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Modal Verbs

This document discusses the use of modal verbs in English. It divides modal verbs into categories based on their meaning and use: ability, possibility, obligation, permission, habits, and polite requests. For ability, it distinguishes between general and specific abilities and provides examples of how to talk about ability in the present, past and future. For possibility, it explains how to use modal verbs like must, might, could, may when referring to the present/near future or past. For obligation, permission, habits and polite requests it provides examples of modal verbs used in those contexts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views7 pages

Modal Verbs

This document discusses the use of modal verbs in English. It divides modal verbs into categories based on their meaning and use: ability, possibility, obligation, permission, habits, and polite requests. For ability, it distinguishes between general and specific abilities and provides examples of how to talk about ability in the present, past and future. For possibility, it explains how to use modal verbs like must, might, could, may when referring to the present/near future or past. For obligation, permission, habits and polite requests it provides examples of modal verbs used in those contexts.

Uploaded by

・Taozii・
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ÍNDICE

MODAL VERBS ............................................................................................................................................................ 2


HABILIDAD .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Presente:............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Pasado: ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
Futuro: ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
POSIBILIDAD ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Cuando nos referimos al presente/futuro cercano usaremos ............................................................................... 4
must / might / could / may / can't + infinitive .................................................................................................. 4
Will / won't ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Should / shouldn't....................................................................................................................................... 4
Can .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Cuando nos referimos al pasado usamos.............................................................................................................. 5
must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle .............................................................................. 5
Will / won't + have + past participle ........................................................................................................... 5
Should + have + past participle ................................................................................................................... 5
Could ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
OBLIGACIÓN ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Present................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Pasado ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
PERMISO ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
HÁBITOS ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
PETICIONES EDUCADAS ........................................................................................................................................... 7
MODAL VERBS
Lista de verbos modales:

can could may might will


would must shall should ought to

Los modales son un tipo de verbo un pelín especiales por eso:

1: No se les pone la s al final cuando es la tercera persona del singular


2: Las preguntas se hacen poniéndolos al principio ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3: Siempre van seguidos de infinitivo (sin añadir 'to') el verbo en su forma base Ej: can go.
4: El pasado de los modales es un pelín diferente. Lo veremos más adelante

Para que sea más fácil los vamos a dividir según los usos. CUIDADO: hay algunos modales que tienen más de un uso.

HABILIDAD

Cuando hablamos sobre habilidad debemos dividirlo en dos tipos de habilidades:

1.Habilidad general. Se refiere a una habilidad aprendida y que puedes hacer en cualquier momento (Ej: I can read)

2.Habilidad específica: aquí nos referimos a algo que pudiste o no pudiste hacer en un momento puntual. (Ej: I could find my keys)

Presente:

can / can't (se usan tanto para una habilidad general como específica)

• I can play the piano.


• She can speak English.
• He can't drive – he's too tired.
• We can't come now.
Pasado:

could / couldn't (solo para habilidades generales)

• I could read when I was four.


• She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.
• He couldn't dance at all until he took lessons.
• My grandfather couldn't swim.

was able to / couldn't (solo para habilidades específicas)

• When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it.(not 'I could fix it')
• She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much.(not 'she could pass')
• He called us because he couldn't find the house.
• I couldn't open the window.

could + have + past participle (se refiere a una habilidad que tuvo alguien en el pasado, pero que no usó)

• I could have played the piano well but I didn't practise enough.
• We could have come earlier.
• She could have studied law, but she preferred to become a secretary.

Futuro:

will / won't be able to (habilidad general)

• At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.
• He won't be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.

can / can't (habilidad específica)

• I can help you tomorrow


• I can't come to the party
POSIBILIDAD

Los modales también se pueden usar para deducir que algo puede que pase. Dependiendo del modal que usemos estaremos más o menos seguros.

Cuando nos referimos al presente/futuro cercano usaremos

must / might / could / may / can't + infinitive

Mira esta situación como ejemplo

I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David.


I ask: 'Where is Julie?'
David deduce/se imagina que:

• She must be on the bus. (Estmos super seguro de que está en el autobús)
• She might come soon. (puede ser -usamos este cuando no estamos muy seguros-)
• She could be lost. (podría ser)
• She may be in the wrong room. (puede ser)
• She can't be at home. (estamos super seguros de que no está en casa)

NOTA: Daos cuenta de que en este caso lo contrario a must es can’t y might es el que se usa cuando la posibilidad de que pase lo que se dice es muy
baja)

Will / won't
Usaremos will y won't cundo se está muy seguro:

• She'll be at work now.

Should / shouldn't
Should and shouldn't se usan cuando se asume que algo que probablemente sea verdad, si todo ocurre como se espera:

• They should be there by now.


• It shouldn't take long to drive here.

En este caso should no se usa para connotaciones negativas para eso se prefiere usar will:

• The underground will be very busy now (not: 'should be'). (Como el hecho de que el metro esté lleno es algo malo y es una connotación negativa
usamos Will)
Can
Can se usa para hablar de cosas que generalemente son posibles, cosas que asumimos normalmente son así

• Prices can be high in London.

Can NO se usa cuando hablamos de una posibilidad específica (algo que solo puede ocurrir una vez):

• He could be on the bus (not: 'can be').

Cuando nos referimos al pasado usamos

must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle

• must have + past participle (tercera columna o -ed)


• might / might not have + past participle
• could / couldn't have + past participle
• may / may not have + past participle
• can't have + past participle

Por ejemplo::

You: Where was Julie last night?

David:

• She must have forgotten about our date.


• She might have worked late.
• She could have taken the wrong bus.
• She may have felt ill.
• She can't have stayed at home.

Will / won't + have + past participle


Will and won't / will not + have + past participle se usa cuando estamos seguros de algo (mismo uso que el Will de antes, pero en el pasado):

• The parcel will have arrived before now.

Should + have + past participle


Should + have + past participle se usan cuando se asume que algo que probablemente sea verdad, si todo ocurre como se espera (mismo uso que
el should de antes, pero en el pasado)::

• The train should have left by now

Could
Se usa could + infinitive para hablar de una posibilidad general (pasado de can usado anteriormente):

• Prices could be high in the sixteenth century.

No se usa para hablar de posibilidades específicas en el pasado para eso usamos : could + have + past participle):

• He could have been working late (es algo que solo pasa una vez en el pasado)
OBLIGACIÓN
Se usa have to + infinitive, must + infinitive y should + infinitive para expresar obligación (algo que tienes que hacer).

Present Versión afirmativa Versión negativa


have to / Obligación muy fuerte (provocada por algo externo) Cero obligación
don't have to
Children have to go to school. • I don't have to work on Sundays.
need to/ needn’t •
Los niños tienen que ir al colegio porque el gobierno• You don't have to eat anything you don't like.
así lo dice (causa externa)
must / mustn't Obligación fuerte (deber moral que uno mismo se PROHIBICIÓN
impone)
• You mustn't smoke here.
• I must study today.

should / shouldn't Consejo u obligación débil Consejo u obligación débil en forma negativa

Ought to/ Oughtn’t • You should save some money. • You shouldn't smoke so much.

ATENCIÓN: cuidado con mustn't y don't have to!


Mustn't significa prohibición o que es una muy mala idea:
• You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick
Don't have to es la negación de must:
• I don't have to get up early at the weekend(of course, if I want to get up early, that's fine, but I can stay in bed if I want).

Pasado Afirmativa Negativo


had to / didn't have to Obligación en el pasado Ausencia de obligación en el pasado

• I had to wear a school uniform when I was a child. • We didn't have to go to school on Saturdays.

must* Se cambia a had to -


should have + pp / Acción en el pasado que no tuvo lugar: es demasiado
Versión negativa de la acción en el pasado que no
shouldn't have + pp tarde para el consejo o el arrepentimiento
tuvo lugar: es demasiado tarde para el consejo o el
arrepentimiento


• You should have gone to bed earlier, now you have
• You shouldn't have taken that job., it was a bad idea.
missed the train.

* Recuerda que 'must have done' en un modal que se usa para deducir, no es una obligación en el pasado. For example: Julie must have
left. Her coat's not here.
PERMISO
Se pueden usar 'can', 'could' y 'may' para pedir o dar permiso. También para referirnos si algo está permitido o no.

Por ejemplo:

• Could I leave early today, please?


• You may not use the car tonight.
• Can we swim in the lake?

HÁBITOS
Usamos would para referirnos a hábitos que teníamos en el pasado

Por ejemplo:

• When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.

PETICIONES EDUCADAS

Usamos will, shall y would cuando queremos pedir algo de forma educada.

Ejemplos:

• Will you open the door?


• Would you pour me some water, please?

Shall

Shall se usa para pedir, pero también como una propuesta para hacer algo. (Es parecido a Let’s)

Ejemplo:

Shall we book a table at the restaurant?

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