Praktikum 11: Heap Data Structure

Heap data structure is a complete binary tree that satisfies the heap

property, where any given node is
 always greater than its child node/s and the key of the root node is
the largest among all other nodes. This property is also called max
heap property.
 always smaller than the child node/s and the key of the root node is
the smallest among all other nodes. This property is also called min
heap property.

Try this Max-Heap data structure example program in C

// Max-Heap data structure in C

#include <stdio.h>
int size = 0;
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp = *b;
*b = *a;
*a = temp;
}
void heapify(int array[], int size, int i)
{
if (size == 1)
{
printf("Single element in the heap");
}
else
{
int largest = i;
int l = 2 * i + 1;
int r = 2 * i + 2;
if (l < size && array[l] > array[largest])
largest = l;
if (r < size && array[r] > array[largest])
largest = r;
if (largest != i)
{
 swap(&array[i], &array[largest]);
heapify(array, size, largest);
}
}
}
void insert(int array[], int newNum)
{
if (size == 0)
{
array[0] = newNum;
size += 1;
}
else
{
array[size] = newNum;
size += 1;
for (int i = size / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(array, size, i);
}
}
}
void deleteRoot(int array[], int num)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
if (num == array[i])
break;
}

swap(&array[i], &array[size - 1]);

size -= 1;
for (int i = size / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(array, size, i);
}
}
void printArray(int array[], int size)
{
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
printf("%d ", array[i]);
printf("\n");
}
int main()
{
 int array[10];

insert(array, 3);
insert(array, 4);
insert(array, 9);
insert(array, 5);
insert(array, 2);

printf("Max-Heap array: ");

printArray(array, size);

deleteRoot(array, 4);

printf("After deleting an element: ");

printArray(array, size);
}

Fibonacci Heap
A fibonacci heap is a data structure that consists of a collection of trees
which follow min heap or max heap property. We have already
discussed min heap and max heap property in the Heap Data
Structure article. These two properties are the characteristics of the trees
present on a fibonacci heap.
In a fibonacci heap, a node can have more than two children or no children
at all. Also, it has more efficient heap operations than that supported by the
binomial and binary heaps.

The fibonacci heap is called a fibonacci heap because the trees are

constructed in a way such that a tree of order  n  has at least  F  nodes in it,
n+2

where  F  is the  (n

n+2 + 2)th  Fibonacci number.

Try this program example of operation on a Fibonacci heap in C

// Operations on a Fibonacci heap in C

#include <math.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct _NODE {

int key;
int degree;
struct _NODE *left_sibling;
struct _NODE *right_sibling;
struct _NODE *parent;
struct _NODE *child;
bool mark;
bool visited;
} NODE;

typedef struct fibanocci_heap {

int n;
NODE *min;
int phi;
int degree;
} FIB_HEAP;

FIB_HEAP *make_fib_heap();
void insertion(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *new, int val);
NODE *extract_min(FIB_HEAP *H);
void consolidate(FIB_HEAP *H);
void fib_heap_link(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *y, NODE *x);
NODE *find_min_node(FIB_HEAP *H);
void decrease_key(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *node, int key);
void cut(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *node_to_be_decrease, NODE *parent_node);
void cascading_cut(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *parent_node);
void Delete_Node(FIB_HEAP *H, int dec_key);

FIB_HEAP *make_fib_heap() {
FIB_HEAP *H;
H = (FIB_HEAP *)malloc(sizeof(FIB_HEAP));
H->n = 0;
H->min = NULL;
H->phi = 0;
H->degree = 0;
return H;
}

// Printing the heap

void print_heap(NODE *n) {
NODE *x;
 for (x = n;; x = x->right_sibling) {
if (x->child == NULL) {
printf("node with no child (%d) \n", x->key);
} else {
printf("NODE(%d) with child (%d)\n", x->key, x->child->key);
print_heap(x->child);
}
if (x->right_sibling == n) {
break;
}
}
}

// Inserting nodes
void insertion(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *new, int val) {
new = (NODE *)malloc(sizeof(NODE));
new->key = val;
new->degree = 0;
new->mark = false;
new->parent = NULL;
new->child = NULL;
new->visited = false;
new->left_sibling = new;
new->right_sibling = new;
if (H->min == NULL) {
H->min = new;
} else {
H->min->left_sibling->right_sibling = new;
new->right_sibling = H->min;
new->left_sibling = H->min->left_sibling;
H->min->left_sibling = new;
if (new->key < H->min->key) {
H->min = new;
}
}
(H->n)++;
}

// Find min node

NODE *find_min_node(FIB_HEAP *H) {
if (H == NULL) {
printf(" \n Fibonacci heap not yet created \n");
return NULL;
} else
return H->min;
}
// Union operation
FIB_HEAP *unionHeap(FIB_HEAP *H1, FIB_HEAP *H2) {
FIB_HEAP *Hnew;
Hnew = make_fib_heap();
Hnew->min = H1->min;

NODE *temp1, *temp2;

temp1 = Hnew->min->right_sibling;
temp2 = H2->min->left_sibling;

Hnew->min->right_sibling->left_sibling = H2->min->left_sibling;
Hnew->min->right_sibling = H2->min;
H2->min->left_sibling = Hnew->min;
temp2->right_sibling = temp1;

if ((H1->min == NULL) || (H2->min != NULL && H2->min->key < H1->min->key))

Hnew->min = H2->min;
Hnew->n = H1->n + H2->n;
return Hnew;
}

// Calculate the degree

int cal_degree(int n) {
int count = 0;
while (n > 0) {
n = n / 2;
count++;
}
return count;
}

// Consolidate function
void consolidate(FIB_HEAP *H) {
int degree, i, d;
degree = cal_degree(H->n);
NODE *A[degree], *x, *y, *z;
for (i = 0; i <= degree; i++) {
A[i] = NULL;
}
x = H->min;
do {
d = x->degree;
while (A[d] != NULL) {
y = A[d];
if (x->key > y->key) {
 NODE *exchange_help;
exchange_help = x;
x = y;
y = exchange_help;
}
if (y == H->min)
H->min = x;
fib_heap_link(H, y, x);
if (y->right_sibling == x)
H->min = x;
A[d] = NULL;
d++;
}
A[d] = x;
x = x->right_sibling;
} while (x != H->min);

H->min = NULL;
for (i = 0; i < degree; i++) {
if (A[i] != NULL) {
A[i]->left_sibling = A[i];
A[i]->right_sibling = A[i];
if (H->min == NULL) {
H->min = A[i];
} else {
H->min->left_sibling->right_sibling = A[i];
A[i]->right_sibling = H->min;
A[i]->left_sibling = H->min->left_sibling;
H->min->left_sibling = A[i];
if (A[i]->key < H->min->key) {
H->min = A[i];
}
}
if (H->min == NULL) {
H->min = A[i];
} else if (A[i]->key < H->min->key) {
H->min = A[i];
}
}
}
}

// Linking
void fib_heap_link(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *y, NODE *x) {
y->right_sibling->left_sibling = y->left_sibling;
y->left_sibling->right_sibling = y->right_sibling;
 if (x->right_sibling == x)
H->min = x;

y->left_sibling = y;
y->right_sibling = y;
y->parent = x;

if (x->child == NULL) {
x->child = y;
}
y->right_sibling = x->child;
y->left_sibling = x->child->left_sibling;
x->child->left_sibling->right_sibling = y;
x->child->left_sibling = y;
if ((y->key) < (x->child->key))
x->child = y;

(x->degree)++;
}

// Extract min
NODE *extract_min(FIB_HEAP *H) {
if (H->min == NULL)
printf("\n The heap is empty");
else {
NODE *temp = H->min;
NODE *pntr;
pntr = temp;
NODE *x = NULL;
if (temp->child != NULL) {
x = temp->child;
do {
pntr = x->right_sibling;
(H->min->left_sibling)->right_sibling = x;
x->right_sibling = H->min;
x->left_sibling = H->min->left_sibling;
H->min->left_sibling = x;
if (x->key < H->min->key)
H->min = x;
x->parent = NULL;
x = pntr;
} while (pntr != temp->child);
}

(temp->left_sibling)->right_sibling = temp->right_sibling;
 (temp->right_sibling)->left_sibling = temp->left_sibling;
H->min = temp->right_sibling;

if (temp == temp->right_sibling && temp->child == NULL)

H->min = NULL;
else {
H->min = temp->right_sibling;
consolidate(H);
}
H->n = H->n - 1;
return temp;
}
return H->min;
}

void cut(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *node_to_be_decrease, NODE *parent_node) {

NODE *temp_parent_check;

if (node_to_be_decrease == node_to_be_decrease->right_sibling)
parent_node->child = NULL;

node_to_be_decrease->left_sibling->right_sibling = node_to_be_decrease-
>right_sibling;
node_to_be_decrease->right_sibling->left_sibling = node_to_be_decrease-
>left_sibling;
if (node_to_be_decrease == parent_node->child)
parent_node->child = node_to_be_decrease->right_sibling;
(parent_node->degree)--;

node_to_be_decrease->left_sibling = node_to_be_decrease;
node_to_be_decrease->right_sibling = node_to_be_decrease;
H->min->left_sibling->right_sibling = node_to_be_decrease;
node_to_be_decrease->right_sibling = H->min;
node_to_be_decrease->left_sibling = H->min->left_sibling;
H->min->left_sibling = node_to_be_decrease;

node_to_be_decrease->parent = NULL;
node_to_be_decrease->mark = false;
}

void cascading_cut(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *parent_node) {

NODE *aux;
aux = parent_node->parent;
if (aux != NULL) {
if (parent_node->mark == false) {
parent_node->mark = true;
 } else {
cut(H, parent_node, aux);
cascading_cut(H, aux);
}
}
}

void decrease_key(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *node_to_be_decrease, int new_key) {

NODE *parent_node;
if (H == NULL) {
printf("\n FIbonacci heap not created ");
return;
}
if (node_to_be_decrease == NULL) {
printf("Node is not in the heap");
}

else {
if (node_to_be_decrease->key < new_key) {
printf("\n Invalid new key for decrease key operation \n ");
} else {
node_to_be_decrease->key = new_key;
parent_node = node_to_be_decrease->parent;
if ((parent_node != NULL) && (node_to_be_decrease->key < parent_node->key)) {
printf("\n cut called");
cut(H, node_to_be_decrease, parent_node);
printf("\n cascading cut called");
cascading_cut(H, parent_node);
}
if (node_to_be_decrease->key < H->min->key) {
H->min = node_to_be_decrease;
}
}
}
}

void *find_node(FIB_HEAP *H, NODE *n, int key, int new_key) {

NODE *find_use = n;
NODE *f = NULL;
find_use->visited = true;
if (find_use->key == key) {
find_use->visited = false;
f = find_use;
decrease_key(H, f, new_key);
}
if (find_use->child != NULL) {
 find_node(H, find_use->child, key, new_key);
}
if ((find_use->right_sibling->visited != true)) {
find_node(H, find_use->right_sibling, key, new_key);
}

find_use->visited = false;
}

FIB_HEAP *insertion_procedure() {
FIB_HEAP *temp;
int no_of_nodes, ele, i;
NODE *new_node;
temp = (FIB_HEAP *)malloc(sizeof(FIB_HEAP));
temp = NULL;
if (temp == NULL) {
temp = make_fib_heap();
}
printf(" \n enter number of nodes to be insert = ");
scanf("%d", &no_of_nodes);
for (i = 1; i <= no_of_nodes; i++) {
printf("\n node %d and its key value = ", i);
scanf("%d", &ele);
insertion(temp, new_node, ele);
}
return temp;
}
void Delete_Node(FIB_HEAP *H, int dec_key) {
NODE *p = NULL;
find_node(H, H->min, dec_key, -5000);
p = extract_min(H);
if (p != NULL)
printf("\n Node deleted");
else
printf("\n Node not deleted:some error");
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

NODE *new_node, *min_node, *extracted_min, *node_to_be_decrease, *find_use;
FIB_HEAP *heap, *h1, *h2;
int operation_no, new_key, dec_key, ele, i, no_of_nodes;
heap = (FIB_HEAP *)malloc(sizeof(FIB_HEAP));
heap = NULL;
while (1) {
 printf(" \n Operations \n 1. Create Fibonacci heap \n 2. Insert nodes into
fibonacci heap \n 3. Find min \n 4. Union \n 5. Extract min \n 6. Decrease key \n
7.Delete node \n 8. print heap \n 9. exit \n enter operation_no = ");
scanf("%d", &operation_no);

switch (operation_no) {
case 1:
heap = make_fib_heap();
break;

case 2:
if (heap == NULL) {
heap = make_fib_heap();
}
printf(" enter number of nodes to be insert = ");
scanf("%d", &no_of_nodes);
for (i = 1; i <= no_of_nodes; i++) {
printf("\n node %d and its key value = ", i);
scanf("%d", &ele);
insertion(heap, new_node, ele);
}
break;

case 3:
min_node = find_min_node(heap);
if (min_node == NULL)
printf("No minimum value");
else
printf("\n min value = %d", min_node->key);
break;

case 4:
if (heap == NULL) {
printf("\n no FIbonacci heap created \n ");
break;
}
h1 = insertion_procedure();
heap = unionHeap(heap, h1);
printf("Unified Heap:\n");
print_heap(heap->min);
break;

case 5:
if (heap == NULL)
printf("Empty Fibonacci heap");
else {
 extracted_min = extract_min(heap);
printf("\n min value = %d", extracted_min->key);
printf("\n Updated heap: \n");
print_heap(heap->min);
}
break;

case 6:
if (heap == NULL)
printf("Fibonacci heap is empty");
else {
printf(" \n node to be decreased = ");
scanf("%d", &dec_key);
printf(" \n enter the new key = ");
scanf("%d", &new_key);
find_use = heap->min;
find_node(heap, find_use, dec_key, new_key);
printf("\n Key decreased- Corresponding heap:\n");
print_heap(heap->min);
}
break;
case 7:
if (heap == NULL)
printf("Fibonacci heap is empty");
else {
printf(" \n Enter node key to be deleted = ");
scanf("%d", &dec_key);
Delete_Node(heap, dec_key);
printf("\n Node Deleted- Corresponding heap:\n");
print_heap(heap->min);
break;
}
case 8:
print_heap(heap->min);
break;

case 9:
free(new_node);
free(heap);
exit(0);

default:
printf("Invalid choice ");
}
}
}
Petunjuk:
- Lakukan praktikum dengan mempraktekan contoh-contoh
program di atas
- Compile dan jalankan setiap program tersebut, screenshot
hasil runningnya
- Buat laporan yang menyertakan listing program, screenshot
hasil running dan Penjelasan singkat untuk setiap program.