FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECRONICS ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF OVERVOLAGE PROTECTION

NJOROGE DINAH WANJIRU

EEEE/01934/2019

EEEE 393 PROJECT

COORDINATOR; MR PETER GITIRI

A project proposal submitted in partial fullfilment of the award of diploma in technology in

electrical and electronics engineering electronic and communication option

June 2022

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 DECLARATION;

This project is submitted as my original work and has not been presented in any other university for the
qualification of a diploma or otherwise

Signature;……………………………………………… date;
……………………………………

Student;Dinah Wanjiru

This proposal has been submitted for examination with approval as the university supervisor

Name……………………………………….Signature………………………………………
Date………………………………………..

Project Supervisor

Name……………………………………….Signature…………………………………….Date…………
……………………………………….

Project Coordinator

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 ABSTRACT

Overvoltage prevent damage to the electronic components. The impact of an over-voltage

condition varies from one circuit to the other and ranges from damaging the components to
degrading the components and causing circuit malfunctions or fire.Voltage fluctuations in
electric power supply certainly have adverse effects on connected loads. These fluctuations can
be of over voltage and under voltages which are caused by several reasons like voltage surges,
overload, etc. Over voltages are the voltages that exceed the normal or rated values which cause
insulation damage to electrical appliances leading to short circuits.Although, all the over voltage
stresses are not strong enough to damage insulation of system, but still these over voltages also
to be avoided to ensure the smooth operation of electrical power system. Generally, fuse or MCB
is used for overvoltage protection, however in this project, our aim is to make a circuit which can
perform better than a fuse or MCB and overcome the limitations of the most primary safety
devices mentioned above.

We’ll use a ener dide overvoltage protection circuit ;this method is a more straightforward one,
wherein the circuit is designed to cut off the power to the load side when the voltage exceeds the
given set-values.

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Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................3
1 CHAPTER 1;.......................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................5
1.1 background information....................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem statement............................................................................................................................5
1.3 Proposed solution...........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Justification....................................................................................................................................5
1.5 objectives.........................................................................................................................................5
1.5.1 main objective............................................................................................................................5
1.5.2 specific objectives......................................................................................................................5
1.5.3 Specifications..............................................................................................................................6
2 Chapter 2; Methodology......................................................................................................................7
2.1 Design..............................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Construction.....................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Testing..............................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 3;Expected results /outputs............................................................................................................7
3.1 results/outputs...................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Budget...............................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Project schedule.................................................................................................................................8
3 References...........................................................................................................................................8

Figure 1;DIAGRAM OF OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION SYSTEM

FIGUR 2 ; BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

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1 CHAPTER 1;

INTRODUCTION
1.1 background information
Decades ago, when OVP first started to be used on our power supply, the OVP setting was fixed. It was
internally set to maybe 10% or 20% above the maximum rated output of the power supply. Later, the
power supply user had the ability to crudely control the setting of the OVP by turning a potentiometer
accessible through a hole in the front panel (Electrical Technology, n.d.). The OVP range was typically
adjustable from about 20% to 120% of the maximum rated output voltage of the power supply. When this
feature first became available, it was offered as an add-on option for some power supply models. Later
still, the front panel manually-adjustable OVP became standard on most high-performance power
supplies. With advances in electronics, the OVP adjustability was moved deeper inside the supply and
controlled with a DAC. Today, OVP is included in nearly every power supply. (A. Kapoor, 2013)

1.2 Problem statement

Most power supplies use an over-voltage protection circuit to prevent damage to the electronic
components. The impact of an over-voltage condition varies from one circuit to the other and ranges from
damaging the components to degrading the components and causing circuit malfunctions or fire. An over-
voltage condition might occur in the power supply due faults inside the supply, or from external causes
such as those in the distribution lines. The magnitude and duration of the over-voltage are some of the
major considerations when designing an effective protection

1.3 Proposed solution

when the voltage exceeds a preset level. Most power supplies use an over-voltage protection circuit to
prevent damage to the electronic components. They offer some form of overvoltage-protect (OVP) circuit
to detect and then quickly pull down the overvoltage. When the voltage exceed the rated maximum
breakdown voltage. (Components 101, n.d.)

1.4 Justification
Every circuit design operates at various voltage levels, with 3.3V, 5V, and 12V being the most common
voltage levels for a digital circuit. But every design is special, and having more than one operating
voltage is also normal for a circuit. If a low-power device is operated by a high voltage, the component
will be permanently impaired if various voltage levels are used to power different types of components.
Therefore, to avoid over-voltage harm, the designer should always concentrate on implementing an over-
voltage security circuit in their designs.

1.5 objectives
1.5.1 main objective
Design , construction , implementation and testing an overvoltage circuit

1.5.2 specific objectives

• Power is first supplied to the circuit through a power supply system

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• Succesfully connet a regulator circuit which will regulate the amount of voltage

• Connect the regulator to a swithing device which cutsoff supply to the load once the volage has
exceed the desired value

• Connect the swiching to the load.The electrical load is a device that consumes electrical energy in
the form of the current and transforms it into other forms like heat, light, work, etc.

PO
POWER
REGULATION SWITCHING LOAD
SOURC
SUPPLY

OUTPUT
FIGURE ONE;BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION SYSTEM

DIODE BRIDGE FILTERING/SMOOTHING

AC MAINS
RECIFIER CIRCUIT

OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

FIGURE 2;BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1.5.3 Specifications
REGULATION ;

Here regulation of the voltage is done by a zener diode. The Zener diode will act as a close circuit and
protect the load from overvoltage.

SWITCHING;

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Switching is carried out by transistors. Transistors act as a variable current switch, the transistor can
control the output current based on the input voltage. (Tutorials point, n.d.)

LOAD;

The electrical load will consumes electrical energy in the form of the current and transforms it into other
forms like heat, light, work, etc.

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 Chapter 2; Methodology
2.1 Design
The choice of power audio amplifiers will be guided by the following ;

 High voltage gain

 High input gain
 Less power drains
 Cost effective

The power supply will be designed according to the following;

 Regulated power supply

 Supply voltage of between 9-12v
 Have an appropriate voltage regulator preferably 12v
 Involve a filter circuit to remove the ripples
 Bridge rectifier

2.2 Construction
The constitution of the system will be done on a semipermanent surface and different parts of the system
tested separately to ensure they give the expected results before transferring to a PCB

2.3 Testing
Testing will be done in a step-by-step order.This means that while constructing each module testing will
be done to ensure results are obtained before exceeding further after all modules have been integrated
together ,testing will be done again to ensure final expected outputs have been achieved

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 Chapter 3;Expected results /outputs
3.1 results/outputs
We expect that the power supply will give a voltage between 5-12v. We also expect the LED to go off
once the voltage has exceeded the desired quantity.

3.2 Budget
Component Quantity Cost
Diode 1 100
Resistor 4 40
Load 1 25
Transistor 2 100
Capacitor 3 30
Voltage 1 100
regulator
Transformers 1 400
Diode 4 40

3.3 Project schedule

teating implementation design research planning

Chart Title
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2
September 0
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0

0
1
August 0
0
0

0
0
August 3
0
0

0
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july 0
3
0
9
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july 0
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2 References
A. Kapoor, I. S. (2013). "Rolling Contact fatigue(RCF) in Encyclopedia of tribology". Boston.

Components 101. (n.d.). Retrieved December 7, 2017, from https//www.components101.com/article/

Electrical Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https//www.electricaltechnology.org

Tutorials point. (n.d.). Retrieved July 7, 2012, from https//www.tutorialspoint.com/transistorasaswitch/

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