Submitted by: Eda, Aiko Divine G. PHY11-2/C1 Submitted to: Ms.

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o Midland Radio COMBO115-KIT Emergency Hand crank Two-way GMRS Radio with Handheld Rechargeable NOAA SAME Weather Alert Radio
Includes (XT511 and HH54VP2) - Base Camp Handcrank Rechargeable AM/FM Two-way GMRS Radio with Handheld Microphone and Handheld Rechargeable (Handcrank, by using XT511, or AC Power) NOAA SAME Weather Alert Radio. The XT511 Base Camp Radio combines the emergency power of a Dynamo Crank with GMRS 2-way radio technology. The XT511 is ideal for hiking or camping enthusiasts as an essential precautionary tool for any emergency situation. Compatible with other FRS/GMRS radios. The HH54VP2 is the only rechargeable handheld NOAA Weather Alert Radio with SAME in the market.Using the XT511's ability to charge the included BATT5R Rechargeable Battery, you can have non-stop power for your weather alert radio.

HISTORY:
NOAA Weather Radio is a service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. As the "Voice of the National Weather Service", it provides continuous broadcasts of the latest weather information from local National Weather Service offices. Weather messages are repeated every 4 to 6 minutes, and are routinely updated every 1 to 3 hours or more frequently in rapidly changing local weather, or if a nearby hazardous environmental condition exists. The service operates 24 hours daily. The regular broadcasts are specifically tailored to weather information needs of the people within the service area of the transmitter. For example, in addition to general weather information, stations in coastal areas provide information of interest to mariners. Other specialized information, such as hydrological forecasts and climatologically data, may be broadcast. During severe weather, National Weather Service forecasters can interrupt the routine weather broadcasts and insert special warning messages concerning imminent threats to life and property. The forecaster can also add special signals to warnings that trigger "alerting" features of specially equipped receivers. This is known as the tone alert feature, and acts much like a smoke detector in that it will alarm when necessary to warn of an impending hazard. Currently, all receivers equipped with the tone alert feature within the listening area will alarm when a warning is issued. However, in the future, only receivers located in the warned area (normally a specific county or counties) will alarm. This feature is referred to as Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME), and will be the primary activator for the new Emergency Alert System currently being implemented by the Federal Communication Commission. Under a January 1975 White House policy statement, NOAA Weather Radio was designated the sole government-operated radio system to provide direct warnings into private homes for both natural disasters and nuclear attack. This concept is being expanded to include warnings for all hazardous conditions that pose a threat to life and safety, both at a local and national level. NOAA Weather Radio currently broadcasts

from over 400 FM transmitters on seven frequencies in the VHF band, ranging from 162.400 to 162.550 megahertz (MHz) in fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and Saipan. These frequencies are outside the normal AM or FM broadcast bands. Special radios that receive only NOAA Weather Radio, both with and without the tone alert feature, are available from several manufacturers. The radios can usually be found at most department and electronics stores. In addition, other manufacturers are including NOAA Weather Radio as a special feature on an increasing number of receivers. NOAA Weather Radio capability is currently available on some automobile, aircraft, marine, citizens band, and standard AM/FM radios, as well as communications receivers, transceivers, scanners, and cable TV. By nature and by design, NOAA Weather Radio coverage is typically limited to an area within 40 miles of the transmitter. The quality of what is heard is dictated by the distance from the transmitter, local terrain, and the quality and location of the receiver. In general, those on flat terrain or at sea, using a high quality receiver, can expect reliable reception far beyond 40 miles. Those living in cities surrounded by large buildings, and those in mountain valleys, with standard receivers may experience little or no reception at considerably less than 40 miles. If possible, a receiver should be tested in the location where it will be used prior to purchase. NOAA Weather Radio is directly available to approximately 70 to 80 percent of the U.S. population. The National Weather Service is currently engaged in a program to increase coverage to 95 percent of the population.

USES:
Weather radio is a must-have when the weather takes a turn for the worst. Having a radio with both an electrical connection and a battery backup, will allow you to keep up to date on the changing weather conditions.

o Sump Pump
Pump used to remove water that has accumulated in water collecting sump pit, commonly found in the basement of homes. The water may enter via the perimeter drains of abasement waterproofing system, funneling into the pit or because of rain or natural ground water, if the basement is below the water table level. Sump pumps are used where basement flooding happens regularly and to remedy dampness where the water table is above the foundation of a home. Sump pumps send water away from a house to any place where it is no longer problematic, such as a municipal storm drain or a dry well.

HISTORY:
Houses used to be built on lots where the ground was not totally flat. The home builder used this to his advantage to drain water away from the house using simple principles of gravity. A sump pit with a drain pipe leading outside was often built into the floor of the basement to allow groundwater to seep in and drain away without the floor ever getting wet. Other systems were also used, but all without electric pumps. Today, people use electric water pumps to force the water out, as the engineering involved to create a drainage system simply with gravity is too complex and expensive with modern building lots.

USES:
Must-have when the severe storms produce widespread heavy rains and flooding conditions. There are standard sump pumps that connect to 110-volt outlets and are great when the power is on. But if the power fails, your sump pump is dead in the water, literally! That is, of course, unless you have a battery-backup sumps pump. These automatically switch to run off of a battery in case of power failure. Although they won't run forever, they can buy you time to get a generator connected and save your basement or crawl space from filling up with water in the meantime.

TYPES:
"Sump" refers to a below ground well or pit. There are hand pumped simple mechanisms that will remove small amounts of water, such as those used in boats. Usually when sump pumps are talked about, most people refer to two types: a submerged pump or a pedestal pump. Both have an electric motor and a float switch. The difference between the two is one sits above ground and has a pipe that goes down to the bottom of the pit, while the other has a watertight housing and sits at the bottom of the pit or well.

o Portable Generator

Portable generators are widely used to provide electric power in remote locations and during emergencies when the power supplied by utility companies is not available. Technically, portable generators are actually engine-generator sets, or gensets. The term "generator" has become the commonly used name, even though it names only one part of the engine/generator combination. These devices work by creating mechanical energy with a fuel-driven engine, then converting this mechanical energy into electrical energy. Most small generators use gasoline for fuel.

HISTORY:
Portable generators make use of a principle discovered in 1831 by a scientist named Michael Faraday. This principle is called "electromagnetic induction." Faraday found that an electric current is created when a copper wire is moved through a stationary magnetic field. The reverse is also true; a moving magnetic field causes electric current to flow in a stationary copper wire. This is how a portable generator works; it rotates a pair of magnets within a stationary copper coil.

USES:
Portable generators have become something we cannot live without. With the frequency of storms and the number of power outages we all face each year, these generators make life go on like a storm never happened. Severe storms often cause power outages and downed power lines from ice storms, high winds, and lightning strikes. With portable generators,you can supply power to homes and keep essential things running like refrigerators, freezers, furnaces, wells, and sump pumps.

o Portable Heater
The Mr. Heater Portable Buddy Propane Heater MH9B is a new generation propane convection heater. First off, it's lightweight--less than 8 pounds--and an offset carrying handle makes it easy to carry. It's also suitable for indoor heating, such as during power outages. It can heat up to a 200 square feet of space, but you must run a fuel hose in from the outdoors if you want to use it with a 20-pound propane tank. Recreational uses for the Mr. Buddy heater include heating of fishing huts, hunting blinds, tents, and cabins. The unit has a builtin port for a 1-pound propane tank (about a 3-hour supply) for which there are no hoses to bother with; the tank screws directly into the unit. The Mr. Heater Portable Buddy Propane Heater MH9B is equipped with several safety features, including a low-oxygen sensor that automatically shuts off the unit, a wire guard to keep combustible materials from the flame, and piezo spark ignition for added safety.

HOW DO THESE WORK?

A simple propane torch that is lit with a match will produce heat but since that's not its primary purpose the torch is not an efficient heater. A number of features are incorporated into a propane heater that direct the flame into a more efficient pattern for heating purposes and make the heater more convenient to use.

USES:
Storms often hit during the winter and may knock out power to your heater. Some heaters use propane, natural gas, or electricity to generate heat. If you have a generator to power an electric heater, they provide a great temporary heat source. These heaters often come with a safety anti-tip switch that will turn the unit off if it happens to be tiiped on its side. Natural gas and propane heaters can provide a great source of heat but should be well ventilated. While some units require vents, others are non-vented and extreme caution should be used so as not to gas yourself out.

o Segway Human Transporter

What was once a mysterious invention created by Dean Kamenthat had everyone speculating as to what it was - is now known as the Segway Human Transporter, the first self-balancing, electricpowered transportation machine. The Segway Human Transporter is a personal transport device that uses five gyroscopes and a built-in computer to remain upright. The Unveiling It was unveiled to the public on December 3, 2001 in Bryant Park (NYC) on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America. The first Segway Human Transporter used no brakes and did a nifty 12 mph. The speed and direction (including stopping) were controlled by the rider shifting weight and a manual turning mechanism on one of the handlebars. The initial public demonstrations showed that the Segway could travel smoothly across pavement, gravel, grass, and small obstacles. Dynamic Stabilization Dean Kamen's team developed a breakthrough technology the company termed "Dynamic Stabilization," which is the essence of the Segway. Dynamic Stabilization enables Segway self-balancing emulation to work seamlessly with the body's movements. Gyroscopes and tilt sensors in the Segway HT monitor a user's center of gravity about 100 times a second. When a person leans slightly forward, the Segway HT moves forward. When leaning back, the Segway moves back. One battery charge (cost of ten cents) lasts 15 miles and the 65-pound Segway HT can run over your toes without causing you harm. The United States Postal Service, the National Park Service and the City of Atlanta field tested the invention. The consumer was able to buy the Segway in the year 2003 at the initial cost of $3,000. Segway produced three distinct initial models: the i-series, the e-series, and the p-series. However, in 2006 Segway discontinued all previous models and announced their second-generation designs; i2 and x2, that also allowed users to steer by leaning the handlebars to the right or left, which matched the leaning forward and backward to accelerate and decelerate.

o Solar Panel
Solar panel (photovoltaic panel) is a

module or photovoltaic

packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Because a single solar panel can only produce a limited amount of power, many installations contain several panels. This is known as a photovoltaic array. A photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter,batteries and interconnection wiring. Photovoltaic systems are used for either on- or off-grid applications, and on spacecraft.

HISTORY:
.

A solar cell converts light to electricity using photovoltaic technology. In 1839 Antoine-Cesar Becquerel discovered that light creates a bit of voltage when it strikes an electrode. The technology has since developed to the point that solar cells have become a viable, if still rather expensive, clean energy source.
Solar cells tied together into large panels are capable of generating significant amounts of energy.

First Solar Cell Charles Fritts built the first working solar cell in 1883, 44 years after Becquerel's pioneering work. Fritts created a gold-coated selenium semiconductor, from which he was able to extract a tiny amount of electric current. The cells were impractical power sources as they converted less than one percent of sunlight to electricity.

Space Applications In the late 1950s, Cherry and Mandelorn, working through the U.S. Signal Corps labs, helped develop workable solar cells for orbital applications. Hoffman Electronics created more efficient cells that were used on the Vanguard 1 space satellite to power its radios. Solar cells remain the only practical power source for orbital satellite platforms.

Turn of the Century As the 20th century ended, the U.S. Department of Energy sponsored a string of multimegawatt demonstration power projects and funded the development of applications, ranging from solar-powered vehicles to aircraft to solar homes. Alvin Marks' patented Lepcon and Lumeloid thin-film solar technology allowed the manufacture of lightweight solar cells. These metal-and-plastic cells are more durable and less expensive than earlier solar cells, and a turn of the century boom in solar technology ensued. Promising new technologies include discrete cell, single silicon cells as thin as 200 microns with nearly 30 percent efficiency. Other technologies include multi-crystalline silicon, which is much less expensive but still reaches 18-percent efficiency. Integrated thin film technology can reach 17.7-percent efficiency and be made small and light enough to power small electronic devices. THEORY/CONSTRUCTION: Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate). The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. Crystalline silicon is a commonly used semiconductor. In order to use the cells in practical applications, they must be:
 

connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system protected from mechanical damage during manufacture, transport, installation and use (in particular against hail impact, wind and snow loads). This is especially important for wafer-based silicon cells which are brittle.

protected from moisture, which corrodes metal contacts and interconnections, and for thin-film cells the transparent conductive oxide layer, thus decreasing performance and lifetime.

Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.

Types of Panels
Photovoltaic panels are made into solar tiles, roofing shingles, terra cotta and the modular "boxy" roof-mounted panels, as well as free-standing designs. Aesthetics are a consideration for many homeowners.

o Electrical Relay
Switch which is under the control of another circuit. A classic example of an electrical relay is the system used to start a car. When someone turns an ignition key, the ignition does not interact directly with the car battery. Instead, it activates an electrical relay which passes the signal on so that the car can start. There are a number of reasons for setting the system up that way, and they will be discussed below

HISTORY:
The earliest electrical relays were developed in the 1830s, as people began to recognize that such switches could be extremely useful. Historically, electrical relays were often made with electromagnets, which continue to be used today, although for some applications solid state relays are preferred. They key difference between electromagnetic and solid state options is that electromagnetic relays have moving parts, and solid state relays do not. Electromagnets also conserve more energy than their solid state counterparts do.

Parts of an Electronic Relay

There are four basic parts of an electronic relay. The first is the armature, which moves up and down. When it is up, the pathway is open and no electrical current can move forwards; when it is down, the pathway is closed and therefore allows the electrical current to move smoothly through to the next point. The second part is called the electromagnet. Like a magnet, it pulls the armature to it when it senses even small amounts of electricity. This allows the armature to close and therefore the electrical current to move through it. The third part of an electronic relay is the spring. This keeps the armature open to keep electricity from touching the electromagnet. The fourth part are the electrical contacts. While there may be several located along a path where an electrical current moves, at the point where the relay is located there are two. These ensure that the current can continue to move along the intended path.

HOW DO THESE WORK?

Whenever you use any electrical equipment in your home or at work, an electric relay is responsible for allowing it to work. An electrical relay exists for one sole purpose: To allow the electricity needed to flow to a certain point that will then allow the equipment to work properly.

o Circuit Breaker
An automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused byoverload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city

HISTORY:
An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Alva Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses.[1] Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short-circuits and overloads.

Types of circuit breaker

Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features. Low voltage circuit breakers Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial and industrial application, and include:  MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)rated current not more than 100 A. Trip characteristics normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers illustrated above are in this category.  MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)rated current up to 2500 A. Thermal or thermalmagnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings.  Low voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in LV switchboards or switchgear cabinets.

Magnetic circuit breaker Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force increases with the current Thermal magnetic circuit breaker Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in most distribution boards, incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer-term over-current conditions. Medium-voltage circuit breakers Medium-voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV may be assembled into metal-enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor use, or may be individual components installed outdoors in a substation Medium-voltage circuit breakers can be classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc Vacuum circuit breaker o o Vacuum circuit breaker Air circuit breaker

High-voltage circuit breakers

HOW TO USE CIRCIUT BREAKER TO TURN A LIGHT ON/OFF? Instructions:

Panel with Labels 1. Open the circuit breaker panel's box. 2. Look at the label beside each breaker switch or diagram affixed to the panel. Find the switch that controls the circuit of the light fixture that you desire to turn on or off. 3. Flip the proper switch to the opposite position to turn the light on or off. Panel without Labels 1. Turn the light to the "On" position using the fixture's wall switch or built-in switch. 2. Open the circuit breaker panel's box. Flip the first breaker switch to the "Off" position.

3. Return to the light fixture. If the light is off, the first breaker controls the light. If the light remains on, return to the breaker panel box. 4. Return the first breaker to the "On" position. Use the same testing process to assess each breaker on the panel. Continue to test individual breaker switches until you locate the switch that controls the desired light fixture. 5. Mark the correct breaker by attaching a labeled sticker next to the switch. Flip the labeled switch to control the light fixture.

o Ipad 2
The second iteration of the iPad, a tablet computer designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. The tablet was introduced March 2, 2011 and will be released in the United States on March 11, 2011. It serves primarily as a platform for audio-visual media including books, periodicals, movies, music, games, and web content. Its size and weight fall between those of contemporary smartphones and laptop computers. The iPad 2 has a new dual core Apple A5 processor. The iPad 2 includes VGA front-facing and 720p rear-facing cameras designed for FaceTime video messaging. The new iPad is compatible with a magnetic dual purpose screen protector/iPad stand.

HISTORY:
Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs revealed the device at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on March 2, 2011, despite his medical leave at the time. Alongside the iPad 2, Jobs also announced that the iOS 4.3 operating system would also be available March 11, 2011. The iPad2 appears on the Apple online store, but will not be available for purchase until March 11. The iPad2 will be released internationally in 25 other countries on March 25, 2011. The countries will include Australia, Austria, Belgium,Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy,Hungary, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. iPad owners who bought an iPad within the two week time frame before the announcement will receive a $100 reimbursement from Apple.

FEATURES/DESIGN:
The revised tablet introduced a new design that included a front and rear-facing cameras designed for FaceTime video messagingit can now message with iPhone 4, fourth-generation iPod Touch and Mac OS X Snow Leopard devices. The iPad 2 added a dual core Apple A5 processor with doubled processing speed and graphics processing that nine times faster. iPad 2 offers CDMAsupport for Verizon Wireless in the United States. The device is 33% thinner-thinner than the Original iPadthinner than an iPhone and 15% lighter. Apple also unveiled the Smart Cover, a screen protector that attaches magnetically to the face of the device. Removing the cover wakes the device and has a microfiber bottom that cleans the iPad. The cover converts to an iPad stand when folded. The new Apple Digital AV Adapter mirrors video output onto many compatible devices in 1080p and works with all apps.

Sources:
Websites:
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