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Physics Investigatory Project

This document describes a physics investigatory project on Pascal's principle submitted by Shelly Sinha. It includes a certificate verifying the completion of the project, an acknowledgment of those who helped, and sections on pressure basics, Pascal's principle, explanations of the principle, applications, hydraulic lifts, and a working of hydraulic lifts. It also includes an index and bibliography citing sources used.

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Shelly Sinha
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2K views12 pages

Physics Investigatory Project

This document describes a physics investigatory project on Pascal's principle submitted by Shelly Sinha. It includes a certificate verifying the completion of the project, an acknowledgment of those who helped, and sections on pressure basics, Pascal's principle, explanations of the principle, applications, hydraulic lifts, and a working of hydraulic lifts. It also includes an index and bibliography citing sources used.

Uploaded by

Shelly Sinha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SESSION- 2022-23

TOPIC- PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Submitted To-
Ms. Bharti Khulshrestha

Submitted By-
Shelly Sinha
CLASS/SEC- XIth-A
ROLL NO.- 45
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHELLY SINHA is a


student of class XI A has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of Mr.
BHARTI KHULSHRESTHA (subject
teacher) during year 2022-23 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination
of central board of secondary education
(CBSE).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly I would like to express my gratitude to


my physics teacher, Ms. Bharti Khulshrestha
who gave me this wonderful opportunity to
make this investigatory project on the topic
“PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE” because of which
I came to know about many new things.
Secondly, I would like to thanks my parents
and my friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project with limited frame of
mind.

PRESSURE
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
2. Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m^2.
3. For liquid pressure, the medium is
considered as a continuous distribution of
matter.
4. For gas pressure, it is calculated as the
average pressure of molecular collisions on
the container.
5. Pressure acts perpendicular on the surface.
6. Pressure is a scalar quantity – pressure has
no particular direction (i.e. acts in every
direction).
7. For gas pressure, it is calculated as the
average pressure of molecular collisions on
the container.

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
The law states that:
“An external pressure exerted on static, enclosed
fluid is transmitted uniformly throughout the
volume of the liquid.”

It’s mathematical expression is:

P=Pext +hρg

1. “When there is an increase in pressure at


any point in a confined fluid, there is an
equal increase at every point in the
container.”
2.  In a fluid, all points at the same depth
must be at the same pressure.
Consider a fluid in equilibrium.

EXPLANATION OF PASCAL’S
PRINCIPLE
Pascal’s law, given by French mathematician
Blaise Pascal in 1653, states that on a
confined or a uniform fluid when external
pressure is applied, it uniform fluid when
external pressure is applied, it will be
transmitted uniformly in all directions. The
pressure remains constant and is distributed
evenly across the enclosure, acting at a right
angle to the enclosure’s wall. Since the
pressure applied here is constant, 
Force = Pressure x Area
So, with the increase in surface area the force
will also increase while the pressure remains
constant. Pascal also discovered that at the
point in fluid the pressure is constant in all
the planes passing through it.
USES OF PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
IN DAILY LIFE:

Pascal’s law is used in many of the daily life


products. Pascal’s law is used in the making of
hydraulic pumps used by automobile industries. It is
also widely applied in pressing oils such as olive oil
and hazelnut oil, calibration of pressure gauges and
also in devices like jackhammer’s, paint sprayers
and on brakes of trucks. 

The pistons inside the cylinders seal against the


dividers of every chamber and keep the liquid from
leaking out of the chamber and limit the air from
going into the chamber. Whenever the piston in the
principal chamber applies a force, the pressure
increments wherever in the framework. The force is
helped through the associating cylinder to the
subsequent chamber.
HYDROLIC LIFT:

One of the most important technological


applications of Pascal’s principle is found in a
hydraulic system, which is an enclosed fluid system
used to exert forces. The most common hydraulic
systems are those that operate car brakes. Let us first
consider the simple hydraulic system shown in
Figure:
Relationship Between Forces in a Hydraulic
System

We can derive a relationship between the forces


in the simple simple hydraulic system shown in
Figure by applying Pascal’s principle. Note first
that the two pistons in the system are at the same
height, and so there will be no difference in
pressure due to a difference in depth. Now the
pressure due to F1 acting on area A1 is simply
P1=F1/A1, as defined by P=F/A.According to
Pascal’s principle, this pressure is transmitted
undiminished throughout the fluid and to all
walls of the container. Thus, a pressure P2 is felt
at the other piston that is equal to P1. That
is P1=P2.
But since P2=F2/A2, we see that F1/A1=F2/A2..

This equation relates the ratios of force to area in


any hydraulic system, providing the pistons are
at the same vertical height and that friction in the
system is negligible. Hydraulic systems can
increase or decrease the force applied to them.
To make the force larger, the pressure is applied
to a larger area. For example, if a 100-N force is
applied to the left cylinder in Figure 11.11 and
the right one has an area five times greater, then
the force out is 500 N. Hydraulic systems are
analogous to simple levers, but they have the
advantage that pressure can be sent through
tortuously curved lines to several places at once.
INDEX

 Certificate______________________________________
1/8
 Acknowledgement_____________________________2/8
 Pressure(Basics)_______________________________
3/8
 Pascal’s
Pressure_______________________________4/8
 Explanation____________________________________5/
8
 It’s uses in practical life________________________6/8
 Hydraulic
Lift__________________________________7/8
 Working of Hydraulic Lift_____________________8/8
 Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Help from internet:


https://www.slideshare.net/Ayansisodiya/cl
ass-11-physics-investigatory-projectcbse ;

https://www.slideshare.net/ashrant/physics-
investigatory-project-on-fluid-mechanics
2. Referenced from book H.C Verma and S.L.
Arora.
3. Took help from teachers

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