CARTHEL

Science Educational Foundation, Inc.

San Vicente, San Manuel, Tarlac
Phone Nos. 0936-974-2204 or 0915-746-2932
Email address:[email protected]

METHODS OF RESEARCH

DR. NATALIA A. GRANTOS

Professor

MODULE 1
 Terms Related to Research
Research – is derived from the old French word cerchier, meaning to “seek or search”. The prefix “re”
means again and signifies replication of the research.

Research (Webster) – is a studious inquiry or examination, investigation aimed at the discovery and
interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical
applications of such new or revised theories or laws.

Research ( Treece and Treece) –is an attempt to gain solutions to problems. It is the collection of data in
a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation.

R-ead

E- xemption evolve conceptual (facts)

S- tate the problem

E-stablish gathering data

A-nalyze

R-ecord

C-onduction

H-elp resolve the problem

Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical- based on own experience or observation
2. Logical - based on valid procedures or principles
3. Cyclical - starts with a problem and end with a problem
4. Analytical-
5. Replicability
6. Critical- needs precise judgment
7. Methodology

Rewards of Research
1. Rewards more than the monetary gains you will receive for the expended efforts.
2. Advancement of career.
3. Recognition of peers & authorities
4. Travel
5. Sense of personal achievement

Values of Research to Man

1. Research improves the quality of life.
2. Research improves instruction
3. Research improves students achievement
4. Research satisfies man’s needs.
5. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects.
6. Research reduces the burden of work.
7. Research improves the exportation of food products.

Difficulties of Research
 1. Needs a substantial amount of intellectual energy.
2. A high level of communication skills.
3. High degree of involvement & commitment
4. High degree of resourcefulness for funds, materials and other assistance.
5. Great personal sacrifice.
6. More courage when generating revolutionary and innovative ideas
- Lack of facilities, time, financial problem, lack of trained personnel, difficulty of recognizing
problems.
- Indifference of people to research.

Researcher- is a person who has an inquisitive mind, one who is not satisfied until he/she has achieved
his /her goal.

10 Qualities of a Good Researcher

1. R-esearch oriented
2. E-fficient
3. S-cientific
4. E-ffective
5. A-ctive
6. R-esourceful
7. C-reative
8. H-onest
9. E-conomical
10. R-eligious

Characteristics of A Researcher
1. Intellectual curiosity

2. Creative Thinking

3. Critical Thinking

4. Ability to relate their study to a known theory, and through scholarly thinking, to articulate
this in a precise and organized manner.

5. Patience

6. Intellectual honesty

7. A sense of Humor

8. Prudence

9. Open mindedness

10. Healthy Skepticism/or Criticism

11. Objectivity

12. Fairness

13. Determination & Persistent

14. Keen Observer

15. Resourcefulness

16. Optimistic
TYPES OF RESEARCH
A. According to Purpose
1. Basic or Pure Research( Fundamental Research-
-to discover new knowledge or to test or to arrive at theory.
-aims to discover basic truths or principles.

2. Applied Research- involve new applications of scientific knowledge in solving a problem,

making a decision, developing or evaluating a program, procedure or product.

3. Action Research- this is a decision-oriented involving the application of steps of the scientific
method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.

B. According to Setting or Venue

1. Library research – all data needed for the research are in the library.

2. Laboratory Research –research is conducted in the laboratory

3. Field Research – research in a natural venue.

C. According to Subject Area

1. Psychological Research

2. Educational Research

3. Business Research

4. Behavioral Research

5. Philosophical Research

6. Chemical Research

7. Biological Research

8. Others

D. According to Method

1. Historical Research

2. Descriptive Research

3. Experimental Research

4. Case Study Research

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH

1. Subjects of research have the right to informed consent.
2. Subjects have the right to confidentiality.
3. Subjects have the right to withdraw from participation.
4. Subjects have the right to expect researcher’s responsibility.
5. The researcher have a social and scientific responsibility.

THE VARIABLE
- It is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or magnitude
under different conditions.
- A measurable or potentially measurable component of an object or event that may fluctuate
or differ in quantity or quality from one individual object or event to another individual
object or event of the same general class.

TYPES OF VARIABLE

1. Independent Variable – This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to
determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. It is manipulated
Example: When the researcher wishes to determine the effect of academic rank on the
research performance of professors.
2. Dependent variable determine the effect of the independent variable.
Example: A researcher wishes to determine the effect of academic rank on the research
performance of the professors. The dependent variable is research performance
because it changes as a result of variations in academic rank. If the academic rank is
high, what happens to research performance? If academic rank is low, what happens to
research performance?
3. Moderate Variable- This is a secondary or special type independent variable chosen by the
researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships between the
independent and dependent Variables.
Example ; If the researcher wishes to determine the effects of the independent variable
A on the dependent variable B, but suspects that a third factor C changes or modifies
the relationship between A and B, the C is considered as the moderator variable.
4. Control Variable- This is a variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the effects
can be neutralized by removing the variable.
Example : The researcher wishes to determine the effects of independent variable A on
dependent variable B. He may remove Variable D to neutralize the effects. The control
Variable will guarantee that it will not have a moderating effect on the relationship
between A and B.
5. Intervening Variable- This is variable which interferes with independent and dependent
variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent
variables.
Example : A researcher wishes to the determine how A ( independent Variable will affect B
( dependent Variable ). It is possible that F (intervening variable) might have an effect on B.

Module 2
 COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Problem/Objectives
2. Hypotheses
3. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
4. Assumptions
5. Review of Related Literature
6. Research Design
7. Data Collection
8. Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
9. Analysis and Interpretation
10. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations.

RESEARCH PROBLEM
Five Factors to consider to determine in selecting researchable problem

1. The problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the problem.
2. The solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques
3. There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested
4. The occurrence of phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive precise solution.
5. Serious needs/problems of the people where it demands research.

The research problem must be stated clearly , specific and expressed in interrogative form .
Research should focus on INVEST-HARVEST principle. Meaning, the researcher invests or spend
money , therefore he harvests or gains money.
Example: “ Educational Qualification and Performance of Teachers in CARTHEL Science Educational
Foundation, Inc. “

The specific problems are:

What is the mean educational qualifications of teachers in CARTHEL Science Educational Foundation,
Inc. ?

1. What is the mean performance of the teachers in CARTHEL Science Educational Foundation,
Inc. ?
2. Is there a significant difference on the educational qualification and performance of teachers
in CARTHEL Science Educational Foundation, Inc. in relation to age, gender, civil status,
experience, and academic rank? (Alternative Hypothesis)
3. There is no significant difference on the educational qualification and performance of teachers
in CARTHEL Science Educational Foundation, Inc. in relation to age, gender, civil status,
experience, and academic rank? ( Null Hypothesis)

Characteristics of a Research Problem (SMART)

1. Specific
2. Measurable
3. Attainable/Achievable
4. Realistic
5. Time- bound

Criteria of a Good Research Problem

1. Interesting
2. Innovative
3. Cost-Effective
4. Relevant to the needs and problems of the people
5. Relevant to government’s thrusts
6. Measurable and time-bound

Sources of Research Problem

1. Specialization of the researcher

2. Current and past researches
3. Recommendations from theses, dissertations, and research journals
4. Original and creative ideas of the researcher based on the problems met in the locality
and country.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

o It is defined as “statement of purpose for which the investigation is to be

conducted”
o It is a guide to be accomplished by the researcher in conducting his research project.

Characteristics of Research Objectives (SMART)

1. Specific
2. Measurable
3. Achievable
4. Realistic
5. Time-bound

The research objectives are stated in declarative form.

 Example: Problem :The main purpose of this study is to determine Educational Qualification
and Performance of Teachers in CARTHEL Science Educational Foundation, Inc. .“

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following research objectives;

1. To determine the mean educational qualifications of teachers in CARTHEL Science

Educational Foundation, Inc..
2. To determine the mean performance of the teachers in CARTHEL Science Educational
Foundation, Inc. .
3. To find out if there is a significant difference on the educational qualification and
performance of teachers in CARTHEL Science Educational Foundation, Inc. in relation to
age, gender, civil status, experience, and academic rank.

THE HYPOTHESES

o It is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain

the observed facts covered by the study.

Purposes of Hypotheses

1. Guides the researcher to describe the procedure to follow in conducting the study.
2. It tells the researcher what to do and how to go about solving a research problem.
3. To guide the researcher on the kind of data to collect.

Types of Hypothesis

1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) – it is the denial of an existence of a trait, characteristic, quality,

value, correlation or difference of the result. This prefers by the researches because it
can be easily accepted or rejected.

2. Alternative (H1)- it is the opposite extreme of the null hypothesis . It is stated in a

positive form.
o It is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomenon.

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Theoretical Framework – shapes the justification of the research problem/research objectives

in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters.

- It is desirable for researcher for an investigator to identify key concepts that are used in the
study for better understanding of the role of theory in research.
- It is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their
relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates.

Theoretical Framework – is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws,
variables and their relations that explains and predicts how an observed phenomenon exists and
cooperates. An investigator is needed to formulate existing theories which link the study
because theories are useful devise for analyzing, interpreting, criticizing , unifying established
scientific laws and facts that guide finding new generation.
 Conceptual Framework – presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called
constructs. Its function is similar to theoretical framework because the constructs used are
derived from abstract concepts of the theoretical framework.

Example:

Level Independent Variables Intervening Variables Dependent Variables

Theoretical Academic Rank Values Performance

Conceptual Carthel Professors Attitudes Outstanding

Professor towards work, Very Satisfactory

Associate Professor Socioeconomic Satisfactory

Asst. Professor Status, Age Fair

Instructor Civil Status, Gender Unsatisfactory

Assumptions – are presumed to be true statements of facts related to the research problem.
They are clearly stated to give readers of research papers, theses, dissertations,
research projects foundation to form conclusions resulting from assumptions.

Not all studies have an assumption in their study because some of these are included in
the background of the study.

Significance of the study

The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in relation to

a. Solving the problem and need

b. Bridging a knowledge gap
c. Improving social, economic and health conditions
d. Enriching research instruments, methods and strategies
e. Supporting government thrusts.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Contents of the Scope and limitations of the Study

1. Coverage of the study area

2. The subjects
3. The research apparatus
4. Equipment or instrument
5. The research issues and concerns
6. The duration of the study
7. The constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the study.

Definition of Terms

This is the last section of the thesis, dissertation, and research paper in Chapter 1. It should not be more
than fifteen terms because this part is for the glossary.

Two ways of defining the key terms used in the study.

It should be alphabetically arrange:

a. Conceptual definition- the definition of terms are based on concepts or hypothetic ones which
are usually taken from the dictionary, encyclopedia and published journals.
b. Operational definition – the definition of terms are based on observable characteristics and
how it is used in the study.
 It is advisable that the researcher should use two ways in defining the terms to make the
meaning clear. The operational definition is preferable when defining technical terms.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 2 ( Review of Related Literature)- the second major component of a research paper, thesis or
dissertation. This includes the legal bases, literature, and studies with relevant implications to the
present study.

Purposes of Review of Related Literature

1. To determine the similarities and differences of the past studies.

2. To gain insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.

Related – means legal bases, literature, and studies which have direct bearing or relation to the present
study.

Four sections/ Parts of Review of Related literature

1. Review of Related legal bases- is taken from the constitution, laws, orders, circulars,
memorandums, department orders directives, charters, resolutions and many others which
have direct bearing to the present study.
2. Review of Related Literature – (LOCAL & FOREIGN)
Literature- may be defined as written works collectively, especially those enduring importance,
exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill which are written in a particular period,
language, and subject.
- Any written materials published in book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, and
encyclopedia are considered as literature.
3. Review of Related Studies – (LOCAL & FOREIGN) is taken from published materials like books,
journals, novels, magazines, poetry, and many others which have relevance to the present
study.
4. Justification of the present study – the researcher should justify the bearing of the related
studies to the present study as well as the similarities and differences of the present study to the
related studies.

Review of related literature should be in chronological order either from present to past or past to
present . But it is advisable to present them from present to past.

Writing a Review of Related Literature

-It should be in a paragraph form

1. Introduction – overview of the research findings in the area. State the status of research in the
problem.

2. Body – illustrate the opening statement by citing the studies.

3. Conclusion- summing with and linkages with your own present study.

Preparing the Review Literature

1. Visit the library and gather pertinent materials for review.
2. Organizing the review
3. Consolidating ideas from various sources coherently in order to develop a meaningful review of
related literature.
4. Note-taking and documentation
 a. Summarizing-the authors ideas are shortened and expressed briefly, and maybe stated in
his/her own words.
b. Quoting – the author stated directly or verbatim
c. Paraphrasing – the author use his/her own words.
d. Acknowledging source of data and information by footnoting this and indicating cross
reference.
5. Presenting the Contents of the Review
6. Take note of the Fallacies in the review of literature

Guideposts in writing the review of related literature

1. The review should not be a mere collection of quotations.
2. Not merely a series of summaries or abstracts.
3. Must be a well integrated discussion of one or several variables of the problem under study.
4. Chronology is observed as the organizing principle
5. Setting is either local or international

6. Footnote or endnote all entries

Footnotes – are typed at the bottom of the page to which the reference of the literature is
made without burden to the narrative portion.

Endnotes – are placed at the end of the sentence of an article, chapter, book or essay instead
of placing them at the bottom of the page.

DOCUMENTATION in Research Paper, Thesis or Dissertation

Purpose: To determine if an investigator has consulted several research works as references.

Because a research paper, thesis and dissertation is valueless without documentation

Plagiarism –this is an act wherein the writer uses messages , ideas, writings, and statements
of others without giving due credit .
Purposes of Documentation
1. Acknowledging indebtedness
2. Establishing validity of evidence
3. Providing cross reference within the paper.
4. Amplifying ideas

Two kinds of Notes in Documenting Source

1. Endnotes – noted indicated at the end of the sentence.
2. Footnotes- notes at the foot of the page
Kinds of Note-taking
1. Direct quotation notes- ( Verbatim)- be accurate, complete, exact and not quote out
of context.
2. Indirect quotation notes – paraphrase or use your own words.
3. Summary notes- these are abstracts
4. Comments Notes- are your own comments

Differences between Endnotes and Footnotes

Endnotes Footnotes
 Easy to type  Difficult to type
  Simplier  More complicated
 More economical  Expensive
 No superscript  With Superscript
 Neat & systematic  Irregular
 No superscript  With Superscript
 Acceptable for research journal  Not acceptable for journal
publication publication
 No latin Abbreviation  with latin Abbreviation
Such as ibid, op cit, loc cit, etc. Such as ibid, op cit, loc cit, etc.

Endnotes – refers to notes indicated at the end of a sentence in parenthetical documentation format.

3 Types of Endnotes

1. Author , year format

2. Author, year –page format
3. Author, page format almost similar with author-year-page format

Footnotes – documents source materials which is placed at the foot or bottom of a page.

3 Types of Footnotes

1. Author year-material format

2. Author year-page format
3. Author –Latin Abbreviation format

5 Forms of Author-Latin Abbreviation Format

1. Ibid = means “ in the same place”. It is used to refer to the same reference material used by
the same author to avoid repetition.
Ex: footnotes 1,2,& 3 have the same reference material to the same author.
2. Op cit – means “ in the work cited. It is used when the same reference material to the same
author is cited not consecutively to different page to refrain from repetition.
Ex. Footnotes 1 & 3 have the same reference material to the same author but different page.
3. Loc cit – refers to “ the place cited “ and is used when the same author is cited not consecutively
in the same page.
4. Infra – refers to “after place cited ‘ and is applied when the same source material has been
discussed or stated after the page.
Ex. Infra, pp. 300-301
5. Supra – means “before place cited. It is used when the source has been cited and discussed
before the page.
Ex. Supra p.30

Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

1. Validity- means the degree to which a test or measuring instrument measures what it
intends to measure.
a. Soundness-what the test or questionnaire measures its effectiveness
b. How well it could be applied
2. Reliability – means the extent to which a “test is dependable, self-consistent and stable.
3. Usability – means the degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used by
teachers, researchers, supervisors and school managers without undue expenditure of time,
money and effort.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Chapter 3 of the Research paper, thesis or dissertation presents the methodology of the study.
Subtopics of Chapter 3
1. Research Design
2. Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey).
3. Sampling Design and Technique ( if sample survey)
4. The subjects
5. The Research Instrument
6. Validation of Research Instrument
7. Data Gathering Procedure
8. Data Processing Method
9. Statistical Treatment

RESEARCH DESIGNS /METHODS

1. Historical Method – focuses on the study of the past. It is a scientific critical inquiry of the
whole truth of past events using critical method in the understanding and interpretation of
facts which are applicable to current issues and problems.

Uses of Historical Research

a. Useful in searching through the past for solutions to contemporary problems and needs.
b. Used to throw light on the present.
c. Gives people a sense of continuity of the past to the present
d. Enables the communities to grasp their relationship with the past to the current issues.
e. Chronicles events of enduring worth which confer upon the individual consciousness of
unity and the feeling of importance of human achievement.

Steps of Historical Research

a. Collection of data with consideration of documents and remains or relics of primary and
secondary sources, of bibliographical ; procedure , and organization of materials.
b. Criticism of data collected , including the processes of external criticism and internal
criticism.
c. Presentation of the facts in readable form involving problems of organization, composition,
exposition, and interpretation.

Sources of Historical Research

A. Primary sources – documents & remains

B. Secondary sources- histories of education, bibliographies, encyclopedias and many
others.

2. Descriptive method – focuses study in the present situation ( What is) – the instruments
commonly used to gather data are questionnaires, and tests. However, interviews,
observation schedules, checklists, score cards and rating scales are also used.
- The purpose is to find new truth.
3. Experimental Method – it describes the future ( what will be) This type of research involves
the 7M’s ( Manpower, money, methods, materials, machinery & moment).
4. Case study method – describes the past, present & future.

Descriptive Design – the study focuses at the present condition.

Experiment Design – is a problem-solving approach that the study is described in the future on what will
be when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.

Case Study Design – is a problem solving technique wherein the study is described from the past,
present, and future. This is usually applied by guidance counselors, midwives, nurse, physicians,
psychologists, and educators.

DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE

-if sample survey is used due to large population, 100 or more , then the researcher has to determine
the sample size by using the formula :

Where Ss stands for the sample size; N, total number of population; V, Standard value (2.58) of one
percent level of probability with 0.99 reliability: Se, sampling error (0.01) and p, largest possible
proportion (0.50).

For instance, the total population of staff nurses in private and government hospitals in in Iloilo City is
900. To substitute formula (13.1). consider the illustration on the computation sample size on next page
300.

Thus, the sample size (ss) is 218 from a population of 900.

SAMPLING DESIGN AND TECHNIQUE

SAMPLING - is the method of getting a representative portion of a population.

Population- is the aggregate or total of objects, persons, families, species, or orders of plants and
animals.

Sampling is applicable if the population of the study is too large especially the 7 M’s ( Manpower,
money, materials, machinery, methods, moment, marketing of the researcher)

Advantages of Sampling

1. It saves time, money and effort.

2. It is more effective.
3. It is faster, cheaper and economical.
4. It is more accurate.
5. It gives more comprehensive information.

Disadvantages of Sampling

1. Sample data involve more care in preparing detailed sub classification due to small number of
subjects.
2. If the sampling plan is not correctly designed and followed, the results may be misleading.
3. Sampling requires an expert to conduct the study in an area. If this is lacking, the results can be
erroneous.
4. The characteristics to be observed may occur rarely in a population, for instance the teachers
over 30 years of teaching experience or teachers with outstanding performance.
5. Complicated sampling plans are laborious to prepare.

KINDS OF SAMPLING DESIGN

 1. Scientific Sampling – each member in the population is given an equal chance of being included
in the sample.
a. Restricted random sampling – involves certain restrictions intended to improve the validity
of the sample.
b. Unrestricted random sampling - this is the best random sampling design due to no
restrictions imposed, and every member in the population has equal chance of inclusion in
the sample.
c. Stratified Random sampling –this type of design divides first the population into two or
more strata.
d. Systematic Sampling – in this type of design the individuals in the population are arranged in
a methodical manner. For instance, alphabetical or chronological (age, experience or
academic rank)
e. Multistage sampling – this design is done in several stages. Ex.
Nationwide/regions/provinces/municipalities/barangay.
f. Cluster Sampling- the population is grouped into clusters or small units.
2. Non- Scientific Sampling – not all of the members in the population are given an equal chance of
being included in the sample.
a. Purposive sampling it is applied to those samples which are taken because they are the
most available.
b. Quota sampling – divides the population

THE SUBJECTS

-the researcher has to explain how and where the subjects are taken. The frequency, and the
percentage of the subjects must be presented.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

-the research instrument is either questionnaire, test, interview, checklist, observation or rating scale
must be described on how it is designed by the researcher. Each part of the research instrument is
explicitly stated.

INSTRUMENTS - tools in gathering data

INSTRUMENTATION – is the selection of the tool is depend on the variables.

Examples- questionnaires, tests, observation schedule, checklists, rating scales, interviews and others.

3 Qualities of Good Research Instruments

1. Validity – mean the degree to which a test or measuring instrument measures what it intends to
measure. There is veracity or truthfulness of the responses.
2. Reliability –means the extent to which a research instrument its dependable, consistent, and
stable.
3. Usability – means the degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used by
teachers, researchers and others.

OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE – is least reliable tool because of being subjective.
How to increase Observation
1. Segmentalize the phenomenon or activity to be observed.
a. Time
b. Population
c. Area
d. Variables / conditions to be observed
2. Use several trained observers
3. Make several observations
 4. Record facts rather than impression
5. Use recording devices when ethically possible
a. Tapes, cameras, videos etc.

Uses of Observation

1. We use observation because there is no substitute for it.

2. It is used when behavior is to be observed.

Types of Observation
1. Direct observation - or participant observation – the observer shares the same
milieu and is better acquainted with the subjects. The observer may be a member of
the group assigned to collect data while taking part in the activity of the subjects.
o Participant observation - The observer is a part of activity of the milleu

Types
a. Structured observation –these are done when the researcher has prior
knowledge of the phenomenon of interest.
b. Unstructured Observation – the researcher attempts to describe the events or
behavior with no preconceived ideas of what will be seen or observed.

Problems of Participant Observation

a. Problem of Entry
b. Problem of going “native”- refers to the ultimate immersion of the
person/observer to be one of the milieu of the study.
c. Problem of Exit
2. Indirect Observation – or non participant observation – The observer does not
share the same milieu with the subjects, and is not a member of the group of the
study.

QUESTIONNAIRE
It is the most common type of research instrument. It is a form prepared & distributed to secure
responses to questions that are intended to obtain information about condition or practices in which the
respondent is presumed to have knowledge.

Advantages in constructing questionnaire

1. Use in larger coverage
2. Responses are more candid
3. Responses are better considered
4. Less expensive
5. Confidentiality or anonymity is assured
6. Minimizes bias based on question phrasing modes or phrasing questions varies with different
respondents.
Disadvantage : It can not be used effectively with no read-no-write respondents.( Illiterate)

Constructing a questionnaire
1. Determine the information needed - knowledge that the respondents is interested
2. Determine the type or mode of questioning – open ended/ closed ended questions
3. Determine questionnaire layout – appealing to the eyes of the respondents like checklist,
rating scale etc.
4. Construct the items
a. List down all the items to be measured
b. Re-read and revise each item for validity and determine the sequence of items
 c. Submit the questionnaire for validation
d. Test or re-test for validity & reliability
e. Revise and make final copies

Organization of Questionnaire
1. Title of the questionnaire
2. Cover Letter – Dear respondents
a. Purpose
b. Why respondents are included ( benefits)
c. Confidentiality
d. Respondent’s cooperation and support must be emphasized
e. Explain the need for the respondents to answer all questions.
f. Date of retrieval of the questionnaire
 If the title is separated to the cover letter tell the respondents that you are going to collect
their responses.

3. Instructions
4. Items
5. Demographic information-must be placed at the end.

Characteristics of a good items in a questionnaire

1. No ego threatening questions
2. No barreled questions
3. Avoid or no complicated sentences
4. No abstraction ; be concrete
5. Use simple language

INTERVIEW
- A purposeful communication between at least 2 persons

Pointers for Interview

1. Make an appointment and keep it
2. Be prepared for the interview
3. Break “ the ice” by asking easy questions at the start
4. Keep the communication lines open by not talking too much.
5. Don’t be judgmental
6. Avoid embarrassing questions/ego threatening questions

Advantages for an Interview

1. Responses are broad and varied
2. Respondents can give complete answers if questions are well structured
3. Verbal and Non Verbal behavior can be observed
4. There is flexibility in questions asked and respondents reaction to these. ( spontaneous)

Disadvantages of an Interview
1. Time consuming and expensive
2. Schedule for interview may be difficult to make
3. Respondents answers may be influenced by the interviewers behavior
4. Interviewers needs training
5. The interviewer will record the answer.
VALIDATION OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

- Suggestions, corrections, and refinement of the draft must be explained thoroughly.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

- Having found the research instrument valid and reliable, the researcher proceeds to
ask permission and approval from the head of agency where the subjects are
employed.

DATA GATHERING METHOD

- After the retrieval of the questionnaires, the researcher tabulates and processes the
data either manually or by machine.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

- The statistical tools used to answer the research questions of the study must be
described and the formula must be presented and explained.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion three (3) forms

a. Textual Form- is the simplest method of presenting data when there are only few
numbers to be presented.
b. Tabular form – is the second method of presenting the results The data are
presented by means of statistical tables.
c. Graphical Form – is the third method in presenting the results in the Chapter 4 of a
research paper, thesis or dissertation.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 5 of research paper, thesis or dissertation presents the summary of findings,
conclusions and recommendations.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

- Summarizes the results

CONCLUSIONS

- Conclusions should be based on the findings of the study.

RECOMMENDATIONS

- Recommendations are based on the conclusions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Is the third to the last part of research paper, thesis or dissertation.

- This is a listing of source materials used in the study which the researcher has read
nor quoted brief statements and acknowledged.
- The surname of the authors are arranged in alphabetical order.
- This page follows the recommendations and is placed at the middle heading of a
page and in all capital letters.

Functions of Bibliography
1. To give the reader the scope of the research paper.
2. To determine if a particular work has been used.
3. To provide the reader foundation for further research.
4. To allow the readers to find out easily the full bibliography information for materials
referred to in parenthetical notes where only the name of the author and year are
given, for instance, (Calmorin, 2004).
5. To give necessary descriptive details for the source materials as a whole in order
that original statements can be located and consulted by the readers.

APPENDIX
- An appendix is second to the last section of a research paper, thesis or dissertation
which includes the questionnaire, letter of transmittal, verbatim comments of the
respondents, original data, summary, tabulations and computations of data,
computer print outs, tables that contain data lesser importance, supporting legal
documents such as department orders, circulars, memoranda and many others.
- They must be subdivided according to logical classification APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B,
APPENDIX C and so on.
CURRICULUM VITAE
- Curriculum Vitae is the last section of research paper, thesis or dissertation.
- This is placed at the middle heading of a page and is written in all capital letters.
- This is categorized into:
1. Personal Information – name, birthdate, birthplace, civil status, spouse
2. Educational Qualifications-year completed, course, school
3. Civil Service Eligibilities
4. Experience- year employed, position, Agency
5. Honors/Awards Received-Academic Honors, Local/Regional Awards, National Awards,
International Awards
6. Scholarships, Grants Received
7. Researches conducted
8. Publications-books, published researches, published articles
9. Membership in Professional and Scientific Organizations
10. Seminars/ Trainings/Workshops attended