LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

P T E R

op-Amp appLicATions
hapter Outline

Introduction
3.0
Op-Amp Wein Bridge Oscillator
-

3.1
3.2
Phase Shift Oscillator

3.3 Gain Bandwidth Product

Distinguish between Active and Passive Filters

3.4
3.5 Low Pass Filter
High Pass Fitter
3.6
3.7 Merits of Active Firtter

3.8 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator

3.9 Simple Transistor Shunt Regulator

3.10 IC Voltage Regulators

3.11 Three Teminal Voltage Regulators
Fixed Positive Vottage Regulator (78 XX Series)
3.12
Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator (79 XX Series)
3.13
3.14 Adjustable Positive Votage Regulator (Im 317)
 3.2
3.0 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION
Operational ampifier is a
high quality amplifier assembly designed
other for insertion into
equipment In 1C technology the OP AMP is designed in such a
way that ite
characteristics meet the
requirements of many equipments.
Inelectronic systems unwanted
signals eliminated using filters. Filters can
can be
ho
constructed using only
passive components resistors, capacitors and
i.e..
But active filters
using OP Amp with resistor. capacitor network after
inductors
many advantages
Applications of negative feedback around an OP-Amp leads to
number of useful
functions such as
voltage and current sources. summer,
integrator, differentiator
multivibrators etc. In this chapter we discuss various
applications of OP-Amps.
3.1
OP-AMP WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Fig. 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of wein
bridge oscillator using Op-Amp. The wein
bridge has four arms. The
arm AD which consists of the
series combination of
C1 and the arm CD which consists of the R1 and
parallel combination of R2 and C2 are called
as
frequency sensitive arms. This is because the components connected in the arms
decide this oscillator frequency. The resistor R3 and Ra are used to generate a reference
voltage which remains constant independent of frequency.
In Fig. 3.1 the Op-Amp output is
applied as an input voltage to the wein bridge A and
C. The output of wein
bridge which acts as the feedback network is applied to the Op-
Amp input between points D and B.

R: R3 B
ww ww

R4 ww-

ww.
R
ww ww
Vo
c

FIG 3.1: Wein Bridge Oscillator using Op-Amp

The resistor R3 gets connected in the feedback
path of Op-Amp where as resistor R4
gets connected from the inverting terminal to ground. Hence, the amplifier configuration
is knows as the non inverting amplifier. The gain of this configuration is given by

AV =1+ R
 A P T E R - 3 O p - A m p A p p l i c a t i ons
o

cHaPTER-3pdmn
cillator is actly equal to the resonance 3:3
frequency
o s c i l l a t o r

of of the
frequency balance
vein bridge and
is given by
The

weim 0.159
f 2 2 TRC RC

the
. are
cistors a
resistors equal
re e quz in value, and
capacitors are equal in vaiue in the reactve
that
Assuming

bridge.
At thi frequency the gain required for sustaina oscillators is gven by
wein

the
of
leg

Ay

R3 3
1+ Ra

R3 (R)= 2 R4
Dshould be greater
than two times the value oí R4 to ensure sustained
u

oscillators

FOR USING NON-LINEA ELEMENT INTHE FEEDBACK CIRCUIT

3.1.1

1.l REASONS
REASONS,

amplitue
element in feedback circuit. In order to maintain a stabie
ln Eia. 3.1 R3 is an

a non-linear resistor is normally used for R3. This makes the loop gain
of oscillations,
increase in the current through R3
which resuits in an increase in the
depends upon the
increase in the magnitude
of R3 means a great amount of negative
value of R3. An
reduction in loop gain and signed amplitude.
feedback and a consequents
OPERATION
3.1.2 CONDITIOWS REQUIRED FOR STABLE
form the of wheat
R.C ( in parallel), R3 and R4
arms
The impedances R.C (in series)
unbalance voltage which constitutes
stone bridge as shown in Fig. 3.1. It is the bridge
between the differential input terminals of the amplifier. It can be
the signal applied in
2 R4 the bridge is balance at a freaquency givenh
easily verified that when R3
equation i.e.,

fo
1
2TRC
3.2
PHASE SHIFT oSCILLATOR as plify
the amplirying
phase shift oscillator. which consists of an
op-amp
3.2 shows a
circuit. The feedback provides
and three RC cascaded networks as the feedback
the input of the amplifier. Ihe op-auP
ack voltage from the output back to terminal
appears at
the inverting
mode, therefore any signal that
ise d"
shifted bye ng
180° at the output. An additional 180° phase shift requiredfor Osc1lano
 3 ,4 LINEAR INTEGRATED CRCUT
is provided by >rks Thus the total phase shift
lOop is 360° or 0°
the cascaded RC networks
At some specific frequency when the pAse shift of the cA
around the
RC network is exactly 180° and the gain of the am nplifier is
sufficlently largecaded
Ceuit will oscillate at that frequency This trequeney s Called h e reque the
of
oscillation fo and is given by

2n vo RC
must be at
least 29,
At this frequency. the given Ay
w
R
Feedback networ

ww

FIG 3.2 Phase Shift Oscillator

3.3 GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT

the op-amp when the voltage gain is
bandwidth product is the band width of
The gain
IC it is not listed under electrical characteristics, from
1.Although for the 741 ap-amp
versus freçuency graph
it can be found to be approximately 1
loop voltage gain
open
MH Equivalent terms for gain bandwidth product
are closed lop bandwidth, unity
gain bandwidth and
small signal bandwidth.

3.4 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FILTERS

Active Fitter Passive Fitter
S.No.
not attenuated while passing In signal is attenuated while passing
1. Input signal is
through filter through filter

Easy to tune easy frequency adjustment Difficult to tune

2
is possible
inductors
Due to absence of inductors, these are Not economical due to cost of

economical

No insertion loss Some loss of signal in pass band

 utions
Apple
ny
3.5
na Hot
cunrrEn.J band
gain
provides pass band gain
pass

Provides
Large in size
Small in size

LOW PASS FILTER

simplest possible pass

a
shows

3.3 function of the circuit

Fia. The
transfer
transler

filter.
ve
s h o w n
as,

be
1
can
R2
A (S) R 1CR S
low o u t p u t impedance of the
Becauseof the N
i n s e n s i t i v e of loading. Due
filter is
the
op-amp,
function, this filter is
nature. of transfer
low pass filter. The
t othe
order
as firs
known

also
also
sleady
state sinusoidal
state sinusoi
corresponding FIG 3.3: Low Pass Fitter
magnitude
is
of
response
1
R2
A(jw) R 1+(w/w, 22
1
BreakBreak frequency
where
Wo CR2
erTor due to amplifier and inadequate loop gain.
pertormance
filter suffers from
The

Voltage Gain

Ap
0.707 AF

Pass Band Stop Band Frequency

of Loss Pass Fitter

FIG 3.4 Frequency Response

3.6 HIGH PASS FITTER the addition

a resistor
and capacitor but
made with
of first order can be
pass filter circuit is shown in
A high impedance. ldeally the
an op-amp gives the
circuit a low output
Or
Fig. 3.4, has the transfer function.
S
AS R2
Ri 1
|S* C R
 3.6 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
of magnitude is
The steady state sinusoidal response

Ajw
R2
R1+(w w
R2
w
R
wwm-

FIG 3.5: High Pan Fitter

Voltage Gain

AF
0.707 AF

Stop Pass Band

Band Frequency

of High Pan Fitter

FIG 3.6: Frequency Response

3.7 MERITS OF ACTIVE FIRTTER

1. Flexibility in gain and frequency adjustment
2. No. loading problem
3. Low cost

4. No. insertion loss

5. Provides pass band gain

6. Interstage isolation and control of impedance

7. Small component can be avoided

8. Use of inductors can be avoided

9. Stable economical filters possible.

3.8 TRANSISTOR SERIES vOLTAGE REGULATOR

Fig. 3.7 Shows a simple series voltage requlator using a transistor and zener diode

In this circuit collector emitter terminals of transistor are in series with the load.
 c H A P T E R - 3 1 9 - A n y r p l i c a t i
ons
o n

cnarTE.
The unregulated d.c. supply is fed to l 3.7
nrequlated
i n p u t t e r m i n a l s
inals. So long theas

he
the
ltage
is
greater
than V The
breakdown
input vol.

in the
o p e r a l e s

voltage remains
the output
z e n e r

and
e g i o na nd. Unregulated
constant. Input Regulated
output (Vg
it iis clear that
3.7 it
to Fig. 3.7
R e l e r r i n g

voltage
is equal to zener
utput
minus
the VBE drop.
voltage

V Vz-VBE
FIG 3.7: Transistor Series
Voitage Regulator
e r i e s transistor base emiter voltage VBE will be small compared to the

voltage v
V Therefore
There VBE can be neglected compared to V, Consequently. V, V
Now the zener diode operates in the breakdown region. therefore, V, and hence V,
i n s substantially constant. Advantage of the circuit is that the change in the zener
e n t are reduced by a factor . Hence the effect of the zener impedance is greatly
reduced in this circuit and much more stabilized output voltage is ensured

3.9 SIMPLETRANSISTOR SHUNT REGULATOR

circuits require low
Most electronic R

voltage, high current power supplies

with output variations of less than 1
mV. Since it is difficult to get such
power supplies with zener regulator,
we need some other circuitry to satisfy
the required junction. The circuit| Regulated T R
S Unregulated
input output
shown in Fig. 3.7 is a simple transistor
shunt regulator which is often
employed to reduce ripple to as
low
as 1 mV. This
regulator is called as
shunt regulator because the
transistor
is connected in shunt
with the circuit |
as shown in the Fig. 3.8. FIG 3.8 Transistor Shunt Regulator
the load increases, the output voltage reduces slightly. So the forward bias proaucea oy
B Rs voltage divider network decrease and hence the collector current
decreases.
C r e a s e in the collector current allows the same amount of decrease in the load
h u s the output voltage is stabilized against the variations in the loaa.
 3.8 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
varies, then also the forward
Suppose the applied input voltages,
now
transistors varies and hence the collector current varies by the same ama..
bias to
nt.
forward th
variation in the load c u r e n t a n d hence the output voltaao i.
Thu
there appears no

against the variations in the applied input voltage also. regulater

3.10 ICVOLTAGE REGULATORS
We have already discussed series regulator, shunt regulators with discrete comno.
nents.
But, now a days several regulator ICs are available commercially in a variety of volth
current and regulation specifications to meet designers needs. We have tho ltage
output voltage regulators for both positive and negative outputs. We also ha
adjustable output voltage positive and negative regulators. These regulator ICs
have built in protection features like current limiting circuitary, automatic tho isually
rmal
shut down and so on.

The earier versions were pA 723, uA 723C, SA 723C and LM 300. These are capabl
of operation in positive or negative power supplies. They have disadvantages that tho.
ey
reguire more external component and have many pins to be interconnected to obtain
optimum performance. Absolute maximum ratings of these ICs are given below.

Parameter Rating Parameter Rating

Vto V 50 V Operating temperature range 55 to + 125° C
voltagefrom
-

Pulse
-

Continuous voltage from +V to - V 40 V A 723 0 to 70

C
input-output voltage differential 40 V HA 723 C -

40 to + 48°C

Maximum output current 150 mA SA 723 C -65to+85°C

15 mA Storage temperature range lead temp. 300 C
Curent from VE

Curent from V 25mA

Internal power dissipation 800 mW

3.11 THREE TERMINAL vOLTAGEREGULATORSs

need only
The three terminal regulator require virtually no external components. They
a filter capacitor They are available in both fixed voltage as"ell as adjustable voltage
1.5 A and 3.A. 1hese regulators are also
types with current intensity 100 mA, 500 mA,
available with positive and negative outputs. The fixed type positive regulators are L

LXX/MC 78 LXX series

78XX/MC 78XX series. LM 78MXX/MC 78 MXX series. LM 78
and LM 140 XX/LM340 XX series, while XX represents the output voltage rating rou

5V to 24V The adjustable output types are LM 137/LM 337 series.

 APTER-3 p-Amp tions
Applicatio

/cHaPTER or VOLTAGE
POSITIVE
REGULATOR (78 XX
XED
are terminal, positive fixed SERIES
xx
series

output voltage. These regulator are voltage regulators here

78 in seven available different output
xx
indicate the
12,15,18 and 24. Thus if we select voitar
tage options
such as 5,6,8,.

provides
a
1s a 12 v regulated output voltage. regulator iC numerical 7812. it
voltage regulator (78 XX) have three
fixed terninals.
different packages are input. ground and output
The
The construction of these ICs in two
shown in Fig. 39.

Vnput Output/
- Case ground

Input- Output
Giround
FIG 3.9: Fixed
Regulator
dard connection for a three pin fixed positive voitage
regulator IC
shown is as
in
i 3.10. An unregulated d.C voltage is applied at input terminal of
the IC. The
capacitor connected between the input terminal ground cancels out any inductive effect
o
du to long distribution leads. I he output capacitor Cg is used for
improving the transient
response of the regulator IC. Ihe difterence between the unregulated
input voltage V.
nd the output voltage V, is called as drop out voltage.

Unregulated Input Output

78XX Regulated
Input (Vi) 3 Output (V)
GND
0.33 uF C; 2
0.1uF

FIG 3.10:
Typical Connection of 78 x Series Regulat
Drop voltage = Vin- Vout
.18
FIXED NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (79 XX SERIESI
neA 9 XX series of fixed
output negative voltage regulators
series devices. These regulators available in same voltage options Fig 3.l1.
are complements to the

W the package types and pin numbering for 79 XX series. It may be noted that tne

n b e r I now acts as
ground, pin 2 as input and pin 3 acts as output
 3.10 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUI

GND Inpu
Output

GND |Output
Input

(a) Metal Package (b) Plastic Package

FIG 3.11 Package Type of 79 xx Series

The typical connection for 79 XX series are shown in Fig 3.12. Note that the order.
the terminals of 79 XX is not same as that for 78 XX series. The role of Ci and e
C, s
same as that discussed for 78 XX regulator.

V, Input 2 79 XX
3 Output
-V
unregulated input regulated output
(negative) GND
(negative)
0.33 uF Co
C 0.

FIG 3.12 Typical Conne ction of79 xx series

3.14 ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 317)
LM 317 series provides three terminal adjustable positive voltage regulators. The
standard packages used for LM 317 series are shown in Fig. 3. 13. This regulator has
three pins namely Vn, Vou and Adjustment (ADJ).

Input
Adjustment Vin
Adjustment

O Output
Adjustment
Case is output Adjustment
Vout Vin Vout Vin

FIG 3.13: Standard Package ofLM 317 Series

 rER-3Op-Amp Applieatiun
/cnaPrER/ Vn M17 VeRt 3.11
utput
InahAd 24%
voltage
Vin
unregu-

latcd
- Routput load
set)

FIG 3.14: LM 317 Regulator

Typical connection diagram for LM1317 reguiator is shown in Fig 3.13. LM 317 neuds
only
Tupical
twoc external resistors for setting the output voltage to the desired value When
in Fig. 3.13, 317 produces a
the LM
configuredas shown voltage of 1.25 V between its
output and
distnent terminals. This voltage is called as VREF
VeEF is a constant
current I, which flows
voltage. H e n dce the through R1 will also be constant. At this
tay
resistersets
urrent I1, it is called as current set or
progran resistor. Resistor R, is calle
vosistor. Current
output set resistor. through this resistor is the surn
of I and
as
Ip! From the
the expresion for output voltage as under
we Can write

V = R1 + (U1 +laDj) R2

VREE
When R

V VREF+ REE R2 lADJ R2

R

V VREF 1 R2+lADJRA2
R,J
Where VREF1.25V
As current lADJ is very small (of the order of 100uA), the second term in expression
can be neglected. Thus final expression to the output voltage is given by

V 1.25 1.R
 3. 12
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
1. Low Pass Filter
SUMMARRY
A
filter which
allows low
frequencies and rejects high
2. High Pass Filter A filter which
allows high
frequencies
3. Band Pass Filter: A frequencies and
rejects low frequencies
filter which allows
other frequencies only specific band of frequencies and
rejects al
4. 78XX : Three terminal fixed positive voltage regulator
5. 79XX: Three terminal fixed
negative voltage regulator
6. LM317 : Three
terminal adjustable positive voltage regulator

Short Type Questions:

REVEW QUESTIONS
1.
Explain the operation of fixed positive regulator using 78 XX series.
2. Explain the operation of fixed negative regulator using 79 XX series.
3. Explain the operation of
adjustable positive reguiator using LM 317 series.
4 List types of iC
regulators. (March April. 2016)
5. Distinguish between active fitters and passive fitter
6. Mention the merits of active fitter.
7. Explain gain bandwidth product.
8. Mention the conditions and
frequency of osillations for stable operation of RC Phase
shift osillations of when
bridge ossilators.
Essay Type Questions
1. Draw the circuit of OP-AMP Wien
bridge oscillator and explain its working. State the
conditions required for stable operation Wien
pf bridge oscillator.
(MarchApril. 2016)
2. Draw and explain the working of RC phase-shift oscillator with the help of a circuit
diagram. (March/April. 2016 : 2013, April/May. 2012)
3.
3 Explain the use of OP-AMP for
implementing active low-pass and high-pass filters o
first-order. (MarchApril. 2016)
4 Explain the operation of Transistor series
voltage regulator.
5.5 Explain the oeration of Transistor shunt voltage resulator.