Chapter 4&5 Review and

Chapter 7 Introduction
11.

During the game of billiards, the 160g cue ball, travelling at

10.8m/s, glances off a stationary 146g billiard ball so that the
billiard ball moves off at 40m/s, at an angle of 30˚ from the cue
ball’s original path. Find the following:
(a) new speed of the cue ball. (b) Impulse imparted by the cue ball
on the billiard ball.
12.

A 46 kg block slides 14m on level ground before coming to rest. If 430J of work
is done by friction, calculate the coefficient of friction between the block and the
ground. Give reason whether this work done is negative or positive. Does the law
of conservation of energy holds good in this situation?
13
A child is playing with a spring toy, first compressing and then stretching it.

a) List the energy transformations taking place during this activity.

b) Is the force applied by child constant or variable? Give reason for your answer.
14.
14. A 1970 kg rocket sled on horizontal frictionless rails is loaded with 116 kg of
propellant. It exhausts the propellant in a burn of 25s and starts moving with a speed of
250 m/s after the burn.

a) Determine the impulse experienced by the rocket sled.

b) Calculate the average force experienced by the rocket during this process. Do mention
the formula used by you.
Chapter 4 review
4.1 - 4. The horse pulls a rider on a sleigh across a snowy horizontal field. The
force of the rope is 22.8 N, and the horse does 953 J of work pulling the sleigh a
distance of 52.6 m. Calculate the angle between the rope and the horizontal.
4.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem
Work–energy theorem: W = ∆Ek. 当没有能量损失时, 合外力对物体所做的功，等于物体
动能的变化量。只涉及物体运动的始末状态。

4.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 重力势能

∆ Eg = mg ∆h
Mechanical Energy 机械能：the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energies
4.5 Law of conservation of Energy 能量守恒定律

P=W/t=F•v
4.5
A soccer player kicks a 0.43 kg soccer ball down a smooth (frictionless) hill 18 m
high with an initial speed of 7.4 m/s.

(a) Calculate the ball’s speed as it reaches the bottom of the hill.

(b) The soccer player stands at the same point on the hill and gives the ball a kick
up the hill at 4.2 m/s. The ball moves up the hill, comes to rest, and rolls back
down the hill. Determine the ball’s speed as it reaches the bottom of the hill.
4.5
6. A dolphin is trying to jump through a hoop that is fixed at a height of 3.5 m
above the surface of her pool. The dolphin leaves the water at an angle of
inclination of 40°. Determine the minimum speed the dolphin will need when
leaving the water in order to reach the height of the hoop.

1. A firefighter climbs a ladder at a speed of 1.4 m/s. The ladder is 5.0 m long, and
the firefighter weighs 65 kg.

(a) Determine the firefighter's power output while climbing the ladder. (b) How long
does it take her to climb the ladder?
7. A roller coaster car with mass 640 kg moves along the track. All friction is
negligible. (a) Is the mechanical energy of the roller coaster conserved? (b) If the
roller coaster starts from rest at point A, what is its total mechanical energy at point
A? (c) What is the total mechanical energy at point B? (d) Calculate the speed of
the roller coaster when it reaches points B and C.
4.6 Elastic Potential Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion
k: spring constant, N/m. 弹力方向与物体位移方向相反

Elastic potential energy:

4.7 Springs and Conservation of Energy

For an isolated mass–spring system, the total mechanical energy—kinetic energy,
elastic potential energy, and gravitational potential energy—remains constant.

“Maximum acceleration” the maximum acceleration occurs when the maximum

force is acting. （弹簧最低点）

“Maximum speed The point of maximum speed is the point at which the spring is
at its equilibrium position. At this point, all of the elastic potential energy has been
converted to gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. (弹簧恢复自然伸长
的时候)
4.7
6. A spring with a spring constant of 5.0 N/m has a 0.25 kg box attached to one
end such that the box is hanging down from the string at rest. The box is then
pulled down another 14 cm from its rest position. Calculate the maximum speed,
and the maximum acceleration of the box.
7. A 0.22 kg block is dropped on a vertical spring that has a spring constant of 280
N/m. The block attached to the spring compresses it by 11 cm before momentarily
stopping. Determine the height from which the block was dropped.
9. A wooden box of mass 6.0 kg slides on a frictionless tabletop with a speed of
3.0 m/s. It is brought to rest by a compressing spring. The spring constant is 1250
N/m. (a) Calculate the maximum distance the spring is compressed. (b) Determine
the speed and acceleration of the block when the spring is compressed a distance
of 14 cm.
Chapter 5 review
Linear Momentum线性动量:

Impulse冲量: the change in momentum caused by the application of a force

over a time interval, (N•s) 描述力在一定时间内，对物体状态产生了多少影响。

1.
2. ∆p=m (V f– Vi)
3. Impulse is the time integration of force. The magnitude of an impulse can be
found by measuring the area under the force–time curve.

Law of Conservation of Momentum 动量守恒：

The collision in an isolated system does not change the total momentum of the
two objects. The total momentum of the system is conserved.
Collisions
1. elastic collision: a collision in which momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved, the total kinetic energy of two objects before a collision is equal
to the total kinetic energy of the two objects after the collision.

Perfectly Elastic Collisions: total kinetic energy is conserved

(1) (2)

2. inelastic collision: a collision in which momentum is conserved, but kinetic

energy is not conserved, kinetic energy is transformed into other forms, such
as thermal energy or sound energy, total energy is conserved.

Perfectly Inelastic Collisions: an ideal collision in which two objects stick

together perfectly so they have the same final velocity;
Head-on Elastic Collisions
An impact in which two objects approach each other from opposite directions;
momentum and kinetic energy are conserved after the collision.

考虑几种特殊情况

1.When one mass is significantly greater than the other mass, and the larger mass is
stationary throughout the collision, Vf1≈ –Vi1, Vf2 ≈ Vi2 ≈ 0; 2. m1=m2, 交换速度

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Objects+Spring: At maximum compression, the two objects must have the same
velocity, Vf.
Collision in Two Dimensions
• Momentum is conserved for elastic and inelastic collisions.

• Kinetic energy is conserved only in elastic collisions.

• The laws of conservation of momentum and conservation of kinetic energy for

collisions in two dimensions are the same as they are for one-dimensional collisions.

· Independently analyzing the momentum’s x-components and y-components 分解速度,

动量在x,y上的分量
5.3

3. A 66 kg snowboarder slides down a hill 25 m high and has a perfectly inelastic

collision with an initially stationary 72 kg skier at the bottom of the hill. Friction is
negligible. Calculate the speed of each person after the collision.

4. Two people are riding inner tubes on an ice-covered (frictionless) lake. The first
person has a mass of 85 kg and is travelling with a speed of 6.5 m/s. He collides
head-on with the second person with a mass of 120 kg who is initially at rest. They
bounce apart after the perfectly elastic collision. The final velocity of the first person is
1.1 m/s in the opposite direction to his initial direction. (a) Are momentum and kinetic
energy conserved for this system? Explain your answer. (b) Determine the final velocity
of the second person.
5.4
1. A 1.2 kg glider moving at 3.0 m/s [right] undergoes an elastic head-on collision with a glider of
equal mass moving at 3.0 m/s [left]. The collision is cushioned by a spring whose spring
constant, k, is 60000 N/m. (a) Determine the compression in the spring when the second glider
is moving at 1.5 m/s [right]. (b) Calculate the maximum compression of the spring.

2. A student designs a new amusement park ride that involves a type of bumper car that has a
spring on the front to cushion collisions. To test the bumper, the student attaches one spring to
the front of a single car. In a collision, car 1 with total mass 44 kg is moving at 3.0 m/s [E]
toward car 2 with total mass 40 kg moving at 3.3 m/s [W]. During the collision, the spring
compresses a maximum of 44 cm. Determine the spring constant.

4. Two chunks of space debris collide head-on in an elastic collision. One piece of debris has a
mass of 2.67 kg. The other chunk has a mass of 5.83 kg. After the collision, both chunks move
in the direction of the second chunk’s initial velocity with speeds of 185 m/s for the smaller
chunk and 172 m/s for the larger. What are the initial velocities of the two chunks?
5.5

4. An automobile collides with a truck at an intersection. The car, of mass 1400 kg, is
travelling at 32 km/h [S]; the truck has a mass of 26000 kg and is travelling at 48 km/h
[E]. The collision is perfectly inelastic. Determine their velocity just after the collision.

7. A neutron of mass 1.7•10^-27 kg, travelling at 2.2 km/s, hits a stationary helium
nucleus of mass 6.6*10^-27 kg. After the collision, the velocity of the helium nucleus is
0.53 km/s at 52° to the original direction of motion of the neutron. Determine the final
velocity of the neutron.
7.1 Properties of Electric Charge
1. Law of Electric Charges:
Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract.
2. Law of Conservation of Charge:
Charge can be transferred from one object to another, but the total charge of
a closed system remains constant.
3. Unit of electric charge: C (Coulomb)
Electrons are the only subatomic particle capable of being transferred from
one object to another. Protons are bound to the atomic nucleus.
7.2 Coulomb’s Law
The force between two point charges is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the charges and directly proportional to the product of the
charges.

The superposition principle states that the total force acting on a charge q is the
vector sum, or superposition, of the individual forces exerted on q by all the other
charges in the problem.