The „ACADEMIC

WORLD‟ and
the „REAL WORLD‟
are not the
same.
The real world is where we
experience our lives – we
live and work, raise children,
play or watch sport, spend
time with family and friends
and interact with the
natural world. A lot of what
we know about the real
world is from our
experiences. (Levin, 2004)
The academic world on the
other hand is one of theories, explanations,
ideas and critiques. We can’t experience them
the same way as we experience the real
world, through seeing, hearing, touching,
tasting, smelling. In the academic world we
learn from what is spoken, or more often
written, about the world. This means that in
the academic world you learn at second hand,
from what other people have written,
rather than from your own
experience. (Levin, 2004)
Describe
this 
Think critically
about this bottle
of water. What
else do we
know?
Vocabulary
List
1. 🡪 how the important points, moments or events are
organized and emphasized in a text.
2. 🡪 any meaningful written material
3. 🡪 formal written materials that provides information
and/or professional opinion related to specific discipline or
profession.
4. 🡪 the abstract parts that composes a whole.
5. 🡪 the most important message that the entire written
article tries to prove.
6 _ 🡪 technically either the first paragraph or the first
heading of long academic papers that are divided into
several parts.
7. 🡪 technically either the last paragraph or the last heading
of long academic papers that are divided into several
parts.
8 🡪 the paragraphs that are in between the introduction
and conclusion.
Answers:

1. STRUCTURE
2. TEXT
3. ACADEMIC
TEXT
4. ELEMENTS
5. THESIS
6. INTRODUCTION
7. CONCLUSION
8. BODY
 ACADEMIC TEXT NON – ACADEMIC TEXT
Characteristics
Scholarly Audience AUDIENCE Public

To inform PURPOSE To Entertain

Introduction-
STRUCTURE
Body- No Fixed Structure
Conclusion
LANGUAGE
Formal Contains Slang
Objective STYLE
Subjective

Related Literature SOURCE OF CONTENT Everyday Events

Research Papers, Reports EXAMPLE Diaries, Informal Essays

Six General Classifications of Academic Texts?
Reaction
Essay defines an
idea or a
Paper
concept and an informed and
generally the insightful
clarifies its
proforma for perspective on art,
‘whatness’;
all analytical popular culture,
compositions and a technical
Concept
topic
Paper
Report Research
asserts an
argument Retells data, Highly formal
incident, or kind of
event Reports
Position
Paper
Describe
these
photos…
 Text
Structure
What is a Text Structure?

 A text structure refers to the internal organization of

a text.
 According to Meyer (1985), as authors write a text to
communicate an idea, they will use a structure
that goes along with the idea.
 how you organize and emphasize all the important
points in your composition.
 It is what allows for the logical flow of ideas in a
cohesive text.
 3 Parts of Composition

INTRODUCTION

aims to make a good impression on BODY

readers.
composed of several CONCLUSION
common strategies used in opening an paragraphs that
essay, such as telling a story (anecdote cohesively discuss the
or parable), thesis. leaves the
quoting a reputable person, using These paragraphs are
impression that
sayings, mentioning startling facts like your means to lead
statistics, citing a law your readers, so they the topic has
or the Bible, asking rhetorical questions, can make sense of your been relevantly
or sharing a personal experience and composition. and thoroughly
realization. dealt with.
has many jobs to do in a very short space. You need to move
efficiently from an overview of the topic area, to an articulation
of the issue suggested by the focus of the question, to a
summary of the argument in one concise sentence.
  A thesis statement is the most important
sentence in the introduction of an essay
because it clearly states what the essay will be
about
 the one sentence gist or summary of your
What is a entire paper.
Thesis  All your evidence and discussion in the body
will revolve around your thesis.
statement?  This comes usually at the end of the first
paragraph or in the second paragraph.
 Beginning writers can introduce the thesis this
way: “Thus, this paper is written to prove…,”
“For this reason, this essay will focus on…,” “In
this paper, you will understand…,” “In order
to discuss …, this position paper will analyze…”
or etc.
 An introduction should include the following:

Background information
This is usually made up of one
Thesis or two sentences to introduce
statement the topic
This introduces and give background
the main topic information.
or argument on
which the text
is based.

Outline
Scope The outline lets the
This section is reader know what the
only needed if the text covers, and how it
focus of the text is organised
is narrowed. It
lets the reader
know the focus of
the text
 should
introduce one main idea
and provide supporting
evidence that elaborates
the main idea. This
supporting evidence
needs
to be referenced with in
text referencing.
 It is useful to refer to the various important themes and
concepts that have appeared in the text, and to allude to
the more general implications of the argument you have
presented. The conclusion should not introduce any
idea that has not already been addressed in the body
of the text.
About narrative
writing
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun

When to use it
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one

Examples
Despite being red, it’s a cold place.
It’s full of iron oxide dust
40%
 Common Text Structures
1 Chronological Order Problem-Solution 5
It is also known as time order. This
structure is organized from one point Presents a problem, and shows how it can
in time to another. be (or has been) solved.

2 Sequence Compare-Contrast 6
Steps described in the order they occur.
This text structure shows how two or more
It does not take place in a specific
ideas or items are similar or different.
point in time.e

3 Cause-Effect Classification 7
This structure shows how one or more causes led An exemplification paragraph develops a general statement--
to one or more effects. the topic sentence--with one or more specific examples. A
Many texts do not include just one cause leading to classification paragraph divides things into groups, classes,
one effect– instead, there may or categories. It also organizes ideas into divisions based on
be several causes and several effects. criteria or standards.

4 Persuasion convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.

1

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

During the Revolutionary War, Americans learned just how

important friends can be. When the Americans declared
independence on July 4, 1776, they had virtually no allies. But on
February 6, 1778, after the American victory at Saratoga, the French
assisted the American cause. The French went into deep debt
helping the Americans. The Americans would receive additional
help in June of 1779, when the Spanish joined the fight against the
British. They would secure Southern ports and supply lines.
Without the help of these allies, many more Americans would have
died in the fight for independence.
2

SEQUENCE

From airplanes to forklifts, hydraulic power is the strength behind many

amazing technologies that affect our daily lives, even the breaks on your
school bus, but how do they work? First, fluid is rapidly released into a
chamber through a valve. As the fluid collect, the valve is slammed shut
which causes a pressure spike. Because the chamber is sealed, the
pressure has nowhere to go. The hydraulic mechanism channels the
pressure and provides great power.
3

CAUSE and EFFECT

Many people are confused about why our economy went to shambles in 2008. The crisis was
actually the result of a combination of many complex factors. First, easy credit conditions
allowed people who were high-risk or unworthy of credit to borrow, and even people who had
no income were eligible for large loans. Second, banks would bundle these toxic loans and sell
them as packages on the financial market. Third, large insurance firms backed these packages,
misrepresenting these high-risk loans as safe investments. Fourth, because of the ease of
acquiring credit and the rapid growth in the housing market, people were buying two or three
houses, intending to sell them for more than they paid. All of these factors created bubbles of
speculation. These bubbles burst, sending the whole market into a downward spiral, causing
employers to lose capital and lay off employees. Consumer spending then plummeted and most
businesses suffered. The economy is like a big boat, and once it gets moving quickly in the
wrong direction, it’s hard to turn it around.
 4

PERSUASION

Due to the increasing number of population in the

community, the volume of garbage has drastically
increased as well. This has greatly concerned the
people living near the riverbanks. This has put their
health in great jeopardy; thus, the residents of
Barangay Maligaya urge the local officials to
investigate this issue in order to prevent health
problems that threat the well-being of the residents
 5

PROBLEM - SOLUTION
Having good attendance is important because
attendance determines the school’s funding. Some
students have poor attendance, and the school has tried
many ways of addressing this: teachers have talked to
parents on the phone and the school has mailed letters.
Yet, some students still maintain poor attendance. Next,
the staff will attempt to schedule
parent/teacher/administrator conferences with students
who are habitually absent. Hopefully, this will help more
students get to school everyday.
6

COMPARE and CONTRAST

All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically and
physically. Both chemical and physical changes affect the state of matter.
Physical changes are those that do not change the make-up or identity of the
matter. For example, clay will bend or flatten if squeezed, but it will still be
clay. Changing the shape of clay is a physical change, and does not change
the matter’s identity. Chemical changes turn the matter into a new kind of
matter with different properties. For example, when paper is burnt, it
becomes ash and will never be paper again. The difference between them is
that physical changes are temporary or only last for a little while, and
chemical changes are permanent, which means they last forever. Physical
and chemical changes both affect the state of matter.
7

CLASSIFICATION

Different students attend various types of schools; however, they can usuallybe
classified as either public, private religious, private non-religious, or alternative.
Public schools are funded by the state, and the majority of students in the United
States attend them. Private religious schools are based around a particular faith,
such as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion is part of the everyday lives
of the students and they also learn about the faiths. All types of private schools do
not receive state funding. Therefore, private non-religious schools are simply just
that: schools which do not receive state funding and have the ability to make their
own rules. Alternative schools can be made up of a variety of different categories,
such as the Montessori program or technical schools. Most students who attend class
in an actual school building go to one of these types of institutions.
Identify the Text

Structure used in

the paragraphs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Thank
you.
