inside a triangle ABC. The
bisector of AOB, BOC and COA meet
 AD = DB and AE = EC
the sides AB, BC and CA in point D, E and F
AE AE respectively. Show that AD × BE × CF =
 = 1 and =1 DB × EC × FA.
DB EC
Sol. In AOB, OD is the bisector of AOB. EXAMPLES 
A Ex.26 In figure, find L.
M

D F
A

B E C 70°
50° N
OA AD B 4 cm C
 = ....(i)
OB DB
L
In BOC, OE is the bisector of BOC.
Sol. In ABC and LMN,
OB BE
 = ....(ii) AB 4.4 2
OC EC = =
LM 11 5
In COA, OF is the bisector of COA
BC 4 2
OC CF = =
 = ....(iii) MN 10 5
OA FA
CA 3 .6 2
Multiplying the corresponding sides of (i), (ii) and = =
NL 9 5
and (iii), we get
AB BC CA
OA OB OC AD BE CF  = =
× × = × × LM MN NL
OB OC OA DB EC FA
 ABC ~ LMN (SSS similarity)
AD BE CF
 1= × ×
DB EC FA  L = A

 DB × EC × FA = AD × BE × CF = 180º – B – C

 AD × BE × CF = DB × EC × FA = 180º – 50º – 70º = 60º

 L = 60º
CRITERIA FOR SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES
 Ex.27 Examine each pair of triangles in Figure, and
 Equiangular Triangles : state which pair of triangles are similar. Also,
Two triangles are said to be equiangular, if state the similarity criterion used by you for
their corresponding angles are equal. answering the question and write the
If two triangles are equiangular, then they are similarity relation in symbolic form.
similar.
A
Two triangles ABC and DEF such that 
  A = D, B = E and C = F. P
Then ABC ~ DEF and 50º
AB BC AC 60º
= =
DE EF DF
A D
60º 70º 50º 70º
B C Q R
Figure (i)
B C E F


 D D P

m
cm

cm

3c

4c
2.5

m
P
5 cm 6 cm
E 2 cm F Q 5 cm R
2.5 cm 3 cm
Figure (vii)
Sol. (i) A = Q, B = P and C = R.
Q 2 cm R E 4 cm F
ABC ~ QPR (AAA-similarity)
Figure (ii)
(ii) In triangle PQR and DEF, we observe that
E
A PQ QR PR 1
= = =
DE EF DF 2
70°
9c

Therefore, by SSS-criterion of similarity, we

m
m
3c

have
70° PQR ~ DEF
B 4.5 cm C F D
(iii) SAS-similarity is not satisfied as included
angles are not equal.
Figure (iii)
P (iv) CAB ~ QRP (SAS-similarity), as
CA CB
= and C = Q.
C QR QP
cm
4.5

6 cm
80° (v) In ’s ABC and DEF, we have
m

80°
6c
8c

Q
A = D = 80º
m

6c
m AB AC
B But,  [ AC is not given]
A R DE DF
Figure (iv)
So, by SAS-criterion of similarity these two
E triangles are not similar.
A
80° (vi) In ’s DEF and MNP, we have
cm

5 cm
2.5

D = M = 70º

B C 80° E = N = 80º [ N = 180º – M – P

3 cm
F 6 cm D = 180º – 70º – 30º = 80º]
Figure (v) So, by AA-criterion of similarity
D M DEF ~ MNP.
70° 70°
(vii) FE = 2 cm, FD = 3 cm, ED = 2.5 cm

80° 30° PQ = 4 cm, PR = 6 cm, QR = 5 cm

E F N P  FED ~ PQR (SSS-similarity)
Figure (vi)
Ex.28 In figure, QA and PB are perpendicular to AB.  AC = (2 × 2.8) cm = 5.6 cm and
If AO = 10 cm, BO = 6 cm and PB = 9 cm. 6 .5
Find AQ. AQ = cm = 3.25 cm
2
Sol. In triangles AOQ and BOP, we have Ex.30 The perimeters of two similar triangles ABC
OAQ = OBP [Each equal to 90º] and PQR are respectively 36 cm and 24 cm. If
PQ = 10 cm, find AB.
AOQ = BOP
Sol. Since the ratio of the corresponding sides of
[Vertically opposite angles] similar triangles is same as the ratio of their
Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity perimeters.

AOQ ~ BOP  ABC ~ PQR

P AB BC AC 36
 = = =
PQ QR PR 24
A O
B AB 36 AB 36
 =  =
PQ 24 10 24

36  10
Q  AB = cm = 15 cm
24
AO OQ AO
 = = Ex.31 In figure, CAB = 90º and AD  BC. If
BO OP BP AC = 75 cm, AB = 1 m and BD = 1.25 m,
AO AQ 10 AQ find AD.
 =  =
BO BP 6 9 Sol. We have,
10  9 AB = 1 m = 100 cm, AC = 75 cm and
 AQ = = 15 cm BD = 125 cm
6
Ex.29 In figure, ACB ~ APQ. If BC = 8 cm, In BAC and BDA, we have
PQ = 4 cm, BA = 6.5 cm, AP = 2.8 cm, find BAC = BDA [Each equal to 90º]
CA and AQ.
and, B = B
Sol. We have, ACB ~ APQ
C
P
D A
75 cm

D
Q 1.2
5 m

C A 1m B
AC CB AB
 = = So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
AP PQ AQ
BAC ~ BDA
AC CB CB AB
 = and = BA AC
AP PQ PQ AQ  =
BD AD
AC 8 8 6 .5
 = and = 100 75
2 .8 4 4 AQ  =
125 AD
AC 6 .5 125  75
 = 2 and =2  AD = cm = 93.75 cm
2 .8 AQ 100
Ex.32 In figure, if A = C, then prove that Sol. Given : A ABC in which BD  AC and
AOB ~ COD. CE  AB and BD and CE intersect at P.
A B To Prove : BP × PD = EP × PC
Proof : In EPB and DPC, we have
PEB = PDC [Each equal to 90º]
1 EPB = DPC [Vertically opposite angles]
O
A
2

D C E D

P
Sol. In triangles AOB and COD, we have B C
A = C [Given] Thus, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
and,1 = 2 [Vertically opposite angles] EPB ~ DPC
Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have EP PB
=
AOB ~ COD DP PC
AO BO 1  BP × PD = EP × PC
Ex.33 In figure, = = and AB = 5 cm.
OC OD 2 Ex.35 D is a point on the side BC of ABC such
Find the value of DC. CA CB
that ADC = BAC. Prove that =
Sol. In AOB and COD, we have CD CA
AOB = COD [Vertically opposite angles] or, CA2 = CB × CD.

AO OB Sol. In ABC and DAC, we have

= [Given]
OC OD ADC = BAC and C = C

A 5 cm B A

B D C
D C
Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity, we
So, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we have have
AOB ~ COD ABC ~ DAC
AO BO AB AB BC AC
 = =  = =
OC OD DC DA AC DC
1 5 CB CA
 = [ AB = 5 cm]  =
2 DC CA CD
 DC = 10 cm Ex.36 P and Q are points on sides AB and AC
Ex.34 In figure, considering triangles BEP and respectively of ABC. If AP = 3 cm,
CPD, prove that BP × PD = EP × PC. PB = 6cm. AQ = 5 cm and QC = 10 cm, show
that BC = 3PQ.
Sol. We have, AB CB 9 10  2
   =  =  
AB = AP + PB = (3 + 6) cm = 9 cm DE CD x 8
and, AC = AQ + QC = (5 + 10) cm = 15 cm.    x = 6 cm
AP 3 1 AQ 5 1 Ex.38 In the figure, E is a point on side CB
 = = and = = produced of an isosceles ABC with AB =
AB 9 3 AC 15 3
AC. If AD  BC and EF  AC, prove that 
AP AQ
 =   ABD ~ ECF.
AB AC
A A

P Q F

B C E B D C
Thus, in triangles APQ and ABC, we have Sol. Given : A ABC in which AB = AC and
AP AQ AD  BC. Side CB is produced to E and
= and A = A [Common] EF  AC.
AB AC
Therefore, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we To prove : ABD ~ ECF.
have Proof : we known that the angles opposite to
APQ ~ ABC equal sides of a triangle are equal.

AP PQ AQ  B = C [ AB = AC]
 = =
AB BC AC Now, in ABD and ECF, we have
PQ AQ PQ 5 B = C [proved above]
 =  =
BC AC BC 15 ADB = EFC = 90º
PQ 1  ABD ~ ECF [By AA-similarity]
 =  BC = 3PQ
BC 3
Ex.39 In figure, BAC = 90º and segment
Ex.37 In figure, A = CED, prove that  ADBC. Prove that AD2 = BD × DC.
CAB ~ CED. Also, find the value of x.
Sol. In ABD and ACD, we have
C
8 cm A
D
10 cm

x
7 cm E
2 cm
B D C
A 9 cm B
ADB = ADC [Each equal to 90º]
Sol. In CAB and CED, we have
and, DBA = DAC
A = CED and C = C [common]
Each equal to complement of 
 CAB ~ CED BAD i.e., 90º  BAD 
CA AB CB Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity, we
 = = 
CE DE CD have
 DBA ~ DAC D C

 D  D, DBA  DAC  4 E

 
 and BAD  DCA  1 F2
DB DA 3
 =
DA DC A B
In similar triangles corresponding 
sides are proportional  So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
FBE ~ FDA
BD AD
 = AD2 = BD × DC FB FD FB EF
AD DC  =  =
FD FA DF FA
Ex.40 In an isosceles ABC, the base AB is
produced both ways in P and Q such that  DF × EF = FB × FA
AP × BQ = AC2 and CE are the altitudes. Ex.42 Through the mid-point M of the side CD of a
Prove that ACP ~ BCQ. parallelogram ABCD, the line BM is drawn
C intersecting AC in L and AD produced in E.
Prove that EL = 2 BL.
Sol. In BMC and EMD, we have
MC = MD [ M is the mid-point of CD]
CMB = EMD [Vertically opposite angles]
P A B Q
and,MBC = MED [Alternate angles]
Sol. CA = CB  CAB = CBA
So, by AAS-criterion of congruence, we have
 180º – CAB = 180º – CBA
 BMC ~  EMD
 CAP = CBQ
 BC = DE ....(i)
Now, AP × BQ = AC2 
Also, AD = BC ....(ii)
AP AC AP BC
   =  = [ AC = BC] [ ABCD is a parallelogram]
AC BQ AC BQ
AD + DE = BC + BC
C
 AE = 2 BC ....(iii)
Now, in AEL and CBL, we have
ALE = CLB
[Vertically opposite angles]
P A B Q EAL = BCL
AP BC [Alternate angles]
Thus, CAP = CBQ and = .
AC BQ So, by AA-criterion of similarity of triangles,

ACP ~ BCQ. we have

Ex.41 The diagonal BD of a parallelogram ABCD A D E

intersects the segment AE at the point F,
where E is any point on the side BC. Prove L
that DF × EF = FB × FA. M

Sol. In AFD and BFE, we have B C

1 = 2 [Vertically opposite angles] AEL ~ CBL
3 = 4 [Alternate angles]
 EL AE EL 2BC Sol. Let the sun’s altitude at that moment be .
 =  = P
BL CB BL BC
[Using equations (iii)]
EL
 =2
BL A

 EL = 2BL h
Ex.43 In figure, ABCD is a trapezium with
AB || DC. If AED is similar to BEC, prove
that AD = BC.  
B 6 cm C Q 15 m M
Sol. In EDC and EBA, we have
1 = 2 [Alternate angles] PQM ~ ABC
3 = 4 [Alternate angles] MP AC
 =
MQ CB
and, CED =AEB[Vertically opposite angles]
 EDC ~ EBA h 20
 =
15 6
A B
4 2  Height of the tower = 50 m.
Ex.45 If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex
E containing the right angle of a right triangle to
the hypotenuse then prove that the triangle on
1 3 each side of the perpendicular are similar to
D C
each other and to the original triangle. Also,
ED EC prove that the square of the perpendicular is
 = equal to the product of the lengths of the two
EB EA
parts of the hypotenuse. [NCERT]
ED EB
 = ....(i) Sol. Given : A right triangle ABC right angled at
EC EA B, BD  AC.
It is given that AED ~ BEC To Prove :
ED EA AD (i) ADB ~ BDC (ii) ADB ~ ABC
 = = ....(ii)
EC EB BC
(iii) BDC ~ ABC (iv) BD2 = AD × DC
From (i) and (ii), we get
(v) AB2 = AD × AC (vi) BC2 = CD × AC
EB EA
= Proof :
EA EB
A
 (EB)2 = (EA)2
D
 EB = EA
Substituting EB = EA in (ii), we get
EA AD AD
=  =1
EA BC BC C B
AD = BC (i) We have,
Ex.44 A vertical stick 20 cm long casts a shadow ABD + DBC = 90º
6 cm long on the ground. At the same time, a
Also, C + DBC + BDC = 180º
tower casts a shadow 15 m long on the
ground. Find the height of the tower.  C + DBC + 90º = 180º
  C + DBC = 90º Sol. Given :ABC in which D, E, F are the
mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB
But, ABD + DBC = 90º
respectively.
 ABD + DBC = C + DBC To Prove : Each of the triangles AFE, FBD,
 ABD = C ....(i) EDC and DEF is similar to ABC.
Thus, in ADB and BDC, we have Proof : Consider triangles AFE and ABC.

ABD = C [From (i)] Since F and E are mid-points of AB and AC

respectively.
and,ADB = BDC
[Each equal to 90º]  FE || BC

So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have  AEF = B

ADB ~ BDC [Corresponding angles]

(ii) In ADB and ABC, we have Thus, in AFE and ABC, we have

ADB = ABC [Each equal to 90º] A

and,A = A [Common]
So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have F E

ADB ~ ABC
(iii) In BDC and ABC, we have B D C
BDC = ABC AFE = B
[Each equal to 90º]
and,A = A [Common]
C = C [Common]
 AFE ~ ABC.
So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have
Similarly, we have
BDC ~ ABC
FBD ~ ABC and EDC ~ ABC.
(iv) From (i), we have
Now, we shall show that DEF ~ ABC.
ADB ~ BDC
Clearly, ED || AF and DE || EA.
AD BD
 = BD2 = AD × DC  AFDE is a parallelogram.
BD DC
 EDF = A
(v) From (ii), we have
[ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
ADB ~ ABC equal]
AD AB Similarly, BDEF is a parallelogram.
 = AB2 = AD × AC
AB AC
 DEF = B
(vi) From (iii), we have
[ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
BDC ~ ABC equal]
BC DC Thus, in triangles DEF and ABC, we have
 =
AC BC EDF = A and DEF = B
BC2 = CD × AC So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
Ex.46 Prove that the line segments joining the mid DEF ~ ABC.
points of the sides of a triangle form four
triangles, each of which is similar to the Thus, each one of the triangles AFE, FBD,
original triangle. EDC and DEF is similar to ABC.
Ex.47 In ABC, DE is parallel to base BC, with D Given : Two triangles ABC and DEF in which
AD 2 BC A = D, B = E, C = F, AP and DQ are
on AB and E on AC. If = , find . their medians.
DB 3 DE
Sol. In ABC, we have D

A A

D E

B P C E Q F
B C
Figure (i) Figure (ii)
AB AC
DE || BC  = BC AP
AD AE To Prove : =
EF DQ
Thus, in triangles ABC and ADE, we have
Proof : Since equiangular triangles are similar.
AB AC
= and, A = A  ABC ~ DEF
AD AE
AB BC AB 2BP
Therefore, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we  =  =
have DE EF DE 2EQ

ABC ~ ADE  P and Q are mid  po int s of BC 

 and EF respectively 
AD BC  BC  2BP and EF  2EQ 
 = ....(i)
AD DE
AB BP
It is given that  = ....(ii)
DE EQ
AD 2
=  Now, in ABP and DFQ, we have
DB 3
AB BP
DB 3 = [From (ii)]
   = DE EQ
AD 2
and, B = E [Given]
DB 3
 +1= +1
AD 2 So, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we have

DB  AD 5 ABP ~ DEQ
 =
AD 2 AB AP
 = ....(iii)
AB 5 DE DQ
 = ....(ii)
DE 2 From (i) and (iii), we get
From (i) and (ii), we get BC AP
=
BC 5 EF DQ
=
DE 2 Hence, the ratio of the corresponding sides is
same as the ratio of corresponding medians.
 MORE ON CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES
 Theorem 2 :
Theorem 1 : If two triangles are equiangular, prove that the
If two triangles are equiangular, prove that the ratio of the corresponding sides is same as the
ratio of the corresponding sides is same as the ratio of the corresponding angle bisector
ratio of the corresponding medians. segments.
 Given : Two triangles ABC and DEF in which D
A = D, B = E, C = F; and AX, DY are
A
the bisectors of A and D respectively.
D
A

B L C E M F
BC AL
To Prove : =
EF DM
B X C E Y F
Proof : Since equiangular triangles are similar.
Figure (i) Figure (ii)
  ABC ~ DEF
BC AX
To Prove : = AB BC
EF DY  = ....(i)
DE EF
Proof : Since equiangular triangles are similar.
In triangle ALB and DME, we have
ABC ~ DEF
ALB = DME [Each equal to 90º]
AB BC
 = ....(i)
DE EF B = E [Given]

In ABX and DEY, we have So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have

B = E [Given] ALB ~ DME

and,BAX = EDY AB AL
 = ....(ii)
DE DM
 1 1 
 A  D  2 A  2 D  From (i) and (ii), we get
  BAX  EDY 
BC AL
=
So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have EF DM
ABX ~ DEY Theorem 4 :
AB AX If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of
 = ....(ii)
DE DY another triangle and the bisectors of these equal
angles divide the opposite side in the same ratio,
From (i) and (ii), we get
prove that the triangles are similar.
BC AX
= Given : Two triangles ABC and DEF in which
EF DY
A = D. The bisectors AP and DQ or A and
Theorem 3 : D intersect BC and EF in P and Q respectively
If two triangles are equiangular, prove that the BP EQ
such that = .
ratio of the corresponding sides is same as the PC QF
ratio of the corresponding altitudes.
To Prove : ABC ~ DEF
Given : Two triangles ABC and DEF in which
Proof : We know that the bisectors of an angle of
 A = D, B = E, C = F and triangle of a triangle intersects the opposite side in
AL  BC, DM  EF the ratio of the sides containing the angle.
 D D
A A

B P C E Q F B P C E Q F
1
 AP is the bisector of A BC
AB AP
 = 2 =
BP AB DE 1 DQ
 = ....(i) EF
PC AC 2
AB BP AP
DQ is the bisector of D   = =
DE EQ DQ
EQ DE
  = ....(ii)   ABP ~ DEQ [By SSS-similarity]
QF DF
  B = E
BP EQ
But, = [Given] Now, in ABC and DEF, we have
PC QF
AB BC
Therefore, from (i) and (ii), we get = [Given]
DE EF
AB DE and, B = E
=
AC DF
So, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we get
Thus, in triangles ABC and DEF, we have
ABC ~ DEF
AB DE Theorem 6 :
=
AC DF
If two sides and a median bisecting the third side
and, A = D [Given] of a triangle are respectively proportional to the
corresponding sides and the median of another
So, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we get triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
ABC ~ DEF [NCERT]
Theorem 5 : Given : Two triangle ABC and DEF in which AP
and DQ are the medians such that
If two sides and a median bisecting one of these
sides of a triangle are respectively proportional to AB AC AP
= = .
the two sides and the corresponding median of DE DF DQ
another triangle, then the triangles are similar. To Prove : ABC ~ DEF
Given : ABC and DEF in which AP and DQ Construction : Produce AP to G so that
are the medians such that [NCERT] PG = AP. Join CG. Also, produce DQ to H so that
QH = DQ. Join FH.
AB BC AP
= = Proof : In APB and GPC, we have
DE EF DQ
BP = CP [ AP is the median]
To Prove : ABC ~ DEF AP = GP [By construction]
Proof : We have, and, APB = CPG [Vertically opposite angles]
AB BC AP So, by SAS-criterion of congruence, we have
= =
DE EF DQ  APB  GPC
  AG = GC ....(i) AB AC
and, = [Given]
D DE DF
So, by SAS-criterion of similarity, we have
4 2 ABC ~ DEF
A
 AREAS OF TWO SIMILAR TRIANGLES
31 F
E Q Theorem 1 :
B P C
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles are
equal to the ratio of the squares of any two
corresponding sides.
G H
Given : Two triangles ABC and DEF such that
Again, In DQE and HQF, we have
ABC ~ DEF.
EQ = FQ [ DQ is the median]
Area (ABC) AB2 BC2 AC 2
DQ = HQ [By construction] To Prove : = = =
Area (DEF) DE 2 EF 2 DF 2
and, DQE = HQF [Vertically opposite angles]
D
So, by SAS-criterion of congruence, we have
A
  DQE ~  HQF
 DE = HF ....(ii)
AB AC AP
Now, = = [Given] B L C E M F
DE DF DQ
Construction : Draw AL  BC and DM  EF.
GC AC AP
 = = Proof : Since similar triangles are equiangular
HF DF DQ
and their corresponding sides are proportional.
[ AB = GC and DE = HF (from (i) and (ii))] Therefore,
GC AC 2AP  ABC ~ DEF
  = =
HF DF 2DQ
  A = D, B = E, C = F
GC AC AG AB BC AC
 = = and = = ....(i)
HF DF DH DE EF DF
[ 2AP = AG and 2DQ = DH]
Thus, in ALB and DME, we have
 AGC ~ DHF
 ALB = DME [Each equal to 90º]
[By SSS-criterion of similarity]
and, B = E [From (i)]
 1 = 2
Similarly, we have So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have

 3 = 4 ALB ~ DME

 1 + 3 = 2 + 4 AL AB
  = ....(ii)
DM DE
 A = D ....(iii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
Thus, in ABC and DEF, we have
AB BC AC AL
 A = D [From (iii)] = = = ....(iii)
DE EF DF DM
 Now,   AB2 = DE2, BC2 = EF2 and AC2 = DF2
1   AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF
( BC  AL)
Area (ABC)
 = 2 Hence, ABC  DEF.
Area (DEF) 1
(EF  DM) EXAMPLES 
2
Area (ABC) BC AL Ex.48 The areas of two similar triangles ABC and
  = × PQR are 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 respectively. If
Area (DEF) EF DM QR = 9.8 cm, find BC.
Area(ABC) BC BC  BC AL  Sol. It is being given that ABC ~ PQR,
 = × From(iii), EF  DM
Area(DEF) EF EF   ar (ABC) = 25 cm2 and ar (PQR) = 49 cm2.
We know that the ratio of the areas of two
Area (ABC) BC2 similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
  = squares of their corresponding sides.
Area (DEF) EF 2
P
BC AB AC
But, = = A
EF DE DF

BC2 AB2 AC 2
  = = 49 cm2
EF 2 DE 2 DF 2 25 cm2

Area (ABC) AB2 BC2 AC 2 B x cm C Q 9.8 cm R

Hence, = = =
Area (DEF) DE 2 EF 2 DF 2
ar (ABC) BC 2
Theorem 2 :   =
ar (PQR ) QR 2
If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then
the triangles are congruent i.e. equal and similar 25 x2
  = , where BC = x cm
triangles are congruent. 49 (9.8) 2
Given : Two triangles ABC and DEF such that   25 
ABC ~ DEF and Area (ABC) = Area (DEF).  x2 =   9.8  9.8 
 49 
To Prove : We have,
25 5 
ABC ~ DEF x=  9.8  9.8 =   9.8  = (5 × 1.4) = 7.
49  7 
Proof : ABC ~ DEF
Hence BC = 7 cm.
  A = D, B = E, C = F and Ex.49 In two similar triangles ABC and PQR, if
AB BC AC their corresponding altitudes AD and PS are
= =
DE EF DF in the ratio 4 : 9, find the ratio of the areas of
ABC and PQR.
In order to prove that ABC ~  DEF, it is
sufficient to show that AB = DE, BC = EF and Sol. Since the areas of two similar triangles are in
AC = DF. the ratio of the squares of the corresponding
altitudes.
Now, Area (ABC) = Area (DEF)
Area (ABC) AD 2
Area (ABC)   =
  =1 Area ( PQR ) PS 2
Area (DEF)
2
Area (ABC) 4 16
AB2 BC2 AC 2   =  =
 = = =1 Area (PQR ) 9
  81
DE 2 EF 2 DF 2
[ AD : PS = 4 : 9]
 Area ( ABC) AB2 BC 2 AC 2 
     Hence, Area (ABC) : Area (PQR) = 16 : 81
 Area (DEF) DE
2
EF2 DF2 
Ex.50 If ABC is similar to DEF such that  1 
DEF = 64 cm2, DE = 5.1 cm and area of =   84  cm2 = 21cm2
4 
ABC = 9 cm2. Determine the area of AB.
Hence, the area of COD is 21 cm2.
Sol. Since the ratio of areas of two similar
triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of Ex.53 Prove that the area of the triangle BCE
any two corresponding sides. described on one side BC of a square ABCD as
base is one half the area of the similar triangle
Area (ABC) AB2 ACF described on the diagonal AC as base.
 =
Area (DEF) DE 2
Sol. ABCD is a square. BCE is described on side
9 AB 2 BC is similar to ACF described on diagonal
 = AC.
64 (5.1) 2
Since ABCD is a square. Therefore,
 AB = 3.65 AB = 1.912 cm
AB = BC = CD = DA and, AC = 2 BC
Ex.51 If ABC ~ DEF such that area of ABC is
16cm2 and the area of DEF is 25cm2 and [ Diagonal = 2 (Side)]
BC = 2.3 cm. Find the length of EF.
F
Sol. We have,
D C
Area (ABC) BC2
=
Area (DEF) EF 2 E
2
16 ( 2.3)
 =  EF = 8.265
25 EF 2
A B
= 2.875 cm
Now, BCE ~ ACF
Ex.52 In a trapezium ABCD, O is the point of
intersection of AC and BD, AB || CD and Area (BCE) BC 2
 =
AB = 2 × CD. If the area of AOB = 84 cm2. Area (ACF) AC 2
Find the area of COD.
Area (BCE) BC2 1
Sol. In AOB and COD, we have  = =
Area (ACF) ( 2BC) 2
2
D C
1
 Area (BCE) = Area (ACF)
O 2
Ex.54 D, E, F are the mid-point of the sides BC, CA
and AB respectively of a ABC. Determine
A B the ratio of the areas of DEF and ABC.
OAB = OCD (alt. int. s) Sol. Since D and E are the mid-points of the sides
OBA = ODC (alt. int. s) BC and AB respectively of ABC. Therefore,
 AOB ~ COD [By AA-similarity] DE || BA

ar (AOB) AB 2 ( 2CD) 2  DE || FA ....(i)

 = =
ar (COD) CD 2
CD 2 A

[ AB = 2 × CD]
F E
4  CD 2
= =4
CD 2
 ar (COD) = 1/4 × ar (AOB) B D C
 Since D and F are mid-points of the sides BC Area ( ADE) AD 2
and AB respectively of ABC. Therefore,  =
2 Area (ADE) AB2
DF || CA  DF || AE
2
From (i), and (ii), we conclude that AFDE is 1  AD  AD 1
 =   =
a parallelogram. 2  AB  AB 2
Similarly, BDEF is a parallelogram.
 AB = 2 AD AB = 2 (AB – BD)
Now, in DEF and ABC, we have
FDE = A  ( 2 – 1) AB = 2 BD
[Opposite angles of parallelogram AFDE] BD 2 1 2 2
 = =
and, DEF = B AB 2 2
[Opposite angles of parallelogram BDEF] Ex.56 Two isosceles triangles have equal vertical
So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have angles and their areas are in the ratio 16 : 25.
DEF ~ ABC Find the ratio of their corresponding heights.

Area (DEF) DE 2 (1 / 2AB) 2 1 Sol. Let ABC and DEF be the given triangles
 = = = such that AB = AC and DE = DF, A = D.
Area (ABC) AB2 AB2 4
Area (ABC) 16
 1  and, = ....(i)
 DE  2 AB Area (DEF) 25
 
Draw AL  BC and DM  EF.
Hence, Area (DEF) : Area (ABC) = 1 : 4.
Ex.55 D and E are points on the sides AB and AC Now, AB = AC, DE = DF
respectively of a ABC such that DE || BC AB DE
and divides ABC into two parts, equal in  = 1 and =1
AC DF
BD
area. Find . A D
AB
Sol. We have,
Area (ADE) = Area (trapezium BCED)
 Area (ADE) + Area (ADE)
= Area (trapezium BCED) + Area (ADE)
B L C E M F
 2 Area (ADE) = Area (ABC)
In ADE and ABC, we have AB DE AB AC
 =  =
AC DF DE DF
ADE = B
[ DE || BC  ADE = B (Corresponding Thus, in triangles ABC and DEF, we have
angles)] AB AC
= and A = D [Given]
and, A = A [Common] DE DF
 ADE ~ ABC So, by SAS-similarity criterion, we have
A ABC ~ DEF
Area (ABC) AL2
D E  =
Area (DEF) DM 2

16 AL2
B C  = [Using (i)]
25 DM 2
Area (ADE) AD 2 AL 4
 =  =  AL : DM = 4 : 5
Area (ABC) AB2 DM 5
Ex.57 In the given figure, DE || BC and DE : BC AD AB
= 3 : 5. Calculate the ratio of the areas of   =
AB AC
ADE and the trapezium BCED.
 In similar triangles correspond ing 
A  sides are proportion al 

  AB2 = AD × AC ....(i)
D E
In triangles BDC and ABC, we have
CDB = ABC [Each equal to 90º]
B C
and, C = C [Common]
Sol. ADE ~ ABC. So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have
2 2
ar( ADE) DE 2  DE   3 9 BDC ~ ABC
 = =  =  =
ar(ABC) BC 2
 BC  5 25 DC BC
  =
Let ar (ADE) = 9x sq units BC AC
Then, ar (ABC) = 25x sq units  In similar triangles corresponding
 sides are proportional 
ar (trap. BCED) = ar (ABC) – ar (ADE)
= (25x – 9x) = (16x) sq units  BC2 = AC × DC ....(ii)

ar(ADE) Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get

9x 9
 = =
ar( trap.BCED) 16 x 16 AB2 + BC2 = AD × AC + AC × DC
 AB2 + BC2 = AC (AD + DC)
 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
 
 AB2 + BC2 = AC × AC
Theorem 1 :  AB2 + BC2 = AC2
In a right angled triangle, the square of the
Hence, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides. The converse of the above theorem is also true as
proved below.
Given : A right-angled triangle ABC in which
B = 90º. Theorem 2 : (Converse of Pythagoras Theorem).
To Prove : (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2. In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then
i.e., AC2 = AB2 + BC2 the angle opposite to the side is a right angle.
Construction : From B draw BD  AC. Given : A triangle ABC such that AC2 = AB2 + BC2
B A D

A D C
Proof : In triangle ADB and ABC, we have
B C E F
ADB = ABC [Each equal to 90º]
Construction : Construct a triangle DEF such
and,A = A [Common] that DE = AB, EF = BC and E = 90º,
So, by AA-similarity criterion, we have Proof : In order to prove that B = 90º, it is
ADB ~ ABC sufficient to show that ABC ~ DEF.
 For this we proceed as follows : N B
Since DEF is a right angled triangle with right
angle at E. Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem, we 24 m
have
W O 10m A E
DF2 = DE2 + EF2
 DF2 = AB2 + BC2
S
[ DE = AB and EF = BC
By Phythagoras theorem, we have
(By construction)] OB2 = OA2 + AB2
 DF2 = AC2 [ AB2 + BC2 = AC2 (Given)]  OB2 = 102 + 242 = 100 + 576 = 676
  DF = AC ....(i)  OB = 676 = 26 m
Thus, in ABC and DEF, we have Hence, the man is at a distance of 26 m from
AB = DE, BC = EF [By construction] the starting point.
Ex.60 Two towers of heights 10 m and 30 m stand
and,AC = DF [From equation (i)]
on a plane ground. If the distance between
 ABC ~  DEF their feet is 15 m, find the distance between
their tops.
 B = E = 90º
Sol. AC2 = (15)2 + (20)2 = 625
Hence, ABC is a right triangle right angled at B.
 AC = 25 m.
EXAMPLES  A
Ex.58 Side of a triangle is given, determine it is a
right triangle.

(2a – 1) cm, 2 2a cm and (2a + 1) cm

Sol. Let p = (2a – 1) cm, q = 2 2a cm and 15 cm

C E
r = (2a + 1) cm.
Then,
D 15 cm B
(p2 + q2) = (2a – 1)2 cm2 + (2 2a )2 cm2 Ex.61 In Fig., ABC is an obtuse triangle, obtuse
= {(4a2 + 1– 4a) + 8a}cm2 angled at B. If AD  CB, prove that
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC × BD
= (4a2 + 4a + 1)cm2
Sol. Given : An obtuse triangle ABC, obtuse-
= (2a + 1)2 cm2 = r2. angled at B and AD is perpendicular to CB
 (p2 + q2) = r2. produced.

Hence, the given triangle is right angled. To Prove : AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC × BD
Proof : Since ADB is a right triangle right
Ex.59 A man goes 10 m due east and then 24 m due
angled at D. Therefore, by Pythagoras
north. Find the distance from the starting
theorem, we have
point.
AB2 = AD2 + DB2 ....(i)
Sol. Let the initial position of the man be O and
his final position be B. Since the man goes A
10 m due east and then 24 m due north.
Therefore, AOB is a right triangle
right-angled at A such that OA = 10 m and
AB = 24 m.
D B C
 Again ADC is a right triangle right angled at D. AB = AC (Given)
Therefore, by Phythagoras theorem, we have and AD = AD (Common side)
AC2 = AD2 + DC2  ABD ACD (By RHS congruence)
 AC2 = AD2 + (DB + BC)2 1 a
 BD = CD  BD = DC = BC =
 AC2 = AD2 + DB2 + BC2 + 2BC · BD 2 2
 AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC · BD A

[Using (i)]
Hence, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC · BD
Ex.62 In figure, B of ABC is an acute angle and
AD  BC, prove that
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC × BD B D C
Sol. Given : A ABC in which B is an acute From right triangle ABD.
angle and AD  BC. 2
a
To Prove : AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC × BD. AB2 = AD2 + BD2  a2 = AD2 +  
2
Proof : Since ADB is a right triangle right-
angled at D. So, by Pythagoras theorem, we a2 3 3
have  AD2 = a2 – = a2  AD = a.
4 4 2
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ....(i) Ex.64 ABC is a right-angled triangle, right-angled at
Again ADC is a right triangle right angled at D. A. A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of
the two sides containing the right angle are
A 5 cm and 12 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
Sol. Given that ABC is right angled at A.
AC = 5 cm and AB = 12 cm
BC2 = AC2 + AB2 = 25 + 144 = 169
B D C  BC = 13 cm
So, by Pythagoras theorem, we have Join OA, OB, OC
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 C
 AC2 = AD2 + (BC – BD)2
 AC2 = AD2 + (BC2 + BD2 – 2BC · BD) r
r
 AC2 = (AD2 + BD2) + BC2 – 2BC · BD O
r
  AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC · BD
A B
[Using (i)]
Let the radius of the inscribed circle be r
Hence, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC · BD
Area of ABC = Area of OAB
Ex.63 If ABC is an equilateral triangle of side a,
+ Area of OBC + Area of OCA
3
prove that its altitude = a. 1
2  × AB × AC
2
Sol. ABD is an equilateral triangle.
We are given that AB = BC = CA = a. 1 1 1
= (12 × r) + (13 × r) + (5 × r)
2 2 2
AD is the altitude, i.e., AD  BC.
 12 × 5 = r × {12 + 13 + 5} 
Now, in right angled triangles ABD and
ACD, we have   60 = r × 30 r = 2 cm
Ex.65 ABCD is a rhombus. Prove that (ii) Since BPC is a right triangle right-angled at C.
AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = AC2 + BD2 A
Sol. Let the diagonals AC and BD of rhombus
ABCD intersect at O.
Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each P
other at right angles.
AOB = BOC = COD = DOA = 90º
B Q C
and AO = CO, BO = OD.
 BP2 = BC2 + CP2
Since AOB is a right triangle right-angle at O.
 4BP2 = 4BC2 + 4CP2
D C
[Multiplying both sides by 4]
 4BP2 = 4BC2 + (2CP)2

O  4BP2 = 4BC2 + AC2 [ AC = 2CP]

(iii) From (i) and (ii), we have
A B 4AQ2 = 4AC2 + BC2 and, 4BC2 = 4BC2 + AC2

 AB2 = OA2 + OB2  4AQ2 + 4BP2 = (4AC2 + BC2) + (4BC2 + AC2)

2 2  4(AQ2 + BP2) = 5 (AC2 + BC2)
1  1 
AB2=  AC  +  BD   OA  OC   4(AQ2 + BP2) = 5 AB2
2  2  and OB  OD
[In ABC, we have AB2 = AC2 + BC2]
 4AB2 = AC2 + BD2 ....(i)
Similarly, we have Ex.67 From a point O in the interior of a ABC,
perpendicular OD, OE and OF are drawn to
4BC2 = AC2 + BD2 ....(ii) the sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Prove
that : [NCERT]
4CD2 = AC2 + BD2 ....(iii)
(i) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = OA2 + OB2
and,4AD2 = AC2 + BD2 ....(iv)
+ OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2
Adding all these results, we get
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2
4(AB2 + BC2 + AD2) = 4 (AC2 + BD2)
Sol. Let O be a point in the interior of ABC and
AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = AC2 + BD2 let OD  BC, OE  CA and OF  AB.
Ex.66 P and Q are the mid-points of the sides CA
(i) In right triangles OFA, ODB and OEC,
and CB respectively of a ABC, right angled we have
at C. Prove that :
OA2 = AF2 + OF2
(i) 4AQ2 = 4AC2 + BC2
OB2 = BD2 + OD2
(ii) 4BP2 = 4BC2 + AC2
and,OC2 = CE2 + OE2
(iii) (4AQ2 + BP2) = 5AB2
Adding all these results, we get
Sol. (i) Since AQC is a right triangle right-angled at C.
OA2 + OB2 + OC2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2 + OF2
 AQ2 = AC2 + QC2 + OD2 + OE2
 4AQ2 = 4AC2 + 4QC2  AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = OA2 + OB2
[Multiplying both sides by 4] + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2
 4AQ2 = 4AC2 + (2QC)2 (ii) In right triangles ODB and ODC, we have
 4AQ2 = 4AC2 + BC2 [ BC = 2QC]
 A (i) Applying pythagoras theorem in right-angled
triangle ACQ, we have
E
F AQ2 = QC2 + AC2
4
  AQ2 = BC2 + AC2 [Using (ii)]
9
B D C  9 AQ2 = 4 BC2 + 9 AC2 ....(iii)
OB2 = OD2 + BD2 (ii) Applying pythagoras theorem in right triangle
BCP, we have
and,OC2 = OD2 + CD2
BP2 = BC2 + CP2
OB2 – OC2 = (OD2 + BD2) – (OD2 + CD2)
4
 OB2 – OC2 = BD2 – CD2 ....(i)  BP2 = BC2 + AC2 [Using (i)]
9
Similarity, we have
  9 BP2 = 9 BC2 + 4 AC2 ....(iv)
OC2 – OA2 = CE2 – AE2 ....(ii)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
and,OA2 – OB2 = AF2 – BF2 ....(iii)
9 (AQ2 + BP2) = 13 (BC2 + AC2)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(OB2 – OC2) + (OC2 – OA2) + (OA2 – OB2)  9 (AQ2 + BP2) = 13 AB2

= (BD2 – CD2) + (CE2 – AE2) + (AF2 – BF2) [ BC2 = AC2 + AB2]

 (BD2 + CE2 + AF2) – (AE2 + CD2 + BF2) = 0 Ex.69 In a ABC, AD  BC and AD2 = BC × CD.
Prove that ABC is a right triangle.
AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + BF2 + CD2
Sol. In right triangles ADB and ADC, we have
Ex.68 In a right triangle ABC right-angled at C, P
and Q are the points on the sides CA and CB AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ....(i)
respectively, which divide these sides in the
ratio 2 : 1. Prove that A

(i) 9 AQ2 = 9 AC2 + 4 BC2

(ii) 9 BP2 = 9 BC2 + 4 AC2
(iii) 9 (AQ2 + BP2) = 13 AB2
Sol. It is given that P divides CA in the ratio 2 : 1.
Therefore,
B D C
2
CP = AC ....(i) and, AC2 = AD2 + DC2 ....(ii)
3
Also, Q divides CB in the ratio 2 : 1. Adding (i) and (ii), we get

2 AB2 + AC2 = 2 AD2 × BD2 + DC2

 QC = BC ....(ii)
3   AB2 + AC2 = 2BD × CD + BD2 + DC2
A [ AD2 = BD × CD (Given)]
  AB2 + AC2 = (BD + CD)2 = BC2
P
Thus, in  ABC, we have
AB2 = AC2 + BC2
B Q C Hence,  ABC, is a right triangle right-angled
at A.
Ex.70 The perpendicular AD on the base BC of a Ex.71 ABC is a right triangle right-angled at C. Let
ABC intersects BC at D so that DB = 3 CD. BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and let p be the
Prove that 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2. length of perpendicular from C on AB, prove
that
Sol. We have,
(i) cp = ab
A
1 1 1
(ii) 2
= 2 + 2
p a b

Sol.(i) Let CD  AB. Then, CD = p.

A

B D C c D b
DB = 3CD
 BC = BD + DC
 BC = 3 CD + CD
B a C

1 1
 BD = 4 CD  CD = BC  Area of ABC = (Base × Height)
4 2

1 1 1 1
 CD = BC and BD = 3CD = BC ....(i)  Area of ABC = (AB × CD) = cp
4 4 2 2

Since ABD is a right triangle right-angled at D. Also,

 AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ....(ii) 1 1

Area of ABC = (BC × AC) = ab
2 2
Similarly, ACD is a right triangle right
angled at D. 1 1
 cp = ab  cp = ab
2 2
 AC2 = AD2 + CD2 ....(iii)
Subtracting equation (iii) from equation (ii) (ii) Since ABC is right triangle right-angled at
we get C.

AB2 – AC2 = BD2 – CD2  AB2 = BC2 + AC2

2 2  c2 = a2 + b2
3  1 
 AB2 – AC2 =  BC  –  BC  2
4  4   ab   ab 
   = a2 + b2  cp  ab  c  
 1 3   p   p
From (i) CD  4 BC, BD  4 BC
 
a 2b2
 = a2 + b2 
9 1 p2
 AB2 – AC2 = BC2 – BC2
16 16
1 a 2  b2 1 1 1
1    =  = 2 + 2 
 AB2 – AC2 = BC2 p2 a 2b2 p2 b a
2
 2(AB2 – AC2) = BC2 1 1 1
 2
= 2 + 2

p a b
2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
1. Two figures having the same shape but not 14. If three or more parallel lines are intersected by
necessarily the same size are called similar two transversals, then the intercepts made by them
figures. on the transversals are proportional.
2. All congruent figures are similar but the converse 15. AAA similarity criterion : If in two triangles,
is not true. corresponding angles are equal, then the triangles
are similar.
3. Two polygones having the same number of sides
16. AA Similarity criterion : If in two triangles, two
are similar, if angles of one triangle are respectively equal the
(a) Their corresponding angles are equal and two angles of the other triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
(b) Their corresponding sides are proportional
17. SSS Similarity criterion : If in two triangles,
(i.e., in the same ratio) corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then the
two triangles are similar.
4. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle
18. If one angle of a triangles is equal to one angle of
to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, another triangle and the sides including these
then the other two sides are divided in the same angles are in the same ratio, then the triangles are
ratio. similar.
5. If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the 19. If two triangles are equiangular, then
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third (i) The ratio of the corresponding sides is same
side of the triangle. as the ratio of corresponding median.

6. The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle (ii) The ratio of the corresponding sides is same
as the ratio of the corresponding angle
divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of
bisector segments.
the sides containing the angle.
(iii) The ratio of the corresponding sides is same
7. If a line through one vertex of a triangle divides as the ratio of the corresponding altitudes.
the opposite side in the ratio of other two sides, 20. If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of
then the line bisects the angle at the vertex. another triangle and the bisectors of these equal
angles divide the opposite side in the same ratio,
8. The external bisector of an angle of a triangle
then the triangles are similar.
divides the opposite side externally in the ratio of
the sides containing the angle. 21. If two sides and a median bisecting one of these
sides of a triangle are respectively proportional to
9. The line drawn from the mid-point of two sides the two sides and the corresponding median of
of a triangle is parallel of another side bisects the another triangle, then the triangles are similar.
third side. 22. If two sides and a median bisecting the third side
of a triangle are respectively proportional to the
10. The line joining the mid-points of two sides of a two sides and the corresponding median of
triangle is parallel to the third side. another triangle, then the triangles are similar.
11. The diagonals of a trapezium divide each other 23. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
proportionally. equal to the ratio of
(i) The squares of any two corresponding sides
12. If a diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other
proportionally, then it is a trapezium. (ii) The squares of the corresponding altitudes.

13. Any line parallel to the parallel sides of a (iii) The squares of the corresponding medians.
trapezium divides the non-parallel sides (iv) The squares of the corresponding angle
proportionally. bisector segments.
24. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then 28. In any triangle, the sum of the squares of any two
the triangles are congruent i.e., equal and similar sides is equal to twice the square of half of the
triangles congruent. third side together with the twice of the square of
the median which bisects the third side.
25. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the
right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, 29. Three times the sum of the squares of the sides of
then the triangles on both sides of the a triangle is equal to four times the sum of the
perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and squares of the medians of the triangle.
also to each other.
30. Three times the square of any side of an
26. Pythagoras Theorem : In a right triangle, the equilateral triangle is equal to four times the
square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of square of the altitude.
the squares of the other two sides.
27. Converse of Pythagoras Theorem : If in a
triangle, square of one side is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides, then the angle
opposite to first side is a right angle.
 EXERCISE # 1
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions (iv) If BC = 10 cm, AC = 14 cm and BC = 6 cm,
find BD and DC.
Q.l In a ABC, D and E are points on the sides (v) If AC = 4.2 cm, DC = 6 cm, BC = 10 cm,
AB and AC respectively such that DE || BC. find AB.
(i) If AD = 6cm, DB = 9cm and AE = 8 cm, find (vi) If AB = 5.6 cm, AC = 6 cm and DC = 3 cm,
AC. find BC.
AD 3 (vii) If AB = 5.6 cm, BC = 6 cm and BD = 3.2 cm
(ii) If = and AC = 15 cm find AE. find AC.
DB 4
(viii) If AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 12 cm,
AD 2 find BD and DC.
(iii) If  and AC = 18 cm, find AE
DB 3
Q.4 In ABC, B = 2 C and the bisector of
(iv) If AD = 4 cm, AE = 8 cm, DB = x – 4 and
B intersects AC and D. Prove that
EC = 3x – 19, find x.
BD BC
(v) If AD = 8 cm, AB = 12 cm and AE = 12 cm,  .
DA BA
find CE.
(vi) If AD = 4 cm, DB = 4.5 cm and AE = 8 cm, Q.5 In fig. if AB  BC and DE  AC. Prove that 
find AC. ABC ~ AED.
(vii) If AD = 2 cm, AB = 6 cm and AC = 9 cm, A
find AE.
E
AD 4
(viii) If  and EC = 2.5 cm, find AE.
BD 5
D
(ix) If AD = x, DB = x – 2, AE = x + 2 and
EC = x – 1, find the value of x.
(x) If AD = 8x – 7, DB = 5x – 3, AE = 4x – 3 B C
and EC = (3x – 1), find the value of x.
Q.6 In fig. if P = RTS, prove that
(xi) AD = 4x – 3, AE = 8x – 7, BD = 3x – 1 and
RPQ ~ RTS.
CE = 5x – 3, find the value of x. R
Q.2 In a ABC, D and E are points on the sides AB
and AC respectively. For each of the following
T
cases show that DE || BC :
(i) AB = 12 cm, AD = 8 cm, AE = 12 cm and S
AC = 18 cm. P Q
(ii) AB = 5.6 cm, AD = 1.4 cm, AC = 7.2 cm and
Q.7 In fig. AD and CE are two altitudes of ABC.
AE = 1.8 cm
C
(iii) AB = 10.8 cm, BD = 4.5 cm, AC = 4.8 cm
and AE = 2.8 cm. D
(iv) AD = 5.7 cm, BD = 9.5 cm, AE = 3.3 cm and
EC = 5.5 cm
F
Q.3 In a  ABC, AD is the bisector of A,
meeting side BC at D.
(i) If BD = 2.5 cm, AB = 5 cm and AC = 4.2 cm, A B
E
find DC. Prove that
(ii) If BD = 2cm, AB = 5 cm and DC = 3 cm, (i) AEF ~  CDF
find AC (ii) ABD ~  CBE
(iii) If AB = 3.5 cm, AC = 4.2 cm and DC = 2.8 cm, (iii) AEF ~  ADB
find BD. (iv) FDC ~  BEC
Q.8 In fig. if BD  AC and CE  AB, Q.13 (i) In fig.1, if AB || CD, find the value of x.
C (ii) In fig.2, if AB || CD, find the value of x.
A B

D
F

A B
E D C
Prove that Fig.1
CA CE D C
(i) AEC ~ ADB (ii) 
AB DB
Q.9 E is a point on side AD produced of a O
parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at
F. Prove that ABE ~ CFB.
A B
Q.10 In fig. E is a point on side CB produced of an
Fig.2
isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC. If
(iii) In fig.3, AB || CD. If OA = 3x – 19,
AD  BC and EF  AC,
prove that  ABD ~  ECF. OB = x – 4, OC = x – 3 and OD = 4, find x.
A D C

O
F
A B
Fig.3
E B D C
B.Short Answer Type Questions Q.14 In a ABC, D and E are points on sides AB
Q.11 In fig, AE is the bisector of the exterior and AC respectively such that BD = CE. If
CAD meeting BC produced in E. If B = C, show that DE || BC.
AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 12 cm,
AD BE
find CE. Q.15 In fig. if = and CDE = CED,
D DC EC
prove that  CAB is isosceles.
A C

6 cm
D E
B C x cm E A B
12 cm
Q.12 D, E and F are the points on sides BC, CA Q.16 In  ABC, D is the mid-point of BC and ED
and AB respectively of ABC such that AD is the bisector of the ADB and EF is drawn
bisects A, BE bisects B and CF bisects parallel to BC cutting AC in F. Prove that
C. If AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm and CA = 4 cm,
EDF is a right angle.
determine AF, CE and BD.
Q.17 The bisectors of the angles B and C of a Q.25 ABC is a right triangle, right angled at C and
triangle ABC, meet the opposite side in D and AC = 3 BC. prove that ABC = 60º.
E respectively. If DE || BC, prove that the
triangle is isosceles. Q.26 In a right-angled triangle if a perpendicular is
QT QR drawn from the right angle to the hypotenuse,
Q.18 In fig. if = and 1 = 2. Prove
PR QS prove that the square of the perpendicular is
that PQS ~ TQR equal to the area of rectangle contained by the
T two segments of the hypotenuse.

P C. Long Answer Type Questions

C.
Q.27 ABCD is a quadrilateral; P, Q, R and S are
1 2 the points of trisection of sides AB, BC, CD
Q R
S and DA respectively and are adjacent to A
Q.19 If CD and GH (D and H lie on AB and FE) and C; prove that PQRS is a parallelogram.
are respectively bisectors of ACB and Q.28 In ABC, the bisector of B meets AC at D.
EGF and ABC ~ FEG, prove that A line PQ || AC meets AB, BC and BD at P,
(i) DCA ~ HGF Q and R respectively. Show that
CD AC (i) PR · BQ = QR·BP
(ii) =
GH FG (ii) AB × CQ = BC × AP.
(iii) DCB ~ HGE
Q.29 In fig. CD and GH are respectively the
Q.20 If ABC, if AD  BC and AD2 = BD × DC, medians of ABC and EFG. If 
prove that BAC = 90º. ABC ~ FEG.
BD DA Prove that
Q.21 In fig. if AD  BC and = , prove
DA DC CD AB
(i) ADC ~ FHG (ii) =
that  ABC is a right triangle. GH FE
C
Q.22 ABC is an isosceles right triangle, right
angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2 AC2.
Q.23 In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC,
BD is perpendicular from B to the side AC.
Prove that BD2 – CD2 = 2 CD · AD

Q.24 In a ABC, the angles at B and C are acute. If

BE and CF be drawn perpendiculars on AC A D B
and AB respectively, prove that F H E
A

F E

B C
(i) BC2 = AB × BF + AC × CE.
G
(ii) AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2AB. BF
(iii) CDB ~ GHE
(iii) AB2 = BC2 + AC2 – 2AC . CF
Q.30 In trapezium ABCD, AB || DC and DC = 2 AB. Q.33 In fig. AD and BE are respectively
EF drawn parallel to AB cuts AD in F and BC perpendiculars to BC and AC.
BE 3 C
in E such that = . Diagonal DB
EC 4
intersects EF at G. Prove that 7 FE = 10 AB.
E D
Q.31 Through the vertex D of a parallelogram
ABCD, a line is drawn to intersect the sides
BA and BC produced at E and F respectively. A B
Prove that Show that
DA FB FC (i)  ADC ~  BEC
= =
AE BE CD (ii) CA × CE = CB × CD
Q.32 In fig. ABC is a right triangle right angled at B (iii)  ABC ~  DEC
and D is the foot of the perpendicular drawn (iv) CD × AB = CA × DE
from B on AC. If DM  BC and DN  AB. Q.34 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC and
A D is a point on AC such that BC2 = AC × CD.
Prove that BD = BC.

Q.35 In  PQR, QM  PR and PR2 – PQ2 = QR2.

N D Prove that QM2 = PM × MR.
2 3
Q.36 Prove that the sum of the squares of the
diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to the
1
B M C sum of the squares of its sides.

prove that
(i) DM2 = DN × MC
(ii) DN2 = DM × AN

ANSWER KEY
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

1. (i) 12 cm, (ii) 6.43 cm, (iii) 7.2 cm, (iv) 11 cm, (v) 6 cm,

(vi) 17 cm, (vii) 3 cm, (viii) 2 cm, (ix) x = 4, (x) x = 1,

(xi) x = 1

3. (i) 2.1 cm, (ii) 7.5 cm, (iii) 2.3 cm, (iv) 2.5 cm, 3.5 cm,

(v) 2.8 cm, (vi) 5.8 cm, (vii) 4.9 cm, (viii) 7.5 cm, 4.5 cm

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

11. 18 12. 5/3 cm, 32/13 cm, 40/9 cm 13. (i) 3, (ii) 2, (iii) 11 or 8
 EXERCISE # 2
Q.9 In  ABC, AD is the median through A and E
Short Answer Type Questions is the mid point of AD and BE produced
Q.1 For a triangle ABC, the true statement is – meets AC in F. Then, find AF.
A
(A) AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (B) AC = AB + BC
(C) AC > AB + BC (D) AC < AB + BC

Q.2 If AD, BE and CF are the medians of a F

E
triangle ABC, then the true statement is – G
A
B D C
Q.10 In the adjoining figure, AB = AC and AP BC.
F E Then,
A

B D C
(A) AB2 + BC2 + AC2 = AD2 + BE2 + CF2
(B) 2 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2)
= 3 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
B P C
(C) 3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) (A) AB = AP (B) AB < AP
= 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2) (C) AB > AP (D) AB  AP
(D) AB2 + BC2 + AC2 Q.11 If ABCD is a square and DCE is an
equilateral triangle in the given figure, then
= 3 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
find  DAE.
(E) AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + 1/2 BC2 E

Q.3 The distance between the tops of two trees

20 m and 28 m high is 17 m. Find the D C
horizontal distance between the trees. E

Q.4 Triangle ABC is such that AB = 3 cm, P

BC = 2 cm and CA = 2.5 cm. Triangle DEF is A B
similar to  ABC. If EF = 4 cm, then find the Q.12 If in the 's ABC and DEF, angle A is equal
perimeter of  DEF. to angle E, both are equal to 40º, AB :
ED = AC : EF and angle F is 65º, then find
Q.5 In  ABC, AB = 3 cm, AC = 4 cm and AD is angle B.
the bisector of A. Then find BD : DC.
Q.13 In the adjoining figure, XY is parallel to AC.
Q.6 In an equilateral triangle ABC, if AD  BC, If xy divides the triangle into equal parts, then
then prove that 3AB2 = 4AB2. AX
find the value of .
AB
Q.7 ABC is a triangle and DE is drawn parallel to
A
BC cutting the other sides at D and E. If AB =
3.6 cm, AC = 2.4 cm and AD = 2.1 cm, then
X
find AE.

Q.8 In a right angled triangle, one of the angles is

60º. Find the side opposite to this angle. B Y C
Q.14 The ratio of the corresponding sides of two Q.20 In  ABC, the medians BE and CF intersect
similar triangles is 1 : 3. Find the ratio of their at G. AGD is a line meeting BC in D. If GD
corresponding heights. is 1.5 cm, then find AD.
Q.15 The areas of two similar triangles are 49 cm2 A
and 64 cm2 respectively. Find the ratio of
their corresponding sides.
Q.16 The areas of two similar triangles are 12 cm2 F E
G
and 48 cm2. If the height of the smaller one is
2.1 cm, then find the corresponding height of
the bigger one.
B D C
Q.17 In the adjoining figure, ABC and DBC are
two triangles on the same base BC, AL  BC Q.21 In the given figure,  ABC = 90º and BM is a
area ( ABC) median, AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm. Then,
and DM  BC. Then find, ?
area ( DBC) find length BM.
A A

M
O M C
B L

D B C
Q.18 In the adjoining figure, AB = 10 cm,
BC = 15 cm AD : DC = 2 : 3, then find ABC. Q.22 If D, E, F are respectively the mid points of
A the sides BC , CA and AB of  ABC and the
area of  ABC is 24 sq. cm, then find the area
D of  DEF.
130°
Q.23 A 25 m long ladder is placed against a
30° vertical wall inside a room such that the foot
C
B of the ladder is 7 m from the foot of the wall.
If the top of the ladder slides 4 m downwards,
then find the foot of the ladder will slide by
Q.19 In  ABC, D and E are points on AB and AC how much.
respectively such that DE || BC. If AE = 2 cm ,
EC = 3 cm and BC = 10 cm, then find DE.

ANSWER KEY
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. 15 m 4. 15 cm 5. 3 : 4 7. 1.4 cm
3 1
8. × Hypotenuse 9. AC 10. (C) 11. 15° 12. 75°
2 3
1 AO
13. 14. 1 : 3 15. 7 : 8 16. 4.2 cm 17. 18. 40°
2 OD
19. 4 cm 20. 4.5 cm 21. 5 cm 22. 6 cm2 23. 8 m