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    Sociopolitical and Economic Condition of PH

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    Wendy Marie Cawayan
    This is the chapter 2 of the life and works of Jose Rizal, will further discuss about the Philippines in the 19th century and the challenges of the 19th century.

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    Sociopolitical and Economic Condition of PH

    Uploaded by

    Wendy Marie Cawayan
    32 views22 pages
    This is the chapter 2 of the life and works of Jose Rizal, will further discuss about the Philippines in the 19th century and the challenges of the 19th century.

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    Sociopolitical and economic condition of Ph

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    This is the chapter 2 of the life and works of Jose Rizal, will further discuss about the Philippines in the 19th century and the challenges of the 19th century.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views22 pages

    Sociopolitical and Economic Condition of PH

    Uploaded by

    Wendy Marie Cawayan
    This is the chapter 2 of the life and works of Jose Rizal, will further discuss about the Philippines in the 19th century and the challenges of the 19th century.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    SOCIO- POLITICAL AND

    ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE


    PHILIPPINES

    AQUINO, JESSA
    CAINGCOY, WENDELYN
    CASTRO,LURA LOVE
    CHAPTER 2
    Altered position of the
    Catholic chuch in the
    19th century
    Challenged of
    Educational the 19th century
    System
    Sources of abuse in the
    Political Administrative System
    structure

    Social structure
    Social structure
    Social
    structure
    The Spanish landholding system imposed on the Philippines with the arrival of
    the conquistadores resulted in a primarily feudal society. Because of the “master-
    slave” connection between the Spaniards and the Filipinos, an upper class
    exploited the people. The Spaniards imposed a variety of taxes and tributes, as
    well as enlisting the natives in hard labor.

    Three categories:

    • Highest class — Spaniards, Peninsulares, and Friars


    • Middle Class — mestizos, and criollos.
    • The lowest social — Indios, the landless, these are the Filipinos.
    Political structure

    Philippine government in the 19th century revolved around


    the domination of the Spanish colonizers. The Spanish monarch held the
    executive, legislative, judicial, and religious powers.

    • The Spanish colonial government ran indirectly through the viceroy of the
    spain in mexico
    • The Governor-General appointed by the spanish monarch, was the head
    of the Spanish colonial government.
    • He was the Vice Royal Patron- he could nominate priest for
    administration of the parishes.
    Political structure

    • He is the president of the Royal Audiencia ( the supreme court of


    the Philippines during those times), he had legislative powers

    • Laws enacted by the Governor-General were called actos acordados.

    • The Governor-General had the power of cumplase -the power to


    decide which law or royal decree should be implemented or
    disregarded
    Political structure

    GOVERNOR-GENERAL
    •The Governor-General and other government officials
    had so much power that it was commonly abused.
    Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
    To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created.

    1. Residencia
    2. Visitador
    3. Royal Audiencia

    Diego de Los Rios


    Political structure
    •Below the national government were the local government units, namely:
    provinces, towns; cities and barrios
    •The provinces during the Spanish regime were called Alcaldias - each province
    was headed by an Alcalde Mayor or Provincial Governor, who exercised executive
    and judicial functions.
    Corregimiento-provinces that were not entirely under Spanish control.A
    corregimiento was usually headed by a corregidor.
    •The provincial government was the most corrupt unit in local government then
    because of indulto de commercio -a right given to Alcalde Mayor to engage in
    trading.
    •The alcaldias or provinces were divided into towns or pueblos. Each pueblo was
    headed by a gobernadorcillo or town mayor
    Political structure

    •At first, he was elected by all maried males.


    •In the 19th century, he was voted by 13 electors, chaired by the outgoing
    gobernadorcillo.
    •His principal responsibility was tax collection.
    •He was required to mortgage his properties to the government at the
    beginning of his term of office.
    •Each town was divided into barrios or barangays. Each barangay was headed
    by a ceboza de barangay.
    •His main function was the maintenance of peace and order and collection of
    taxes and tributes in the barangay.
    Political structure

    •The friar was the supervising representative of the Spanish government for all
    local affairs.
    •His approved was necessary on almost all acts of the local officials.
    •Eventually, the friars became more powerful and influential that even civil
    authorities feared them- this situation was what Lopez Jaena referred as
    frailocracia.
    •Their advice (friars) on the proper management of governmental affairs was
    sought by every new governor-general.
    •Another institution feared in the Philippines then was the Guardia Civil-
    National Police force of spain.
    Political structure

    • Filibusteros- enemies of the government


    • Erehes- enemies of the catholic church

    •Judicial power of the government was vested on the Royal Audiencia- the supreme court
    during those times.

    •It did not only adjudicate appeals for civil and criminal cases, it also served as a forum
    for settling important issues on governance and an auditing agency of the finances.

    •Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837


    Political aspect

    • Spanish colonial administration was corrupt and inefficient


    • The governor-general exercise absolute powers- he could reward
    positions in the bureaucracy to his favorites.
    • Another source of weakness and abuse of Spanish government was
    the widespread selling of government positions.
    Educational system
    Educational system
    STATUS OF EDUCATION AIMS OF TYPES OF METHODS OF
    EDUCATION EDUCATION
    § Pitiable and limited EDUCATION
    § Promote Christianity § Dictation
    § Poor facilities and § Religious
    absence of teaching § Promotion of Education (lead by § Memorization
    materials Spanish Language Jesuits, Paulists, § Prayers,
    § Friars take hold the § Imposition of Augustininans) Sacred
    educational system, Spanish Culture
    songs,
    Indios remain inferior
    § Catechism theater
    presentations
    § Intellectual isolation and § Doctrine
    extreme dogmatic § Limited curriculum
    manipulation
    § Corruption exist
    § Education is privilege not
    a right
    Breakthrough in Educational history of the Philippines under Spain
    Challenges of the 19th century
    • The era of challenges and responses

    • It is a period of major changes that affect man and society

    • Age of enlightenment

    • Philippines’ economic and political setup was greatly affected by the


    industrialization in the European Continent; Industrialization had an
    important role in the shaping of the Filipino minds in the 19th century.
    GALLEON TRADE

    • This trading policy changed the


    system of free trading in the
    Philippines where in the other
    Nationalities like Chinese are free to
    exchange goods with the Filipinos
    who had extra goods.

    • Boletas-the ticket for the Galleon


    trade
    OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL

    • Connects Mediterranean sea and red


    sea; shortened distance between
    Europe and Orient.

    • The Suez canal is a significant route


    for energy, consumer goods and
    componentry from Asia to Europe
    Effects to the economy of the Philippines
    q Filipino’s life prosper due to vigorous economic
    activity in the colony.
    q Modern methods of agriculture were introduced
    q The means of transportation and communication
    improve
    q Emergence of middle-class
    q More Filipinos able to study in Europe
    q Acquired material wealth and improve social life.
    ANTICLERICALISM

    • Europe’s most influential institution was the Church. The Roman Catholic Church
    back then was an ally of the Monarch and Aristocrats.

    • Meanwhile, in the Republican state; French, Bismarck of Germany, unification of


    Liberals in Italy and Spain considered the Church an enemy of reforms or
    established republican states.

    • They are determined to break the Church’s tie in political and state matter. This
    movement was called “anticlericalism” (Burns and Ralph, 1964)

    • Anticlericalism became a hot topic in the 19th century because of the increase in
    people’s materialistic views brought by economic prosperity and desire for freedom.
    FRAMEWORK OF REFORMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
    BY RIZAL AND COMRADES

    • Rizal, together with his fellow patriots, made an effort to open the minds of the Filipino
    people to adapt the changes that were emerging in the Western states.

    • To attain a more livable Philippines open for changes and enjoying freedom in the aspect of
    social, economic, and political matters. His thought encouraged the new breed of middle
    class to join his battle for reforms.

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