Krystel Mae B.

Garcia
BSN2-Blck B

o Conceptual definition of Science and Technology

Science is the methodical study or encompasses the systematic study of the structure and
behavior of the natural and physical world through experimentation and observation, while
technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge or the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes like aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the
change and manipulation of the human environment.
Technology is a broad concept that deals with a species' usage and knowledge of tools and
crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. In human
society, it is a consequence of science and engineering, although several technological advances
predate the two concepts.
Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and
experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the
organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system.

o Read or Research about historical development of science and technology in the

world and in the Philippines

History of Science and Technology in the world

Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as
long periods of stagnation. The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is
the Department of Science and Technology.  Numerous national scientists have contributed in
different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo
Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine
Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology and many more.

PRE-SPANISH ERA Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands,
the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology. Filipinos
were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of
extracting medicine from herbs. They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding,
mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of
engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipinos.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of

science and technology in the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish
schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. Later the
Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest existing
university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more
focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture and
industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. The opening of the Suez
Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to
study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals
brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
AMERICAN PERIOD The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued
under American rule of the islands. On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the
Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The
Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial
era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. On October 26,
1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on
December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry,
medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology
due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards
agriculture and trade. In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In
a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic
information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental
work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by
the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine
Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development.
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand
Marcos' presidency, the importance given to science grew. Under the 1973 Philippine
Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting scientific research and
invention was acknowledged. In 1974, a SCIENCE development program was included in the
government's Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978. Funding for
science was also increased. The National Science Development Board was replaced by the
National Science and Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career
in the civil service was introduced in 1983.

In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and
technology a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development
Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in
1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of
the government towards an economic recovery.
ln August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The
goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year
2000. The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology.
The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handles the
least amount of bills for deliberation.
Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the
Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country (NIC). During his term, he was
able to establish programs that were significant to the field of S&T**. In 1993,**
Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was
established. Among its priorities were : (1) exporting winners identified by the DTI; (2)
domestic needs identified by the President's Council for Countryside Development; (3)
support industries and (4) coconut industry development. Congress, during his term, was
able to enact laws that were significant for the field. Among were: (1) Magna Carta for Science
and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439); ( 2) Science and Technology
Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687 ) and (3) Inventors and Inventions
Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7459). The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(Republic Act No. 8293) was enacted during Ramos' term. The law provides industrial property
rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer arrangements.
In President Joseph Estrada's term , two major legislations that he signed were Philippine
Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749 ) which was designed to protect and preserve
the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources, and Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which outlaws computer hacking and
provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy.
Aside from these, in his first State of the Nation Address, President Estrada launched a full-scale
program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies. He also announced that Dole-outs are
out, which meant basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education for those who want, but
cannot afford it. Lastly, he said that they would speed up the program to establish one science
high school in every province. It was in his second State of the Nation Address that President
Estrada announced the passage of the Clean Air Act, and the decision to pursue the 15-year
modernization program of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. His last State of the Nation
Address pushed for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, as well as
the announcement of the passage of the e-Commerce Act.
The Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration , the science and technology sector of the
Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age" of science and technology by then secretary Estrella
Albastro. Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push
technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level. This is to help increase the
productivity from Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor
people. Moreover, the term "Filipinnovation " was the coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
The STI was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as
the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum. This helps schools produce get more involve in this sector.
Private sectors were also encouraged to participate in developing the schools through organizing
events and sponsorships. Future Filipino scientists and innovators can be produced through this
system.
Helping the environment was one of the focus in developing technology in the Philippines. One
of the more known laws to be passed by her administration was the R. 9367 or the "Biofuels"
act. This act promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country. This
potentially enables a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy. Also, this
benefits the environment since it boasts a cleaner emission compared to regular fuel. Yet,
setbacks such as lack of raw materials is holding the full implementation of the laws since
importing the necessary materials are imported more. On one had, drought-free rice was also
highly encouraged to by used during her term. This enables farmers to produce rice despite the
environmental hazards that slows or stops the production.
In an effort to improve the efficiency of both land and water, the government imposes Republic
Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization
(AFMech). RA 10601 covers research, development, and extension (RDE), promotion,
distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance and
project implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment (Section 4).
In 2014, President Aquino conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in
the Scientific field, Academicians Gavino C. Trono, Angel C. Alcala, Ramon C. Barba, and
Edgardo D. Gomez was honored in their respective fields. Trono's contribution helped a lot
of families in the coastal populations through the extensives studies he made on seaweed species.
On the other hand, Alcala served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from
his contribution in the fields of systematics, secology and herpetology. Barba's contribution
changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round availability of mangoes through
his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop
species. Lastly, Gomez steered the national- scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led a
national conservation.

President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation No. 780 on August 2, amending

Proclamation No. 169 issued in 1993, which declared the third week of July every year as
National Science and Technology Week. The President said he moved the date “ to ensure the
maximum participation of school, students, stakeholders and the public during the week-
long celebration, considering the change in the academic calendar of most universities,
schools and educational institutions.” He has signed a law institutionalizing the Balik
Scientist Program which aims to support the participation of Filipino science, technology
or innovation experts in the country’s research and development initiatives. Known as
the “Balik Scientist Act”, the law was signed by Duterte on June 15 as recognition that the
Filipinos’ expertise in science and technology is “vital component” in the nation’s political,
economic and social development programs.

Under the Balik Scientist Program, science and technology experts or professionals who
are of Filipino descent shall be accorded with benefits and incentives provided they are
certified by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). “The program shall aim to
strengthen the scientific and technological human resources of the academic, public and
private institutions, including locally registered enterprises in order to promote knowledge
sharing and accelerate the flow of new technologies.

History of Science and Technology in the world

Learn about the history of science and technology, two distinct but integrated fields. Scientists
rely on evolving technology to conduct experiments and validate theories; for example, Galileo
using a telescope in the early 1600s to upend the age-old belief that the sun revolved around the
Earth. While Galileo is credited with establishing the ground rules for scientific research, he was
not the first scientist to place the sun at the center of the universe. One century before Galileo,
Nicolaus Copernicus’ study of the heavens led to the publication of his groundbreaking theories
of heliocentrism.
The Scientific Revolution reached its zenith in the 17th century, with Sir Isaac Newton leading
the way; his unveiling of the laws of motion launched the birth of modern physics. William
Harvey, an Englishman like Newton, established modern biology with his study of the
circulation of the blood. Meanwhile, Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens’ work advanced the
fields of optics and mechanics. Huygens also invented the pendulum clock.
Technology and innovation reshaped the world over the next few centuries. The steam engine
was the driving force that powered the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, while the
invention of the cotton gin hastened the coming of the Civil War. The locomotive and internal
combustion engine led to the development of railroads and highways, and transformed both
economics and American society at large. Air travel would have the same effect decades later.
And the telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and motion pictures changed the way people
conducted business and spent their leisure time.
In the 20th century, several key figures further revolutionized science: Albert Einstein, with his
theories of relativity; Max Planck, through his study of quantum theory; and Werner Heisenberg,
who all but created the field of quantum mechanics. In the life sciences, one of the most historic
breakthroughs was by James Watson and Francis Crick, who mapped the double-helix structure
of the DNA molecule. Moreover, scientific research was vital in eradicating dreaded scourges
like smallpox and polio.
 
The development of computers in the latter half of the 20th century led to even greater scientific
progress. Computers allowed researchers to process data and perform calculations instantly—and
with greater accuracy. Furthermore, scientists could test their theories using computer models. In
the early 21st century, the internet and social media have influenced the way people interact with
each other. Indeed, computer technology has changed the world in ways Galileo and Newton
couldn’t have possibly imagined.

 Historical Development of Science and Technology

•Century of the Genius •Industrial Revolution •18th and 19th Century •Modern Era

Century of the Genius- Emerged most fully during the Eighteenth-century or Enlightenment
Period, Age of Enlightenment is also known as Age of Reason, Science during the 18th century
falls into two categories: Baroque Period and Classical Period.
Baroque Period- Started in the 17th century and lasted to the early 18th century; Classical Period
lasted into the early 19th century.
Galileo Galilei- Birthplace: Pisa, Italy
Best Known As: The inventor of the astronomical telescope Discovered a number of natural laws
Invented the microscope, constructed a telescope “Father of Modern Astronomy” “Father of
Modern Physics” “Father of Science”
Johannes Keppler- Birthplace: Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg (now Germany)
Best Known As: The astronomer who explained planetary motion Engaged in the study of
astronomy and developed the laws of planetary motion. 1. “The orbit of a planet about a star is
an ellipse with the star at one focus. 2. A line joining a planet and its star sweeps out equal
intervals of time. 3. The squares of the orbital periods of planet are directly proportional to the
cubes of the semi-major axis of the orbits.
Rene Descartes- Birthplace: La Haye, France
Best Known As: The philosopher who said "I think, therefore I am Often called the father of
modern science. He took as his philosophical starting point the statement Cogito ergo sum -- "I
think, therefore I am.“ made major contributions to modern mathematics, especially in
developing the Cartesian coordinate system and advancing the theory of equations.
Blaise Pascal- Birthplace: Clermont-Ferrand, France
Best Known As: 17th century mathematical genius A prodigy in math, Blaise Pascal was a
contemporary and rival of René Descartes. He published a significant work on the geometry of
conical sections when he was only sixteen; he invented a calculating machine by the time he was
nineteen; he and Pierre de Fermat founded the modern theory of probability; he described the
principle that is the basis for the hydraulic press (called Pascal's Law); and he proved that there
was a vacuum above the atmosphere.
Pierre de Fermat- Birthplace: Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France
Best Known As: Pascal’s correspondence in the formation of the modern theory of probability.
He is particularly famous for his 'last theorem', which he discovered in about 1637, and of which
he claimed he had a 'marvellous demonstration'. He became a judge, but he had a passion for
mathematics and obtained many mathematical theorems, which he communicated to fellow
mathematicians, always remaining very secretive about his proofs.
Isaac newton- Birthplace: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
Best Known As: The genius who explained gravity Newton helped define the laws of gravity and
planetary motion, co-founded the field of calculus, and explained laws of light and color, among
many other discoveries.
Robert Boyle- Birthplace: Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland
Best Known As: 17th century chemist who came up with Boyle's law (law of pressure) Robert
Boyle was a 17th century intellectual whose emphasis on experimentation and quantification
helped lay the foundation for modern chemistry. He is known for Boyle's law, which states that
the pressure and volume of gas at a constant temperature have an inversely proportional
relationship
William Harvey-  Birthplace: Folkstone, London
Best Known As: Studied the circulation of blood and function of the heart Harvey understood
that the heart pumped blood from the atria into the ventricles and then into the rest of the
circulatory system, he had no knowledge of the influence of oxygen in the blood nor knowledge
of the existence of capillaries.
Santorio Santorio- Birthplace: Capodistria, Venice
Best Known As: Invented body thermometer Italian physician, a pupil of Galileo at Padua
Measured his own weight, weight of food consumed and urine and faeces produced, and
attributed the difference to ‘insensible perspiration’, which we would now call metabolism
leading to carbon dioxide production.

Industrial revolution- Process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one

dominated by industry and machine manufacture. • Process began in England in the 18th century
and from there spread to the rest of the world.
Technological Changes: 1. Use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel 2. Use of new
energy source 3. Invention of new mqachines 4. New organization of work known as the factory
system 5. Important developments in transportation and communication 6. Increasing application
of science to industry

19th century- By definition, it lasted from 1801-1900 according to the Gregorian Calendar. •
Lead to the second Industrial Revolution through the invention of useable electricity, steel and
petroleum products. • Age of machine tools (tools that made tools) • Assembly line speed up
factory production • Gave birth to professional scientist.

Modern Era- Science through the 20th century • Inventions have progressed at an accelerated
rate . Began the infancy of airplanes, automobiles, spaceships, computers, cell phones and
wireless internet.
Science of microengineering. (deals with particle manipulation if those particles are smaller
than 100 nanometers. . Essential core is atomic and molecular manipulation. “Screenagers” •
Digital Students • Can absorb great deal of information at super-charged speed • Masters of
varifying types of technology • Innovators, creative designers, critical thinkers, collaborators,
complex problem- solvers • Students who learn while having fun.

o Understanding about science and technology

So, as I said about the conceptual definition of science and technology, the words science and te-
chnology can and often are used interchangeably. But the goal of science is the pursuit of
knowledge for its own sake while the goal of technology is to create products that solve
problems and improve human life. Simply put, technology is the practical application of science.
Or we can say that science is the study of the natural world by scientific method i.e. collecting
data through a systematic process. And technology is where we apply science to create devices
that can solve problems and perform different tasks. Technology is literally the application of
science. So, it is really impossible to separate the two.
Science, innovation, and technology each represent a successively larger category of activities
that are highly interdependent from each other but distinct. Science contributes to technology
generally in six ways:

 New knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas for new technological innovations.

 Source of tools and techniques for more efficient engineering designs and a knowledge base for

evaluation of the feasibility of different new designs.

 Research instrumentation and laboratory techniques used in research eventually find their way

into the design or industrial practices, through different methods in different areas.

 The practice of research as a source for the development and assimilation of new human skills

and capabilities useful for different innovative technologies.

 Creating a knowledge that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in

terms of its wider social and environmental impacts.

 Develops knowledge that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development,

and refinement of new technologies.

The confer impact of technology on science is of equal importance as a source of unavailable

instrumentation and techniques needed to address difficult scientific questions more efficiently.