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CH 15-1 - Series and Parallel Ac Circuits

1) Series AC circuits can be analyzed using phasor diagrams which represent voltages and currents as vectors. 2) The total impedance of a series AC circuit is found by summing the individual impedances of its components. Impedances can be either inductive, capacitive, or resistive depending on the component. 3) The voltage across each component is determined by the voltage divider rule using the component's impedance and the total impedance. Voltages across inductive and capacitive components are opposed on the phasor diagram.

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196 views34 pages

CH 15-1 - Series and Parallel Ac Circuits

1) Series AC circuits can be analyzed using phasor diagrams which represent voltages and currents as vectors. 2) The total impedance of a series AC circuit is found by summing the individual impedances of its components. Impedances can be either inductive, capacitive, or resistive depending on the component. 3) The voltage across each component is determined by the voltage divider rule using the component's impedance and the total impedance. Voltages across inductive and capacitive components are opposed on the phasor diagram.

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Series and Parallel ac Circuits

15.1 INTRODUCTION
Using the phasors algebra provides methods to ac circuits analysis very similar to
the methods developed for the dc circuit analysis:

 They differ only in using complex numbers algebra for ac circuit.

Time domain Phasor domain


v=V m sin ( ωt ± θ ) V eff ∠ ± θ=V m / √ 2 ∠±θ

i=I m sin ( ωt ± θ ) I eff ∠±θ=I m / √2 ∠ ±θ


15.2 IMPEDANCE AND THE PHASOR DIAGRAM
Resistive Elements
The current i and the voltage v are in phase:
Their magnitude:
Vm
I m= ∨V m=I m R
R

v=V m sin ωt ⟹ V =V ∠ 0 °

Where V =0.707 V m

Applying ohm’s using and phasor algebra:


V ∠0 ° V
I= = ∠ ( 0 °−θ R )
R ∠θ R R
In time domain:
because i and v are in phase ⟹
i=√ 2 ( VR ) sin ωt
( 0 °−θ R )=0 ° ⟹θ R =0 °
V ∠0° V
I= = ∠0°
R ∠0° R

Since θ =0° we can use a polar format for the resistance to give the proper phase
R

relation between the current and voltage:


Z R=R ∠0 °

ZR (boldface have both magnitude and associated angle) is called impedance of


resistive element.

ZR is not a phasor
The term phasor is reserved for the quantities that vary with time
Phasor diagram very helpful in network analysis:
 Shows magnitudes
 Shows phase relations
Inductive Reactance
The current i lags the voltage v by 90 ° and X L =ωL

v=V m sin ωt ⟹ V =V ∠ 0 °

Applying ohm’s using and phasor algebra:


V ∠0 ° V
I= = ∠ ( 0 °−θ L )
X L ∠θ L X L

because i lags v by 90 ° ⟹

( 0 °−θ L )=−90° ⟹ θ L=90°


V ∠ 0° V
I= = ∠−90°
X L ∠90 ° X L

In time domain:
i=√ 2
( )
V
XL
sin ( ωt−90° )

The fact that θ =90 ° is used to define the impedance of the inductive reactance:
L

Z L =X L ∠ 90 °

ZL is not a phasor
Capacitive Reactance
1
The current i leads the voltage v by 90 ° and X C =
ωC

v=V m sin ωt ⟹ V =V ∠ 0 °

Applying ohm’s and using phasor algebra:


V ∠0° V
I= = ∠ ( 0 °−θ C )
X C ∠θC X C

because i leads v by 90 ° ⟹

( 0 °−θ C )=+ 90° ⟹ θC =−90°


V ∠0 ° V V
I= = ∠ ( 0°−(−90 ° ) )= ∠ 90°
X C ∠−90° X C XC
In time domain:
i=√ 2 ( )
V
XC
sin ( ωt +90 ° )

The fact that θ C =−90 ° is used to define the impedance of the capacitive reactance:
ZC =X C ∠−90°

ZC is not a phasor
Impedance Diagram
Resistor ⟹ Z R=R ∠0 °

Inductor ⟹ Z L =X L ∠90 °

Capacitor ⟹ ZC =X C ∠−90°

Each can be placed in a complex plane diagram:


 Resistor appears positive real axis
 Inductive reactance appears positive
imaginary axis
 Capacitive reactance appears negative
imaginary axis
The result is an Impedance Diagram that can be
used to find total impedance of networks.
Networks combining different types of elements will have total impedance Zt having
angle that extends from −90 ° ¿ 90 °
 Zt has angle = 0 ° ⟶ it is resistive in nature
 Zt has positive angle ⟶ it is inductive in nature
 Zt has negative angle ⟶ it is capacitive in nature

Once Zt of a network is determined:


 its magnitude will define the resulting current level (through Ohm’s law),
 its angle will reveal whether the network is primarily inductive or
capacitive or simply resistive.
15.3 SERIES CONFIGURATION
similar to dc network the total impedance of a series ac network is the sum of the
individual impedances.
 In dc we were dealing with resistances (real numbers)
 In ac we are dealing with impedances (complex numbers)
Consider the series ac networks having two
impedances:
 The current is the same

All the variables in these relations are complex


numbers (vectors) not just numbers.

R-L
Phasor Notation:
e=141.4 sin ( ωt ) ⟹ E=100V ∠0 °

ZT
ZT =Z 1+ Z 2=¿
¿ 3 Ω ∠0° + 4 Ω∠ 90 ° ¿ 3 Ω+ j 4 Ω

ZT =5 Ω ∠53.13°

Applying phasor notation to the


Impedance diagram network
Power Factor:
R-C
Phasor Notation:
i=7.07 sin ( ωt +53.13 ° ) ⟹ I =5 A ∠53.13°

ZT
ZT =Z 1+ Z 2=¿
¿ 6 Ω ∠0 °+ 8 Ω∠−90 ° ¿ 6 Ω− j 8 Ω

ZT =10 Ω ∠−53.13°

Impedance diagram
R-L-C

Phasor notation
15.4 VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE
For dc we found:

The same rule is valid in ac network:

Vx is the voltage across one or more elements:


E is the total voltage across the series circuit:
ZT is the total impedance of the series network:
15.6 SUMMARY: SERIES ac CIRCUITS
For series ac circuits with reactive elements:

1. The total impedance will be frequency dependent.

2. The impedance of any one element can be greater than the total impedance
of the network.

3. The inductive and capacitive reactances are always in direct opposition on


an impedance diagram.

4. Depending on the frequency applied, the same circuit can be either


predominantly inductive or predominantly capacitive.

5. At lower frequencies the capacitive elements will usually have the most
impact on the total impedance, while at high frequencies the inductive
elements will usually have the most impact.

6. The magnitude of the voltage across any one element can be greater than
the applied voltage.
7. The magnitude of the voltage across an element compared to the other
elements of the circuit is directly related to the magnitude of its impedance;
that is, the larger the impedance of an element, the larger the magnitude of
the voltage across the element.

8. The voltages across a coil or capacitor are always in direct opposition on a


phasor diagram.

9. The current is always in phase with the voltage across the resistive elements,
lags the voltage across all the inductive elements by 90°, and leads the
voltage across all the capacitive elements by 90°.

10. The larger the resistive element of a circuit compared to the net reactive
impedance, the closer the power factor is to unity.

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