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PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

I. UNIT 3. Chapter 2: Political Ideologies
II. LESSON 1 AND TITLE: STATES, NATIONS, AND GLOBALIZATION
III. WEEK NUMBER: Week 8
IV. MODULE NUMBER: Module 8
V. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 Analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and
governance

VI. ACTIVITY
Arrange the words below and give your own understanding/ definition with each words.
1. OTIRYRTER-
2. RNEVEMGTON-
3.GIEYTNSOERV-
4. ALCOSI CAPEE-
5. INONAT-
6. LABAZILONGITO-

VII. Discussion

STATES, NATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION

State vs Nation
State and nation are two of
the most confused words irrespective
of there being a clear difference
between both. It is common to see
people and even leaders invariably
referring to their countries as nation or
State. There is nothing wrong in that,
in some aspects. A nation is often
referred to as a Member State in the
world bodies such as UN. But it has to
be remembered that state and nations
are treated as separate entities
especially in political science. A country, when being referred to as a State, capital S is used instead of lowercase s
to differentiate from ordinary word state that refers to condition of an object or entity. There are more differences in a
State and a nation as described in this article.
State: Its Concept and Elements
In the study of Philippine Political Law, it is imperative that students recall what they have learned in their
Political Science about the state, nation, government, territory and sovereignty.

State, Defined
A state is "a community of persons more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
independent or external control, and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants
render habitual obedience. (Malcohm, 2010).

A State is defined in political science as a patch of land with a sovereign government. A State i1s the
political unit that has the sovereign power over a piece of land. A State can also be defined as a community that lives
under the power of the government. This State is also an organized community in a particular area. There are States
that are also nations and, in such circumstances, they are called nation-states. The situation is troublesome when a
state overlaps the boundaries of several nations and this is when there are often civil wars. At present there are 195
nations (including nation states). A State that is recognized as sovereign by outside countries is regarded as a nation.

There is another state (with a lower-case s), which is one of the constituent parts of a country. Nearly all the
countries of the world are divided into a number of states. Some examples are the states of US and the states of
India.

Nation, Defined.
The term "nation" is to describe " a group of men resulting from common affinities, are destined to be
permanent, occupying a determinate territory, within whose limits it maintains its own form of social organization;
possessing the same language, laws, religion, and civilization, the same political principles and traditions, the same
political principles and traditions, the same interests, attachments, and antipathies; in short, a people bound together
by common attractions and repulsions into a living organism possessed of a common pulse, a common intelligence
and inspiration and destined apparently to have a common history and a common fate. (Ibid., p. 11, citing Jameson,
Constitutional Conventions, 4th ed., p.32).

A nation is a group of people who share common cultural heritage, a bonding because of shared history
and geographical boundaries. People may or may not share same traditions, values, language, and religion. There
are examples of nations that are multicultural and have people with different traditions and customs and evern speak
different languages. One great example of a nation that is a melting pot of languages is India that has unity in
diversity. Even in such a country, there is a common thread of nationalism that binds the people together and makes
the concept of a nation. Sometimes people define nation without the requirement of having the same boundaries. For
example, the Kurdish people though they do not live inside the same boundaries (they live in Iran, Iraq and Turkey)
consider themselves as the members of the Kurdish nations. That is not accepted by most countries though.

The Concept of State

The concept of "state" in political science comprises a broad area of controversy. Frank Zappa once
quipped that, to be a state, a country had to have "a beer and an airline." This just underlies the fragile nature of
sovereign political power. Others, like M. Foucault, hold that the state is a conceptual abstraction, a mask that covers
over the mobilization of power through informal, often economic agreement. In general, there are some basic ideas
that make up the concept of state such that there is at least foundational agreement on the use of the term, however
tenuous. (Johnson, 2014)

1. Dominance

It is rare to find a definition of the state that does not deal with compulsion. Of all social institutions, only the
state requires obedience, acquiescence and submission. Most other institutions are strictly voluntary. The state can
use violence to enforce its claims. In fact, the famed sociologist Max Weber defined the state, in part, as that entity in
a society that has the monopoly of violence. Private violence is forbidden, only the state has the right to declare war
or execute people, at least under certain legal conditions.
2. Territoriality

Another area of general fundamental agreement is the question of a territory. A state, to be such, must have
a definite area that it rules, demarcated by "recognized" borders. Outside of these borders, the state has no power,
another state has power. International organizations such as General Motors or Amnesty International cannot be said
to be states. They do not have power over life and death and have no borders within which power can be exercised.
These entities have power, but in a strictly limited sense and remain m voluntary associations rather than states.

3. Social Peace

The well-known political scientist Harold Laski stated in 1919 that the state, among its other ingredients, has
a purpose outside of itself. At least in theory, the state is meant to promote some vision of social peace. You would
be hard pressed to find a state that did not at least claim this function. The concept of controlling private violence by
centralizing it is the very basic purpose of the state. The state provides a court of appeal for disputes so that they do
not turn into violent altercations.

4. Supremacy

The state must be separated from the rest of civil life, at least constitutionally if not in practice. A state must
contain bureaucratic offices that are not intrinsically connected with other social institutions, collectively known as
"civil society." Civil society is the realm of private relations governed by contract. The state is above these in that it is
not private, and is not governed by contracts. The state, therefore, is conceptually separate from the world of private'
relations and is "above" them in some real, legal way.

State Distinguished from Nation

The state is viewed as a legal or political concept, and a nation as a racial or ethical concept. There may be
several nations within a single state, and conversely there may exist several states within a single nation. (Ibid., p.
14)

State and Government, Distinguished

a. The state itself is an ideal person. Intangible, invinsible, within the immutable. The government is an agent, and
sphere of the agency a perfect representative, but outside of that, it is a lawless usurpation.

b. State is used to denote the sovereignty unity of a number of people settled on a fixed territory and organized
under one government. Government is the practical manifestation or organization of the state which is essential to it.
Government is the machinery through which the ends of purposes of the state are realized. The state is largely an
abstraction; government is concrete. Government changes or dies; the state is permanent. Government has power
only because the state grants it power. It exercises sovereign power because it is the organization or practical
medium of the sovereign state, It is not even necessarily identical with the form of state. (Gilchrist, Principles of
Political Science, p. 18)

Elements of a State
1. People
The term refers to the mass of population, living within the state. It is necessary to the existence of the state. Without
people there can be no functionaries to govern and no subject to be governed. The people must be more or less
numerous. The number should neither too small nor too large; it should be large enough to be self-sufficing and small
enough to be well governed. (Garner, 2010)

2. Territory
It includes not only the land over which the jurisdiction of the state extend but also the rivers and lakes therein, a
certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coasts and the air space above it. Thus, the domain of the state may be
described as terrestrial, fluvial, maritime, and aerial. (Garner, 2010)
 No limit can be fixed as to the extent of the territory. Monaco, for example, is only eight square miles, as
compared to Russia which is about nine million square miles.

National Territory of the Philippines

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines defines the extent of the National Territory of the Philippines by
providing:

The national territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago with all the islands and waters embraced therein,
and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of the terrestrial, fluvial,
and aerial domains, including the territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands and the Archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

3. Government, Defined
Government is that institution or aggregate of institutions by which an independent society makes and
carries out these rules of action which are necessary to enable men to live in a social state or which are imposed
upon the people forming that society by those who possess the power or authority of prescribing them. (U.S. vs. Dorr,
2 Phil. 332)

Government Distinguished from State.

The term government is narrower than State. It refers to the person or group of persons in whose hands the
organization of the State places for the time being the function of political control. The word is sometimes used to
indicate persons themselves, sometimes abstractly to indicate the kind and composition of the controlling group. The
ordinary citizens of a community are a part of the state, but are not part of the government. The term, moreover, has
no reference to territory. (Lealock, 2011)

4. Sovereignty, defined

Garner defines sovereignty as "the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience, the
power to which, legally speaking, all interest are practically subject, and all wills subordinates." (Garner, 2010)

The 1986 Constitution expressly indicates where sovereignty resides in the Philippines by providing:

The Philippines is a Republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from
them. (Art. II, Sec. 1, 1986 Constitution))

While in common acceptance sovereignty is deemed to reside in the Filipino people, juristically speaking
however, legal sovereignty resides in the State itself, as a juridical personality. More, strictly speaking explained,
legal sovereignty is said to reside in the law-making power, and political sovereignty in the electorate. (Martin, 1988)

Difference Between State and Nation

1. A nation is a group of people who share common cultural heritage, a bonding because of shared history and
geographical boundaries.

2. On the other hand, a state is defined as a patch of land with a sovereign government. A State is the political unit
which has the sovereign power over a piece of land. A State can also be defined as a community (organized) in a
specific area governed by a specific government.

3. A nation does not create laws. A nation has customs and traditions. But a State creates law.

4. People in a nation do not have to share language or traditions always to be called nation. For example, the Indian
nation or the American nation is created by a people who speak a number of languages and have different traditions.
In a State, the people are collected together by the law or the ruling power the sovereign or the government holds.
5. A nation is more of a political and cultural combination. A State is a political and judicial combination.

6. A nation to be called a nation does not necessarily have to be inside the same boundaries. For example, the
Jewish people are all over the world. Yet, they are called the Jewish nation too. A State to be called a State it clearly
needs a particular area over which it holds power.

7.There are States that are also nations and, in such circumstances, they are called nation-states.

8. A state can also be a reference to the provinces of a country as in America.

Globalization as a Context of Relations Among Nation-States

Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of
world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation, such as
the steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, container ships, and in telecommunications infrastructure, including the
rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet, and mobile phones, have been major factors in
globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though scholars place the
origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and
voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. Large-scale globalization began
in the 19th century. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectivity of the world's economies and
cultures grew very quickly.in other words it is the act of modernization that is base on total transformation
increasingly inter connected as a result of massively increased in trade and cultural exchange. our world today is
known as a global village because of the its had being a transparent of inter connected relationships that had
increase the production of goods and services.

The concept of globalization is a very recent term, only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s, which
'emerged from the intersection of four interrelated sets of "communities of practice": academics, journalists,
publishers/editors, and librarians. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of
globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and the
dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as global warming, cross-boundary water and
air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected
by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.

VIII. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:
(See worksheet)

IX. ASSESSMENT:
(See worksheet)

X. REFLECTION:
(See worksheet)

Prepared by: Checked and Noted By:

BERNADETH R. RODRIGUEZ LAARNI L. TOLENTINO

Subject Teacher Principal

 Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to Best, Excel and Remain Humble

Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines

Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Worksheet

A. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:

Answer the following in complete sentences. (5 Points each)

1.Differentiate Nation from State.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the meaning of Globalization.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Evaluate how Globalization influences nation-state.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 B. ASSESSMENT:

Fill in the blanks.

1. There are ____________ that are also a Nations and, in such ______________, they are
called ________________.
2. A nation is more _________________ and __________________ combination. A nation is a
political and ______________ combination.
3. A nation does not create ________. A nation has ________ and _____________.
4. A nation is a group of people who share common _________________, a bonding because
of shared ___________ and ___________________ boundaries.
5. A state is defined as a patch of land with a _____________ government. A state is a political
unit which has the sovereign __________ over a piece of land. A state can also be defined as
a __________ in a specific area governed by a ______________________.
6. A state can also be a reference to the ________________ of a country as in ____________.
7. People in a nation do not have to share ___________________ or _______________
always to be called nation. In a state, the ___________ are collected together by the ______
or the ruling power the sovereign or the ________________ holds.

C. REFLECTION:
ESSAY.
1. Distinguished Government from State.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. In your own words, explain the different elements of a State.
a. People
b. Territory
c. Government
d. Sovereignty

Prepared by: Checked and Noted By:

BERNADETH R. RODRIGUEZ LAARNI L. TOLENTINO

Subject Teacher Principal