Electrical Safety

Handbook
for
Emergency
Responders
revised fourth edition 2002
 Electrical Safety Handbook
for
Emergency Responders

Best Practices for Coping with Electrical

Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

This handbook was prepared by Hydro One Networks Inc. in partnership with the
Office of the Fire Marshal and the Municipal Health and Safety Association. We
gratefully acknowledge the following stakeholders who contributed information and
reviewed content:
Royal City Ambulance Service Ltd.
Toronto Fire Services
Durham Regional Police
Ontario Provincial Police Academy
Police Association of Ontario
Fire Fighters Association of Ontario
Municipal Fire Service Instructors Association
Ontario Association of Fire Chiefs
Ontario Fire Prevention Officers Association
Ontario Fire College
Ontario Professional Fire Fighters Association
Electrical Safety Authority
Electrical & Utilities Safety Association
Construction Safety Association of Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources
Workplace Safety & Insurance Board

This handbook is the property of Hydro One Networks. For copies of the handbook and
associated training contact the Municipal Health & Safety Association.

The information contained herein has been carefully compiled from sources believed to be reliable, but
absolutely no warranty, guarantee or representation of any nature or kind whatsoever, express or implied, is
made by Hydro One Networks as to the completeness or accuracy of this information or its sufficiency or
suitability for the application to which any individual user may wish to put it; also, no responsibility is
accepted, or liability assumed, for events or damages which may result from its use. This publication has been
produced in colour to emphasize electrical hazards.

Revised Fourth Edition

2002
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

Table of Contents

Introduction 5

1.0 Electrical Facts Emergency Responders Must Know 6

1.1 Common Electrical Terms 6

1.2 Electrical Installations 6
1.3 Faulty Electrical Equipment 7
1.4 Insulators, Conductors and Semi-Conductors 8
1.5 Low voltage Hazards 8
1.6 Limits of Approach to Power lines 8
1.7 Electricity Always Seeks the Easiest Path to the Ground 9
1.8 Voltage Gradient on the Ground Surface 9
1.9 Step Potential 9
1.10 Touch Potential 10

2.0 Injuries Caused by Electric Shock 11

2.1 Effects of Electricity on the Body 11

2.2 Coping with Electrical Injuries 13
2.3 Medical Follow-up 13

3.0 Protective Clothing and Equipment 14

3.1 Emergency Responder Protective Clothing 14

3.2 Electrically Shock Resistive Footwear 14
3.3 Reflective Equipment and Safety Vest 14
3.4 Ground Gradient Control Mats (for use with aerial operations) 14
3.5 Equipment Hazards 15
3.6 Portable Electrical Generators and Cabling 15
3.7 Live Line Tools 16
3.8 Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves 16
3.8.1 Firefighter uses for Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves 17
3.8.2 Selection of Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves 17
3.8.3 Care and Maintenance of Electrically Resistive Gloves 18

4.0 Overhead Power Lines 19

4.1 Overhead Power line Components 19

4.1.1 Distribution Power lines 20

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.1.2 Fuse cutouts and Capacitors 21

4.1.3 Power line Protection Automatic Reclosers 21
4.2 Power line Emergency Scenarios 21
4.2.1 Electrical Backfeed 22
4.2.2 Fallen or Low Hanging Wires 22
4.2.3 Motor Vehicle Accidents 24
4.2.3.1 Common Language for Communicating with Victims 24
4.2.3.2 Rescuing Persons from Vehicles Contacting Power lines 25
4.2.3.3 Roadway Striping Hazard 27
4.2.3.4 Vehicle Tires Pyrolisis 27
4.2.3.5 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 27
4.2.4 Fighting Fires on Power line Equipment 28
4.2.4.1 Using Water Safely on Electrical Fires 28
4.2.5 Fighting Fires on Transmission Rights-of-Way 29
4.2.5.1 Arc-Over (flashover) Hazard 30
4.2.5.2 Arc-Over Hazardous Zone 30
4.2.5.3 Fighting Fires Involving Wood Structures 31
4.2.5.4 Aerial Tanker Optimum Safe Application 32
4.2.6 Trees Contacting Power lines 33
4.2.7 Objects Contacting Power lines 34

5.0 Underground Power Equipment 36

5.1 Underground Power Equipment Emergency Scenarios 36

5.1.1 Padmount Transformers and Switching Kiosks 36
5.1.2 Underground Power line Damaged by Digging 38
5.1.3 Fires and Explosions in Underground Electrical Vaults 39
5.1.3.1 Vault Explosion or Vault Emitting Fire, Smoke or Fumes 39
5.1.3.2 Rescue from Underground Electrical Vaults 40

6.0 Substations 41

6.1 Substation Components 41

6.1.1 Buildings 41
6.1.2 Transformers 41
6.1.3 Conservators 42
6.1.4 Explosion Vents 42
6.1.5 Porcelain Bushings 42
6.1.6 Bus Bars 42
6.1.7 Overhead Structures 42
6.1.8 Control Cables 43
6.1.9 Cable Trenches 43
6.1.10 Circuit Breakers 43

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

6.1.11 Capacitors 43
6.1.12 Substation Ground Grids 44
6.1.13 PCB Storage 45
6.2 Substation Emergency Scenarios 45
6.2.1 Trespassers in Substations 45
6.2.2 Substation Fires 46
6.2.3 Substation Control Buildings 47
6.2.4 Fire Fighting inside Electrical Substations or Switchyards 48
6.2.5 Privately Owned Substations 49
6.2.6 Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs 49

7.0 Electrical Hazards when Fire Fighting in Houses and Buildings 50

7.1 Overhead Power lines Near Buildings 50

7.2 Vehicle and Emergency Apparatus Placement 51
7.3 Aerial Equipment Setup 51
7.4 Working Around Service Meter and Mast 52
7.5 When Electricity Endangers People or Property 52
7.6 Entering Flooded Basements or Wet Buildings 53
7.7 Electrical Vaults in High Rise Buildings 54
7.8 Portable or Emergency Generator Feedback 54
7.8.1 Portable or Emergency Generator Transfer Switch 54

8.0 Exceptional Situations 55

8.1 Interruption Power by Cutting Live Secondary Power lines 55

8.2 Moving a Live Power line 56

8.0 Glossary of Terms 57

10.0 References 59

List of Tables

1. Minimum Distance from Live Electrical Power lines 8

2. Electrical Effects on the Body 11
3. Determining Minimum Distance to Keep Away from Live
High voltage Transmission Lines 19
4. Safe Distances for Using Water on Live Electrical Equipment 28
5. Arc-Over hazard 30
6. Ground Step Potential Hazard 33

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

Introduction
This manual has been designed and lines. In this same time frame, there were
developed to help save the lives of two significant incidents reported
emergency responders who are called involving emergency responders. In one
upon to respond to emergencies involving case, an emergency responder walked into
electrical systems. a low hanging live power line while
assessing an automobile crash scene.
An examination of the National Institute Brush contact, dry turnout gear and
for Occupational Safety and Health dielectric boots appear to have protected
database for the period 1997 to 2000, the individual. In another case, a fire
reveals that each year on average, 100 fire fighting crew responding to a fire in a
fighters suffer fatal injuries while on duty, substation, cut the lock, entered the station
with 3 percent of these deaths the result of and proceeded to extinguish the fire using
electrical contacts. A particularly tragic water. While the response was quick, the
case is the Marion, Ohio accident which firefighters put themselves at serious risk
occurred in 1997. In this accident, three of electrical contact.
emergency responders, two firefighters
and an emergency medical technician The best practices and procedures
were killed. Six others, including a police described in this handbook have been
officer, were injured when one of the developed to protect both the emergency
emergency responders contacted a high responders and victims. Following these
voltage power line while attempting to best practices will assist you to respond
rescue the victim. safely and effectively to emergency
situations involving electrical hazards.
In Ontario during the three year period
1998 to 2000 there was an average of 230
electrical contact accidents reported each
year to the Ministry of Labour. Of these,
on average, 13 were fatal, 33 resulted in
critical injuries and 115 of these accidents
involved contact with high voltage power

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

1.0 Electrical Facts Emergency Responders Must Know

This handbook has been designed to provide electrical hazards that you will encounter in
the emergency responder with a simple to use your day to day duties.
reference guide, to assist in coping with

1.1 Common Electrical Terms

The properties of electricity are described in Key terms frequently used to describe
terms of three fundamental factors; the electricity are “voltage”, “current”, “resistance”
potential difference, current flow and and “grounding”. For a complete list of other
resistance to the flow. These three factors are electrical terms see the glossary. Words
related through Ohm’s Law which states: throughout this document that are italicized
potential difference “E” is equal to the current have definitions in the glossary.
“I” multiplied by the resistance “R” (E=I x R).

“Voltage” the difference in electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It is the force
that causes the flow of electricity, and it is measured in volts. Can be compared to
water pressure.
“Current” a flow of electrical charge. It can be compared to the rate of flow of water in a pipe.
Current is typically measured in amperes.

“Resistance” is similar to the effect of friction on the flow of water in a pipe. (Water flows more
freely in a large pipe than in a small one.) Different materials have different resistance
to the flow of electricity. Very high resistance materials are called insulators, while the
low resistance materials are called conductors. Resistance is measured in ohms.
“Grounding” is the process of mechanically connecting isolated wires and equipment to the earth,
with sufficient capacity to carry the fault current and to ensure the wires and
equipment remain at the same potential (same voltage) as the earth (ground).

1.2 Electrical Installations

Electricity is generated at power stations at industrial, commercial and residential

voltages ranging from 2,300 to 20,000 volts. customers.
This voltage is stepped up for efficient
transmission over long distances to substations Power plants, substations, underground vaults
near the load centres. Some transmission lines and other electrical utility installations differ
operate as low as 69,000 volts, others as high greatly from the buildings firefighters usually
as 500,000 volts. face in emergencies. They present unusual
hazards, which can seriously handicap rescue
At the substations, voltage is reduced and and fire fighting and sometimes endanger the
power is sent on distribution lines to emergency responder's life, if he or she is not

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

safety and
effectiveness.
It is therefore
important that
good
communication
and
cooperation
exist between
the local
electrical utility
and police, fire
and ambulance
personnel.
Emergency
response
personnel, who
wish to learn
more about the
hazards
familiar with the surroundings. In all cases, involved in working near electrical equipment,
specialized rescue and firefighting techniques should make arrangements with electrical
are required to ensure maximum personal utilities to inspect installations.

1.3 Faulty Electrical Equipment

Electricity is obviously safe when it's terminal. Arcing can ignite combustible
controlled through well designed and material or gases in the vicinity, including
maintained equipment and structures. the insulating material around the
Hazards are created when electrical equipment conductor. Hot material may be thrown
or wires have become faulty as the result of into adjacent flammable material, starting a
being: fire.
! worn out or deteriorated 2. Overheating: Overloading of electrical
! improperly installed conductors and motors accounts for the
! improperly maintained majority of fires caused by overheating.
! improperly used There is danger when the amount of
electrical current exceeds the capacity
! damaged or broken conductors and equipment are designed to
carry.
Any one of these factors may cause arcing or
overheating of electrical equipment - the two 3. Combustible Materials: Fires involving
conditions that cause the majority of electrical electrical equipment may result from the
fires. Consider each of these conditions: presence of combustible materials. For
1. Arcing: An electrical arc is a sudden flash example, most fires that break out in
of electricity between two points of electrical generating plants originate in fuel
contact. An arc is extremely hot (e.g. 1000 systems, oil systems, combustible gaseous
O
C, 1450O F). As a fire cause, it is usually atmospheres, combustible buildings or
associated with a short circuit or a current combustible contents.
interruption at a switch point or loose

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

1.4 Insulators, Conductors and Semi-Conductors

All materials conduct electricity in varying aluminum, silver and gold) are conductors.
degrees. Materials classified as “insulators” Humans, largely made of water and dissolved
conduct electricity in such small quantities it minerals, are good conductors.
cannot normally be detected. Materials
classified as “conductors” conduct electricity Some other materials are classified as “semi-
readily and in large amounts. conductors”. Wood, earth and rubber tires are
semi-conductors. Depending on conditions
Some examples; porcelain, glass and plastic such as moisture content and contaminants,
are insulators, all metals (iron, copper, lead, semi-conductors can conduct electricity.

1.5 Low Voltage Hazards

Most electrical fires originate in equipment important for emergency personnel to

operating below 750 volts. In the electrical recognize the hazards of even relatively low
industry, this is referred to as low or voltage. Commercial and industrial voltages,
secondary voltage. typically range from 300 to 750 volts, when
interrupted can produce explosive electrical
Home heating systems and home appliances flashes as a result of the higher levels of
typically operate at 120/240 volts or less. It is current.

1.6 Limits of Approach to Live Power Lines

Emergency responders must maintain the one individual observe the proximity to the
limits of approach as described in the Ontario power line and to signal to the operator.
Occupational Health and Safety Act and
Regulations for Industrial Establishments and The operator of the aerial device must be on
Construction Projects. The limits are as stated the aerial device or on a ground gradient mat,
in Table 1. not the ground. Secure entry into the area
around equipment that is being used in close
Table 1. Minimum Distance from proximity to power lines, and halt contact with
Live Electrical Power Lines the aerial device when the boom is being
Voltage of live Minimum Distance repositioned.
Line power (Volts) Metres
300 to 750* 1.0 (3ft.) When forced to work near or overtop live
power lines, extra precautions to secure tools
751 to 150,000 3.0 (10ft.)
(e.g. tying them off), and maintain approach
150,001 to 250,000 4.5 (15ft.) limits, must be employed to ensure no contact
250,001 and higher 6.0 (20ft.) with live power lines.
* best practice, anticipated regulatory requirement

All persons, tools, and equipment including

aerial devices and extension ladders must Emergency responders must leave
maintain the minimum distance. enough room for the full range of
movement, without violating the
When using an aerial device in close proximity
to these approach limits you must have at least
limits of approach.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

1.7 Electricity Always Seeks the Easiest Path to the Ground

A key fact to remember is that electricity

always seeks the easiest path to ground.
This is true regardless of the electrical
source. If a person touches two energized
wires, or an energized wire and the
ground at the same time, he or she will
become part of an electrical circuit, and
may be seriously injured or killed.

1.8 Voltage Gradient on the Ground Surface

Because electricity always seeks the quickest contact gets smaller as it rings out. Similarly, in
and easiest path to ground, electrical systems this “pool” of electricity, the energy is at full
use conductive grounding rods to ensure that system voltage at the point of ground contact,
any stray electricity is returned safely to earth. but as you move away from the contact point,
These rods are driven eight feet or more into the voltage progressively drops. Unlike the
the ground to ensure deep dispersal of the water ripple in a pond, the electricity flow can
power. However, if electricity is released into be very unevenly distributed (see diagram on
the ground surface, for example when a “live” page 10). In wet conditions, the flow of
wire lies on the ground, the electricity will fan electricity across the ground can be
out from the point of contact. significantly greater. This effect is known as
“potential gradient”. It is also referred to as
There is a rippling effect that can be compared “ground gradient”. Knowledge of how it
to dropping a pebble into calm water. In the operates may some day save your life.
pool of water, the wave created at the point of

1.9 Step Potential

The potential gradient, or voltage drop, voltage), and your other foot a step away (at Y
creates two problems known as “step voltage), the difference in voltage (potential
potential” and “touch potential”. gradient) would cause electricity to flow up
one leg, through the abdomen and back down
Let us assume that a live downed wire is the other leg. The further apart that “X” and
touching the ground and has created a “pool” “Y” are, the greater the electrical contact
of electricity. If you were to place one foot hazard. This effect is referred to as “step
near the point of ground contact (at X potential”.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

X Y

Firefighters' boots are subjected to extreme wear and must not be relied upon to
provide electrical protection in any situation. Also, they cannot be relied upon to
approach any closer than the recommended distances.

1.10 Touch Potential

In a manner similar to step

potential, electricity would flow
through your body if you were to
place your hand on an energized
source, while your feet were at
some distance from the source. The
electricity would flow through the
hand, arm, chest, abdomen, leg and
foot to the ground. The difference
in voltage (potential difference) in
this case is referred to as “touch
potential”.

The difference in voltage

from one extremity to the
other causes the electricity X
to flow through the body.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

2.0 Injuries Caused by Electric Shocks

2.1 Effects of Electricity on the Body

The effect of electricity on the body is power lines for example, the victim is often
dependent on the amount of current and the quickly blown clear of the circuit. This
length of time the body is exposed to it. The situation results in less internal damage, such
higher the current, the less time a human can as heart failure, but causes severe surface
survive the exposure. The path of electricity burns at the entrance and exit point of the
through the body is also critical. For example, electrical current.
current passing through the heart or brain is
more life threatening than current passing A victim exposed to a large electric arc can be
through the fingers. It takes approximately injured by the intense heat or by ultraviolet
1,000 milliamps (1 amp) of current to light a rays, which can cause serious eye damage. In
100-watt bulb. Here are the effects you can addition to the factors outlined above, the
expect from just a fraction of that current for a effect of electricity on the body and the
few seconds. severity of the shock depends on the:

1. Condition of the skin,

Table 2. Electrical Effects on the Body
2. Area of skin exposed to the electrical
Amount of Current Effect on a Human
source,
1 milliamp Can just be felt.
5 - 9 milliamps Increasing pain. 3. Pressure of the body against the source,
10 - 20 milliamps Cannot let go.
and
Severe pain, muscular 4. Moisture level of the surface of the skin.
21 - 50 milliamps
contractions.
Above 50 milliamps Destruction of tissue Any victim of electrical shock should be
breathing stops, fatal. assessed for the following effects on the body:

The figures in Table 2, illustrate that a very 1. Contraction of chest muscles, causing
small amount of current for a few seconds or breathing difficulty and unconsciousness.
more can be fatal. It is the amperage that kills 2. Respiratory distress caused by temporary
or injures. The voltage, which pushes the paralysis of the respiratory center.
current through the body, also has an 3. Rapid, irregular heart beat (ventricular
important effect. fibrillation) mainly resulting from contact
with low voltages.
When a victim is exposed to household 4. Burns to tissue at the entrance and exit
voltages, he or she may suffer a muscle spasm points (mainly resulting from higher
and may be locked-on to the electrical source voltages).
until the circuit is turned off, the victim is
dragged clear, or the victim falls clear of the 5. Fractures caused by muscle spasm.
contact by the weight of his or her body. 6. Burns to eyes.
Relatively long periods of contact with low 7. Injuries such as fractures, contusions,
voltage are the cause of many electrical internal bleeding due to falls.
fatalities in the home or at work.
At very high voltages, found on distribution

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

Average Body Tolerance

Electric current
in milliamperes
Normal Household 1 Can just be felt.
Current
5
10

20
1 Circuit = 1500 Watts/15Amps Increasing pain.

30

40
Cannot let go.
A 100 watt lightbulb uses 50
1,000 milliamps (1 amp) of current
60
5 milliamps will trip a ground
fault circuit interrupter Severe pain,
70 muscular
contractions.
80

90 Destruction of
tissue, breathing
100 stops, fatal.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

2.2 Coping with Electrical Injuries

Before any treatment can be given to the victim, the electrical hazard must be
eliminated. The safest alternatives are to either turn off the electrical supply at the main
breaker or to have the local electrical utility disconnect the power supply. If the electrical
current cannot be turned off or disconnected, you must not attempt treatment.

Electrical Injuries Action to be taken by Emergency Personnel

Cardiac arrest. Heart action may stop if Start cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols.
control centers of the heart are paralyzed.
Rapid and irregular heart beat Start cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols.
(ventricular fibrillation). Heart muscle quivers
instead of contracting normally. This condition
is more likely to be caused by a shock of
relatively low voltage.
Breathing stopped. Electrical contact Start artificial respiration immediately and
(shock) often causes breathing to stop. monitor the pulse to ensure that blood is
circulating. If a flow of oxygen to the lungs can
be maintained by artificial respiration until the
paralysis wears off, normal breathing will
usually be restored.
Electrical Burns. Current passing through the Emergency procedure for burns. Prompt
body generates heat and may cause blisters on medical attention is required to prevent
the skin. If the current is strong enough, it may infection. Examine the victim for an exit burn
destroy body tissue and result in severe as well as an entry burn and cover wounds with
electrical burns The outward appearance of clean dry dressings.
electrical burns may not seem serious, but the
damage is often very deep and healing is slow.
Shock (electrical contact induced). Get victim to lay down and treat for
physiological shock. Loosen clothing, cool by
fanning if skin is hot, cover with blanket if cold
or clammy. Monitor to ensure life signs are
stable and not deteriorating.
Flash burns. Flash or ultraviolet light burns Cover both eyes with thick, cool, moist
to eyes. dressings and lightly bandage in place. If after
explanation the patient does not want both eyes
covered only cover the eye that is most painful.
Get the patient to medical help. Transport the
patient on a stretcher. Never have the patient
walk.
Fractures. Broken bones caused by violent Assess for fractures or dislocations. Steady and
involuntary muscular reaction to high voltage support (immobilize) the affected area.
electrical contact. Involuntary muscular
reaction may also have caused the victim to
jump or fall resulting in more serious injuries
such as fractures or contusions.

2.3 Medical Follow-up

Effects can be delayed up to 24 hours after any electrical contact. All victims of an electrical
shock must receive a full medical examination. The intent of the examination is to confirm
that cardiac and pulmonary functions are normal and stable.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

3.0 Protective Clothing and Equipment

3.1 Emergency Responder Protective Clothing

Standard response protective clothing for

firefighters, police and paramedics, while
mandatory for emergency response, does not
provide any protection against electrical
contact hazards.

3.2 Electrically Shock Resistive

Footwear
Footwear (boots and shoes) that is electrically
shock resistive must not be depended upon to
provide electrical shock protection. Due to
the nature of emergency responder's work, the
electrical resistivety of the sole can be severely
degraded. Electrically shock resistive footwear
is recommended as a second line of defense.

3.3 Reflective Equipment and Safety Vest

Due to the fact that most electrical distribution reflective equipment (signs, flares, etc.) should
power line rights-of-way run parallel to county be used to warn drivers.
roads, responding to emergencies will mean
that emergency responders will also be Standard firefighter bunker gear has high
dealing with traffic hazards. For this reason, visibility material on the arms, legs and around
high visibility CSA or ANSI approved safety the waist. Police officers and paramedics
vests, or equivalent, should be worn by should wear CSA or ANSI approved, high
emergency responders, and high visibility visibility vests to ensure that they are clearly
visible.

3.4 Ground Gradient Control Mats

To avoid injury from step potential, use a ground gradient control mat bonded to the
portable ground gradient control mat when vehicle. Mats must be bonded for use in the
operating an aerial device near live electrical following manner:
power lines when the controls are operated
from the ground or where the operation is 1. place the mat on the ground in front of the
guided from the ground. For dual purpose control panel,
vehicles such as combination pumper-aerial,
the pump controls must be operated while 2. place both feet on the mat, and
standing either on a platform supplied and 3. connect the ground mat cable clamp to the
attached to the vehicle or while standing on a vehicle.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

The operator must keep both feet on the

operating platform or the ground gradient mat
while operating the aerial equipment until the
operation has been successfully completed
and the ground mat connection removed.
If the operator must leave the work platform
or mat, while in close proximity to power
lines, he/she must jump with both feet
together from the mat. To get back on, jump
with feet together, onto the platform or the
ground gradient mat. Use the shuffle step to
move away from the vehicle.

Operator standing
on a bonded ground
gradient mat

3.5 Equipment Hazards

Ladders and stretchers, due to their length,

can present significant “step and touch
potential” hazards and must be kept well
away from downed power lines.

Air cylinders of Self Contained Breathing

Apparatus (SCBA), extend the size of the
“body” behind the rescuer. Emergency
responders need to be very aware of the
tank and to maintain a greater
personal safety zone to avoid contact with
electrical structures or conduits particularly
in electrical rooms or underground vaults. Y
X
Other emergency response equipment,
such as extendable microwave and
communication towers can also create
hazardous situations if used in close proximity metres (20 ft.) away from power lines when
to power lines. Ensure that you are at least 6 extending these devices.

3.6 Portable Electrical Generators and Cabling

There are two types of Portable Generators generators must be grounded using two
available. The two types are floating neutral ground rods and ground wire. Faults will not
and bonded neutral (bonded to frame trip (open the circuit breaker), on a circuit
neutral). In bonded neutral generators the supplied from a floating neutral type
neutral wire is bonded to the generator frame. generator that isn't grounded, resulting in an
electrical hazard.
Floating neutral generators have a neutral that
is not bonded to the generator frame. If used Portable Generators equipped with bonded
in fire fighting situations, floating neutral neutrals, compliant with the Ontario Electrical

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

Safety Code, are the type that are safest to use approved for wet environments, reduces the
when fire fighting in order to avoid electrical need for use of the two ground rods and wire
contact injury from these devices. Check the with the portable generator.
rating tag fixed to the generator for the
bonded neutral designation. Portable Portable generators that are modified MUST be
generators, when used during fire fighting or re-inspected by the local Ontario Electrical
rescue operations, should be positioned in as Safety Authority. Alternatively short adapter
dry an area as is practicable. cords (thieves) are a safe way to enable the
use of twist connections instead of modifying
Using a bonded neutral portable generator, the unit.
with electrical extension cords which are
compliant with the Ontario Electrical Safety Portable generators or design-built generators
Code, Table 11 (CSA STW Type Designation) mounted on the truck are also popular for
for use in wet environments, will enable ease of operation. The truck manufacturer
firefighters to use portable hand tools and should be contacted to ensure all aspects of
equipment safely. Twist connections and the installation are safe considering fuel,
overlapping rubber boot connections are also cooling, support and exhaust requirements.
recommended to ensure the safety of Mounted generators must be bonded to the
firefighters and to avoid the potential for vehicle frame and all supply circuits from the
electrical contact injury. The use of a bonded generator must be protected by ground fault
neutral type portable generator, in circuit interrupters (GFCI).
combination with extension cords fitted and

3.7 Live Line Tools

Today, power lines carry much higher voltages At present only certified powerline
and can be handled only by specialized maintainers are trained and qualified to use
equipment. Live line tools are tools made of live line tools and equipment. Fire
non-conducting fiberglass, and are electrically departments should assess their needs for the
tested to withstand 100,000 volts. These tools development of specialized procedures that
are maintained and cared for in a manner to would require the use of specialized tools.
preserve their insulating qualities and must be Examples of specialized procedures are
electrically tested every 36 months (3 years). provided in Section 8.0.

3.8 Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves

Electrically resistive rubber gloves are used in

the electrical industry to provide personnel
protection against electrical contact when
operating switches or when using insulated
live line tools. Rubber gloves are also used to
provide primary protection for specially
trained powerline maintainers who use them
to perform live line work from insulated aerial
devices.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

3.8.1 Firefighter uses for Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves

Electrically resistive rubber gloves are used by electrically resistive rubber gloves or fully rely
firefighters to provide a safety barrier against on qualified electrical personnel to safely
electrical contact for the following tasks: interrupt the electrical supply. Relying on
qualified electrical personnel may not be
1. operating disconnect switches at feasible in some instances due to the urgency
potentially energized electrical panels and of the situation.
switches
2. dealing with damaged electric or hybrid When you are called upon to wear a pair of
vehicles electrically tested and CSA approved rubber
3. when carrying out specialized procedures gloves, always test the rubber gloves. The
such as those described in Section 8.0 gloves should be inspected visually and
audibly before use (see illustrated instruction).
Check them inside and out for snags, cracks
Depending on the situation, electrical panels and holes.
and disconnect switches can become
energized due to fault currents. In Electrically resistive rubber gloves should be
commercial and industrial facilities the fault put on outside of the hot zone. Firefighter
currents can be deadly. Electrically resistive gloves must be removed, dry cotton hand
rubber gloves (e.g. Class 3 or 4) will protect protectors put on first and then the rubber
the firefighter from these fault currents. gloves. Wear leather protectors over the
rubber gloves. When well maintained and
Fire departments need to establish policy that free from holes, the complete set of gloves
will define how their firefighters will be which includes; cotton hand protector, rubber
protected from potentially energized electrical glove and leather protectors will give extra
panels. There are two options: either supply protection.

Electrically resistive rubber gloves must not be used to grasp downed live wires or
electrically charged objects.

3.8.2 Selection of Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves

Fire departments need to be aware that there gear. Canvas pouches should also be
are many different electrically resistive rubber purchased and used to protect the gloves
gloves available. The electrically resistive during storage. Manufactures detailed
rubber gloves recommended for use by instructions should be followed for storage,
firefighters are Class 3 or 4 (30,000 or 40,000 testing and use.
volt rating) with leather protectors and cotton
(or nomex) hand protectors. The gloves
should be ordered with extra wide cuffs to
enable the gloves to be put on over bunker

17
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

3.8.3 Care and Maintenance of Electrically Resistive Rubber Gloves

The gloves are made of natural rubber, which The gloves must be electrically tested, at an
can be damaged by oil, grease, sunlight, heat approved test facility, at intervals prescribed
and ozone. It is therefore important that you by the Electrical and Utilities Safety Association
wear the leather protector gloves over the of Ontario (E&USA). Rubber gloves shall be
rubber gloves at all times. If rubber gloves are laboratory retested at least every 60 days of
supplied to you, they should be carefully "in-service use" (subsequent to issuance), and
inspected, properly stored in the canvas bag no test period shall exceed five months
designed for this purpose, and used only for combined in-service use and shelf life.
electrical protection. Suspect gloves must be taken out of service,
marked as defective, and returned to the
Store the gloves in their leather protectors, testing lab. Contact E&USA, or your local
inside their dry canvas pouch, preferably in a Electrical Utility office to get assistance or
cool, well ventilated location away from information to set-up your own rubber glove
sunlight and fluorescent lighting. If the gloves testing program.
come in contact with oil, it is essential that
they be washed with soap and water. Dry
them carefully before replacing them in their
protectors.

To test rubber gloves for pinholes and other damage, prior to use.

1. Hold glove 2. Twirl the glove

downward toward your
and grasp body to trap air
cuff. inside. Squeeze
glove to look for
damage.

3. Hold the glove to your

face and listen for
escaping air or immerse in
water and watch for
bubbles

18
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.0 Overhead Power Lines

4.1 Overhead Power Line Components

There are three parts to a

typical electrical system;
Generation, Transmission and 115-230kV
Distribution. Electricity is
transported throughout the
province of Ontario by the 500kV
69-115kV
transmission and distribution
systems. Transmission lines
bring power into cities on
wood structures, or steel
towers at voltages from
69,000 to 500,000 volts. The
design can vary from a single
wood pole for 69,000 to
115,000 volts to steel
structures for 115,000 to Steel Structures
500,000 volts.
Wood Structures

Power lines are supported or suspended

from the An easy to remember rule for working around
structures live high voltage transmission lines is to keep
230kV Transmission Line

ator
Bell
s Table 3. Determining minimum distance to keep away
nsul
14 I from Live High voltage Transmission Lines

Insulator Bells Voltage OHSA Limits

7 or less Up to 115,000 3 metres (10 ft.)
14 230,000 4.5 metres (15 ft.)
23-26 500,000 6 metres (20 ft.)

on at least 6 metres (20 ft) away. If you need to

insulators. work closer, first determine the voltage. By
Bell type counting the number of insulator bells on a
insulators string, the voltage of the line can be
are determined and then you can follow the limits
suspended from the structure with the of approach for the minimum safe distances.
conductor running on the bottom of the stack
of insulators.

19
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.1.1 Distribution Power Lines

From a substation the voltages are reduced to

2,400 to 44,000 volts for distribution to local Primary Power Line
distribution transformers. Smaller transformers
on poles or the ground, reduce the voltage to
347/600 volts for industrial use and to 120/240
volts for residential use. Poles will have from
one to three transformers for reducing the
voltage from primary to secondary voltages

Transformer
Fuse Cutout

44kV Neutral
Secondary

4.8-27.6kV Communication
Cable

Most of the distribution power lines in cities

Neutral and towns are supported on wooden poles;
however, concrete and steel are also used.
The power lines are attached by insulators to
Communication prevent the flow of electricity to the ground.
Pin type insulators carry the conductor on top
Cable
and are used for 44,000 volts or less. If the
insulator is broken and the conductor contacts
the pole or crossarm, there may be a flow of
electricity down the pole creating a hazard. In
(120/240 or 347/600 volts).
the case of vehicle accidents, the conductors
From the distribution transformers the
can be knocked off the insulators and energize
electricity travels through the secondary power
the pole, especially if it is wet from rain or
lines (120/240 and 347/600 volts) to the
snow.
service drop meter and building distribution
panel. The drawing shows a typical
distribution pole. The high voltage primary
line (2,400 to 27,600 volts) is usually located
above the transformer and is bare (not
coated). The system neutral and secondary
power lines (120/240 and 347/600 volts) are
typically found below the transformer and are
weather coated or insulated.

20
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.1.2 Fuse Cutouts and Capacitors

The fuse cutout acts like a circuit breaker in a

house. If there is a power surge or short in
the line, the fuse cutout will blow open
preventing damage to the transformer and
customers equipment.

Fuse Cutout Other equipment that is found in distribution

systems includes switches, regulators and
capacitors.

Capacitors store energy and can

produce lethal voltages, even when
Capacitors power is off! If a capacitor has fallen
to the ground do not touch it or
attempt to move it!
Capacitors

4.1.3 Power Line Protection Automatic Reclosers

Both transmission and distribution power

lines are protected by automatic circuit
breakers called “Reclosers”. When a
power line is tripped out (i.e. open) due to
a fault, the automatic breaker will, after a
short period of time (typically seconds to
minutes), attempt to close and re-energize
the power line. This means that a fallen, or
low hanging power line may be dead one
moment but fully energized the next.
Reclosers may also go through a number Reclosers
of cycles over a period of time that is
impossible to predict.
Treat all downed power lines as alive.

4.2 Power Line Emergency Scenarios

Electrical distribution wires may be broken by wires are energized and capable of killing
storms, ice, vehicles snagging the wires or by people. Assess the situation, determine
vehicles striking power poles. If you come the safe zone, secure the area, and then
across abnormal situations such as broken, inform the nearest Electrical Utility office
fallen or low hanging wires, assume that the as soon as possible. It is important to

21
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

inform the Electrical Utility if the situation maintainers will be sent to isolate and de-
is an immediate threat to life situation. energize the power lines, and then make
When communicating with the Electrical Utility repairs to remedy the situation. Be patient, it
always use three-way communication may take time to isolate the power lines. Don't
techniques. Verify instructions by repeating expose yourself to risk while trying to
them back to the Electrical Utility eliminate the danger.
representative. Qualified powerline

4.2.1 Electrical Backfeed

The power lines of modern electrical generated at low voltage (120/240 volts)
distribution systems, may be fed from can be increased to high voltage (4,800 to
more than one source or direction, 27,600 volts) as the electricity passes
therefore even when a wire is broken both through the padmount or pole top
ends may still be alive and hazardous. distribution transformer.
Power lines which aren't connected to the
system could be energized by backfeed Treat all downed or low hanging lines
from electrical generators. Current as alive and secure the area.

Backfeed From Generator

If the situation is life threatening, it
may be possible to determine if
backfeed is a hazard and eliminate
it. To do this contact the home,
farm or business owner or manager.
Ask the owner or manager if they
have a generator and if they do, ask
them to turn it off.

4.2.2 Fallen or Low Hanging Wires

1. Before getting out of your vehicle,

examine the surroundings
carefully and make sure you
are parked well away from the
fallen wires. If it is night time,
use a flashlight to examine the
surroundings carefully from the
vehicle window. If you are
parked over or near the fallen
wires, move your vehicle well
out of harm's way. A distance of
at least 10 metres (33 ft.) is
recommended.

22
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

2. Stand well back, at least 6 metres (20 ft.) metal fence or any other conductive object
away. Look for and locate all wire ends. that object will also be capable of killing
They may be on the ground or suspended people. A pool of water will also become
in the air. If a live wire touches a car, truck, deadly if a live wire has fallen into it.

3. Establish the
safe zone, at
least 10
metres (33 ft.)
away from
wires and
anything the
wires may be
touching. If a
wire has fallen
onto a fence or
metal object,
electricity may
be conducted
to other points
some distance
away. You will
need to ensure
all potentially
electrified objects are inaccessible. Inform
other emergency responders of the hazards.

4. Secure the area. Face oncoming may then curl up or roll along the ground
pedestrians and traffic and keep people causing injury.
away from broken or low
hanging wires or other
electrically charged
objects. Live wires in
contact with objects on
the ground may burn
through, and one end

Keep bystanders
back at least 10
metres (33 ft.)

5. Do not attempt to move any fallen There are no safe procedures to clear
wires, call and wait for Electrical Utility a victim from a live high voltage
personnel. power line.

23
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.3 Motor Vehicle Accidents

The following instructions are intended to Wherever possible, trained powerline

guide only those emergency responders maintainers will handle these situations.
(firefighters, police) who are properly trained However, if Electrical Utility personnel are not
in electrical emergency rescue procedures. yet on the scene, you may be guided by the
actions recommended for these emergency
situations:

4.2.3.1 Common Language for Communicating with Victims

The following statements are suggested for use accidents, that involve power lines, equipment
in communicating with persons involved in or facilities.
emergency situations, such as motor vehicle

Statement Rationale for wording

“Stay in the vehicle, you won't get Tells people in vehicles in contact with
injured” power lines that they will remain safe
inside the vehicle.

“Stay clear, ground is electrified, you Tells people at the perimeter of the secure
can get injured” area, around downed power lines, why
they must stay away.

24
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.3.2 Rescuing Persons from Vehicles Contacting Power Lines

Situation Emergency Responder Action

A fallen wire lies on top of, or under a vehicle 1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres
with one or more people inside. (33 ft) back.
2. Determine the safe zone and secure the
area.
3. Call the local Electrical Utility.
4. Keep feet close together, shuffle step if
approaching the vehicle.
5. Don't approach closer than 6 metres (20 ft)
to the vehicle and do not get close enough
to touch any part of the vehicle. A potential
gradient will be present if the line is alive
and you could be electrocuted.

If vehicle cannot be
moved, and there is
no fire, tell occupants
to remain inside.

The driver is able to move the vehicle. 1. Make sure you and others are not in a
position to be injured in case the wire
springs up after being released or moves
suddenly when the vehicle moves.
2. Instruct the driver to very slowly move the
car off of or away from the wire, and clear
of any pools of water which may be
energized by the live wire.
If the power lines get pulled by the vehicle
then instruct the driver to stop and to
“Stay in the vehicle…” until Electrical
Utility personnel arrive.
The driver is unable to move the vehicle or the 1. Instruct the driver to “Stay in the vehicle…”
vehicle will not move. until the Electrical Utility personnel arrive.
2. Continually monitor the safe zone, secure the
area and keep people away.

25
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

Situation Emergency Responder Action

Victim(s) are unconscious and there are fallen 1. Determine and continually monitor the safe
wires under or on the vehicle or hanging very zone, secure the area and keep people
close to the vehicle. away.
2. Monitor closely for any change in the
situation (fire starts etc.) Instruct any victim
who might regain consciousness to “Stay in
the vehicle...” until the power line is de-
energized (made safe).

DO NOT take action which would

endanger your own life or the lives of
others.

Occupants are not injured and: 1. Explain to the occupants that contacting the
! the vehicle has a fire which cannot vehicle and ground at the same time could
readily be extinguished, and kill them.
2. Instruct the occupants on how to jump out of
! the vehicle cannot be moved (see the vehicle and move away. Tell them:
illustration below). “Keep both feet together and jump clear of
the vehicle. Avoid touching the car as your
feet come into contact with the ground.
Take short shuffle steps keeping both feet as
close together as possible. Move in this
manner away from the car for at least 6
metres (20ft.).”
3. Instruct the occupants to jump when they
are ready.

Shuffle step. Heels do not pass toes

Hop. Keep feet together

Contacting the car and ground at the same time can be FATAL

Jumping clear of a vehicle can be very dangerous and should only be attempted
in circumstances where there is no other alternative. The condition of the vehicle and
physical ability of the occupant must also be considered.

Occupants are injured or unconscious and the Consider the action explained under
vehicle has a fire which cannot be Exceptional Situations Section 8.2 if
extinguished, and the vehicle cannot be trained and equipped to do so.
moved. [This is a worst case situation]

26
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.3.3 Roadway Striping Hazard

Road striping with metal backing is typically distances along the metal foil backing. In a
used for temporary road marking situations recent incident, current traveled over 33
such as in construction areas. Downed power metres (100 ft.) from where the downed power
lines, in contact with this striping, can result in line lay.
electrical current travelling significant

4.2.3.4 Vehicle Tires Pyrolisis

Vehicle tires in contact with high voltage Tires of vehicles that have been in contact
electricity can suffer internal damage. The with high voltage power lines should not be
electricity flowing through the tire overheats used. The vehicles and tires should be made
the air inside the tire and the tire walls causing inaccessible for 24 hours and people should
the damage. This weakens the tires structural be kept at least 6 metres (20ft.) away. The
integrity resulting in unexpected and tires should then be examined by a qualified
sometimes explosive failure. Emergency tire mechanic for internal damage and possible
responders should keep 6 metres (20ft.) replacement prior to use.
distance between themselves and vehicles that
have contacted high voltage power lines.

4.2.3.5 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Electric and hybrid vehicles damaged in a If “extricating” type equipment is required to

motor vehicle accident can present electrical remove occupants from a damaged electric or
contact hazards to emergency responders. To hybrid vehicle, be sure to stay within the cut
prevent electrocution, emergency responders zone illustrated in blue.
must wear electrically resistive rubber gloves
along with protective gear. If damage to any Typically the high voltage line, shown in red
of the high voltage components or cables is on the illustration, runs along the driver side
suspected, disconnect the high voltage circuit. rocker panel (right side of the vehicle).
The first step is to remove the ignition key, Cutting into this area should be avoided.
disconnect the negative terminal of the
auxiliary (12 volt) battery and remove
the main or high voltage (HV) fuse.
If damage prevents these actions
you must refer to the
manufacturer’s emergency
procedures manual for
alternative ways of
disconnecting the high voltage
circuit for each vehicle.
High Voltage Cut Zone

27
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.4 Fighting Fires on Power Line Equipment

Fires on wood poles carrying conductors and

other electrical distribution equipment do
occur. The fires are often caused by lightning,
defective or damaged equipment, broken
wires, tree limbs, wind or ice storms.

Fog Spray Tree fires near distribution rights-ofways can

700 Kpa (100 psi) also be complicated by the proximity of live
30 degree spray lines.

If PCBs are suspected use the approach

Keep Back described in Section 6.2.6.
Minimum
10m (33 ft.)

4.2.4.1 Using Water Safely on Electrical Fires

Water can be applied safely by knowing the best practices is provided in Table 4. An easy
voltage involved and strictly adhering to to remember rule is to stay back 10 metres
following minimum distances, pressures, (33ft.) unless certain of the voltage.
nozzle size and spray pattern. A summary of

Table 4. Safe Distances for Using Water on Live Electrical Equipment

Voltage of Live Equipment Minimum Distances
at 700 Kpa (100 psi)
Volts Spray (fog)
0 to 750 1.5 metres (5 ft.)
751 to 15,000 4 metres (13 ft.)
15,001 to 500,000 7 metres (23 ft.)

28
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

SITUATION: Fire on power line equipment

ACTION
1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres pressure stays at or above 700 Kpa or
(33 ft) back. Attempt to determine the 100 psi.
voltage involved. If you aren't certain 5. Direct the fog at the burning pole or
assume the highest voltage. equipment. Stay back at least 10 metres
2. Determine the safe zone, secure the area and (33 ft) unless you are certain of the voltage.
keep people back at least 10 metres (33 ft). It is safe to direct a fog stream at high
3. Call the local Electrical Utility, and inform voltage lines providing you maintain the
other emergency responders of the hazards. separation between yourself and the live
4. Set the nozzle to produce fog (minimum 30 wires or electrical equipment.
degree pattern) and ensure the designed

DO NOT apply a straight water stream DO NOT use foam on live electrical
directly on the fire. Electricity can travel equipment. Foam is a good electrical
through the stream back to the nozzle (see
conductor.
diagram in Section 4.2.4).

4.2.5 Fighting Fires on Transmission Rights-of-Way

that water from the nozzle will come into

contact with a conductor, a 30 degree fog
pattern with a 700 Kpa (100 psi) minimum
pressure must be used. High intense fires
producing significant flame and smoke require
additional precautions. The approach limits
must be increased because of arc-over hazard
and dangers of step potential.
Minimum
10m Problems With Step Potential

Voltage unknown, low level fire,

staying back - 10m

When fighting fires on or near a transmission

Minimum
line right-of-way the distance between you 32m
and the power lines depends on the intensity
of the fire, smoke density and the voltage
involved. The application of water requires
special procedures. A ground level fire
involving low fuel loads can be fought safely
with normal fire fighting procedures. As with
distribution power lines, if there is a chance

29
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.5.1 Arc-Over (flashover) Hazard

High voltage power lines are insulated by air Arc-Over Hazard

space. An intense fire burning on the right-
of-way of a transmission power line, may
degrade the insulating quality of the air to the
point of enabling electricity to jump to the
ground surface, if flames reach within 2 metres
(7ft) of the live conductors. 2m

Dense smoke can also create this problem on

the transmission right-of-way especially if the
smoke contains a high level of particulate
material or moisture.

A high transient electric current then flows

through the ground generating a potential
gradient and step potential hazard. The step
potential voltages may be hazardous to
firefighters and emergency responders
working in the vicinity of the arcing point.

4.2.5.2 Arc-Over Hazardous Zone

If an intense fire is burning near live Even if the fire is under one outside conductor
conductors, a step potential hazard could the safe distance should also be applied to the
occur within what is called the arc-over other outside conductor in case the arc-over
hazardous zone. This zone extends a distance affects the tower or a grounded structure.
out from the outer phase conductors. The
distance is dependent on the power line
voltage. Arc-Over Hazard Zone

230kV
Table 5. Arc-Over Hazard*
Power line voltage Hazardous Zone
Volts Metres
115,000 or less 10 (33ft.)
230,000 15 (50ft.)
500,000 32 (100ft.)
*As measured from the outside insulators. Minimum Minimum
15m 15m

30
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.5.3 Fighting Fires Involving Wood Structures

Wood pole structures present an additional down or apply fire retardant to the area, up to
hazard due to their combustibility. In 3 metres (10 ft) from the base of the poles.
situations where the fire has not reached the Fire retardant must not be applied to the pole.
right-of-way, efforts should be made to soak

SITUATION: Right-of-way is fully involved

with fire but the fire only
involves low level vegetation
such as grass or small bushes.

ACTION: Apply limits of approach for step

potential and apply fog stream at 10 metres Minimum
(33 ft). 10m

SITUATION: Right-of-way is fully involved

with fire, the fire involves
vegetation such as small trees
and flame or intense smoke is
within 2 metres (7ft) of high
voltage power lines.

ACTION: Apply limits for arc-over hazard

Minimum
and apply water at 32 metres (100 ft). 32m

Voltage unknown, fire engulfing structure,

arc-over hazard, staying back the
maximum distance - 32m

31
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.5.4 Aerial Tanker Optimum Safe Application

When using aerial tankers to drop Aerial Tanker Optimum Safe Application
water or fire retardant on rights-of-
way, the application should be
made in a way that minimizes the
towers and insulators being
coated. The retardant used is Safe Zone
highly corrosive and an extremely
good conductor which if applied
to insulators will cause arc-over.
When conducting aerial tanker
drops, contact the Electrical Utility
and request that the transmission
line be de-energized. If the
transmission line cannot be de-
energized have the pilot drop the
retardant parallel to the lines
(optimum safe application).

Safe Zone

Aerial Tanker Alternative Application

If fire retardant must be
dropped across the right-of-
way in order to stop fire,
then have the pilot drop the
fire retardant between the
towers at mid span. This will
minimize the retardant hitting
Safe Zone the insulators and towers.

32
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.6 Trees Contacting Power Lines

Emergency responders need to be aware of the Trees can conduct electricity. Anyone coming
potential for severe electrical shock that can into contact with a tree while it is touching a
power line is likely
to receive a shock
resulting in serious
injury or death.
Emergency
responders must
recognize this
danger when
responding to
accidents, fires or
storms which result
in trees or other
objects touching
overhead power
lines.

The felling of trees,

natural growth and
wind may cause
trees to come into
contact with power
lines resulting in
extreme hazard to
anyone nearby.
Contacts by trees
and other objects do
not always “kick
out” the circuit and
the power may
occur where tree limbs are contacting or very continue to flow to the ground making the
near power lines. Contact with trees which are area around it dangerous because of the
in contact with power lines is a significant electrical step potential gradient created.
cause of fatalities among rescue workers.

Even if a line does “trip out” (open) it may well be re-energized by remote recloser
equipment.

If you are called upon to respond to a rescue found at 1.8 metres (6 ft.) above the ground
or fire situation, first assess the area and will help the utility pin point your location and
determine if trees or branches of trees are respond more quickly.
contacting, are very close to, or are in danger
of contacting power lines. If they are, do not Table 6. Ground Step Potential Hazard*
approach any closer than the distances shown
in the Ground Step Potential Hazard Table 6. Power line voltage Hazardous Zone
Secure the area, contact the local Electrical Volts Metres
Utility and inform them of the location and tell 115,000 or less 10 (33ft.)
them that a tree is contacting the power line. 230,000 15 (50ft.)
If there is a pole with equipment on it, 500,000 32 (100ft.)
communicating the pole number, usually *Measured from base of tree or other object.

33
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.7 Objects Contacting Power Lines

Emergency responders need to be aware of contact with a rope, pipe, ladder, scaffolds,
the potential for severe electrical shock that antenna, or building siding, while it is
can occur if contact is made with any object touching a power line is likely to receive a
that is in contact with or very near power lines. shock resulting in serious injury or death.
Contact with objects that contact power lines Emergency responders must recognize this
result in a number of fatalities across North danger when responding to accidents, fires or
America each year. storms which result in objects touching
overhead power lines.
Virtually all things, regardless of composition,
will conduct electricity. Anyone coming into

SITUATION: Rescue involving trees or other objects in contact with a power line.
ACTION
1. Assess the situation from the distances shown 4. Call local electrical utility and inform them
in the Ground Step Potential Hazard table. of the location and nature of the object
2. Determine what objects (tree branch, ladder, contacting the power line.
pole, etc.) are contacting, or are close to Do not attempt rescue.
power lines. 5. Wait for the local Electrical Utility personnel
3. If objects are in contact with power lines, to isolate and de-energize the power line.
determine the safe zone and secure the area.

34
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.0 Overhead Power Lines

4.1 Overhead Power Line Components

There are three parts to a

typical electrical system;
Generation, Transmission and 115-230kV
Distribution. Electricity is
transported throughout the
province of Ontario by the 500kV
69-115kV
transmission and distribution
systems. Transmission lines
bring power into cities on
wood structures, or steel
towers at voltages from
69,000 to 500,000 volts. The
design can vary from a single
wood pole for 69,000 to
115,000 volts to steel
structures for 115,000 to Steel Structures
500,000 volts.
Wood Structures

Power lines are supported or suspended

from the An easy to remember rule for working around
structures live high voltage transmission lines is to keep
230kV Transmission Line

ator
Bell
s Table 3. Determining minimum distance to keep away
nsul
14 I from Live High voltage Transmission Lines

Insulator Bells Voltage OHSA Limits

7 or less Up to 115,000 3 metres (10 ft.)
14 230,000 4.5 metres (15 ft.)
23-26 500,000 6 metres (20 ft.)

on at least 6 metres (20 ft) away. If you need to

insulators. work closer, first determine the voltage. By
Bell type counting the number of insulator bells on a
insulators string, the voltage of the line can be
are determined and then you can follow the limits
suspended from the structure with the of approach for the minimum safe distances.
conductor running on the bottom of the stack
of insulators.

19
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.1.1 Distribution Power Lines

From a substation the voltages are reduced to

2,400 to 44,000 volts for distribution to local Primary Power Line
distribution transformers. Smaller transformers
on poles or the ground, reduce the voltage to
347/600 volts for industrial use and to 120/240
volts for residential use. Poles will have from
one to three transformers for reducing the
voltage from primary to secondary voltages

Transformer
Fuse Cutout

44kV Neutral
Secondary

4.8-27.6kV Communication
Cable

Most of the distribution power lines in cities

Neutral and towns are supported on wooden poles;
however, concrete and steel are also used.
The power lines are attached by insulators to
Communication prevent the flow of electricity to the ground.
Pin type insulators carry the conductor on top
Cable
and are used for 44,000 volts or less. If the
insulator is broken and the conductor contacts
the pole or crossarm, there may be a flow of
electricity down the pole creating a hazard. In
(120/240 or 347/600 volts).
the case of vehicle accidents, the conductors
From the distribution transformers the
can be knocked off the insulators and energize
electricity travels through the secondary power
the pole, especially if it is wet from rain or
lines (120/240 and 347/600 volts) to the
snow.
service drop meter and building distribution
panel. The drawing shows a typical
distribution pole. The high voltage primary
line (2,400 to 27,600 volts) is usually located
above the transformer and is bare (not
coated). The system neutral and secondary
power lines (120/240 and 347/600 volts) are
typically found below the transformer and are
weather coated or insulated.

20
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.1.2 Fuse Cutouts and Capacitors

The fuse cutout acts like a circuit breaker in a

house. If there is a power surge or short in
the line, the fuse cutout will blow open
preventing damage to the transformer and
customers equipment.

Fuse Cutout Other equipment that is found in distribution

systems includes switches, regulators and
capacitors.

Capacitors store energy and can

produce lethal voltages, even when
Capacitors power is off! If a capacitor has fallen
to the ground do not touch it or
attempt to move it!
Capacitors

4.1.3 Power Line Protection Automatic Reclosers

Both transmission and distribution power

lines are protected by automatic circuit
breakers called “Reclosers”. When a
power line is tripped out (i.e. open) due to
a fault, the automatic breaker will, after a
short period of time (typically seconds to
minutes), attempt to close and re-energize
the power line. This means that a fallen, or
low hanging power line may be dead one
moment but fully energized the next.
Reclosers may also go through a number Reclosers
of cycles over a period of time that is
impossible to predict.
Treat all downed power lines as alive.

4.2 Power Line Emergency Scenarios

Electrical distribution wires may be broken by wires are energized and capable of killing
storms, ice, vehicles snagging the wires or by people. Assess the situation, determine
vehicles striking power poles. If you come the safe zone, secure the area, and then
across abnormal situations such as broken, inform the nearest Electrical Utility office
fallen or low hanging wires, assume that the as soon as possible. It is important to

21
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

inform the Electrical Utility if the situation maintainers will be sent to isolate and de-
is an immediate threat to life situation. energize the power lines, and then make
When communicating with the Electrical Utility repairs to remedy the situation. Be patient, it
always use three-way communication may take time to isolate the power lines. Don't
techniques. Verify instructions by repeating expose yourself to risk while trying to
them back to the Electrical Utility eliminate the danger.
representative. Qualified powerline

4.2.1 Electrical Backfeed

The power lines of modern electrical generated at low voltage (120/240 volts)
distribution systems, may be fed from can be increased to high voltage (4,800 to
more than one source or direction, 27,600 volts) as the electricity passes
therefore even when a wire is broken both through the padmount or pole top
ends may still be alive and hazardous. distribution transformer.
Power lines which aren't connected to the
system could be energized by backfeed Treat all downed or low hanging lines
from electrical generators. Current as alive and secure the area.

Backfeed From Generator

If the situation is life threatening, it
may be possible to determine if
backfeed is a hazard and eliminate
it. To do this contact the home,
farm or business owner or manager.
Ask the owner or manager if they
have a generator and if they do, ask
them to turn it off.

4.2.2 Fallen or Low Hanging Wires

1. Before getting out of your vehicle,

examine the surroundings
carefully and make sure you
are parked well away from the
fallen wires. If it is night time,
use a flashlight to examine the
surroundings carefully from the
vehicle window. If you are
parked over or near the fallen
wires, move your vehicle well
out of harm's way. A distance of
at least 10 metres (33 ft.) is
recommended.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

2. Stand well back, at least 6 metres (20 ft.) metal fence or any other conductive object
away. Look for and locate all wire ends. that object will also be capable of killing
They may be on the ground or suspended people. A pool of water will also become
in the air. If a live wire touches a car, truck, deadly if a live wire has fallen into it.

3. Establish the
safe zone, at
least 10
metres (33 ft.)
away from
wires and
anything the
wires may be
touching. If a
wire has fallen
onto a fence or
metal object,
electricity may
be conducted
to other points
some distance
away. You will
need to ensure
all potentially
electrified objects are inaccessible. Inform
other emergency responders of the hazards.

4. Secure the area. Face oncoming may then curl up or roll along the ground
pedestrians and traffic and keep people causing injury.
away from broken or low
hanging wires or other
electrically charged
objects. Live wires in
contact with objects on
the ground may burn
through, and one end

Keep bystanders
back at least 10
metres (33 ft.)

5. Do not attempt to move any fallen There are no safe procedures to clear
wires, call and wait for Electrical Utility a victim from a live high voltage
personnel. power line.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.3 Motor Vehicle Accidents

The following instructions are intended to Wherever possible, trained powerline

guide only those emergency responders maintainers will handle these situations.
(firefighters, police) who are properly trained However, if Electrical Utility personnel are not
in electrical emergency rescue procedures. yet on the scene, you may be guided by the
actions recommended for these emergency
situations:

4.2.3.1 Common Language for Communicating with Victims

The following statements are suggested for use accidents, that involve power lines, equipment
in communicating with persons involved in or facilities.
emergency situations, such as motor vehicle

Statement Rationale for wording

“Stay in the vehicle, you won't get Tells people in vehicles in contact with
injured” power lines that they will remain safe
inside the vehicle.

“Stay clear, ground is electrified, you Tells people at the perimeter of the secure
can get injured” area, around downed power lines, why
they must stay away.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.3.2 Rescuing Persons from Vehicles Contacting Power Lines

Situation Emergency Responder Action

A fallen wire lies on top of, or under a vehicle 1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres
with one or more people inside. (33 ft) back.
2. Determine the safe zone and secure the
area.
3. Call the local Electrical Utility.
4. Keep feet close together, shuffle step if
approaching the vehicle.
5. Don't approach closer than 6 metres (20 ft)
to the vehicle and do not get close enough
to touch any part of the vehicle. A potential
gradient will be present if the line is alive
and you could be electrocuted.

If vehicle cannot be
moved, and there is
no fire, tell occupants
to remain inside.

The driver is able to move the vehicle. 1. Make sure you and others are not in a
position to be injured in case the wire
springs up after being released or moves
suddenly when the vehicle moves.
2. Instruct the driver to very slowly move the
car off of or away from the wire, and clear
of any pools of water which may be
energized by the live wire.
If the power lines get pulled by the vehicle
then instruct the driver to stop and to
“Stay in the vehicle…” until Electrical
Utility personnel arrive.
The driver is unable to move the vehicle or the 1. Instruct the driver to “Stay in the vehicle…”
vehicle will not move. until the Electrical Utility personnel arrive.
2. Continually monitor the safe zone, secure the
area and keep people away.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

Situation Emergency Responder Action

Victim(s) are unconscious and there are fallen 1. Determine and continually monitor the safe
wires under or on the vehicle or hanging very zone, secure the area and keep people
close to the vehicle. away.
2. Monitor closely for any change in the
situation (fire starts etc.) Instruct any victim
who might regain consciousness to “Stay in
the vehicle...” until the power line is de-
energized (made safe).

DO NOT take action which would

endanger your own life or the lives of
others.

Occupants are not injured and: 1. Explain to the occupants that contacting the
! the vehicle has a fire which cannot vehicle and ground at the same time could
readily be extinguished, and kill them.
2. Instruct the occupants on how to jump out of
! the vehicle cannot be moved (see the vehicle and move away. Tell them:
illustration below). “Keep both feet together and jump clear of
the vehicle. Avoid touching the car as your
feet come into contact with the ground.
Take short shuffle steps keeping both feet as
close together as possible. Move in this
manner away from the car for at least 6
metres (20ft.).”
3. Instruct the occupants to jump when they
are ready.

Shuffle step. Heels do not pass toes

Hop. Keep feet together

Contacting the car and ground at the same time can be FATAL

Jumping clear of a vehicle can be very dangerous and should only be attempted
in circumstances where there is no other alternative. The condition of the vehicle and
physical ability of the occupant must also be considered.

Occupants are injured or unconscious and the Consider the action explained under
vehicle has a fire which cannot be Exceptional Situations Section 8.2 if
extinguished, and the vehicle cannot be trained and equipped to do so.
moved. [This is a worst case situation]

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.3.3 Roadway Striping Hazard

Road striping with metal backing is typically distances along the metal foil backing. In a
used for temporary road marking situations recent incident, current traveled over 33
such as in construction areas. Downed power metres (100 ft.) from where the downed power
lines, in contact with this striping, can result in line lay.
electrical current travelling significant

4.2.3.4 Vehicle Tires Pyrolisis

Vehicle tires in contact with high voltage Tires of vehicles that have been in contact
electricity can suffer internal damage. The with high voltage power lines should not be
electricity flowing through the tire overheats used. The vehicles and tires should be made
the air inside the tire and the tire walls causing inaccessible for 24 hours and people should
the damage. This weakens the tires structural be kept at least 6 metres (20ft.) away. The
integrity resulting in unexpected and tires should then be examined by a qualified
sometimes explosive failure. Emergency tire mechanic for internal damage and possible
responders should keep 6 metres (20ft.) replacement prior to use.
distance between themselves and vehicles that
have contacted high voltage power lines.

4.2.3.5 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Electric and hybrid vehicles damaged in a If “extricating” type equipment is required to

motor vehicle accident can present electrical remove occupants from a damaged electric or
contact hazards to emergency responders. To hybrid vehicle, be sure to stay within the cut
prevent electrocution, emergency responders zone illustrated in blue.
must wear electrically resistive rubber gloves
along with protective gear. If damage to any Typically the high voltage line, shown in red
of the high voltage components or cables is on the illustration, runs along the driver side
suspected, disconnect the high voltage circuit. rocker panel (right side of the vehicle).
The first step is to remove the ignition key, Cutting into this area should be avoided.
disconnect the negative terminal of the
auxiliary (12 volt) battery and remove
the main or high voltage (HV) fuse.
If damage prevents these actions
you must refer to the
manufacturer’s emergency
procedures manual for
alternative ways of
disconnecting the high voltage
circuit for each vehicle.
High Voltage Cut Zone

27
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.4 Fighting Fires on Power Line Equipment

Fires on wood poles carrying conductors and

other electrical distribution equipment do
occur. The fires are often caused by lightning,
defective or damaged equipment, broken
wires, tree limbs, wind or ice storms.

Fog Spray Tree fires near distribution rights-ofways can

700 Kpa (100 psi) also be complicated by the proximity of live
30 degree spray lines.

If PCBs are suspected use the approach

Keep Back described in Section 6.2.6.
Minimum
10m (33 ft.)

4.2.4.1 Using Water Safely on Electrical Fires

Water can be applied safely by knowing the best practices is provided in Table 4. An easy
voltage involved and strictly adhering to to remember rule is to stay back 10 metres
following minimum distances, pressures, (33ft.) unless certain of the voltage.
nozzle size and spray pattern. A summary of

Table 4. Safe Distances for Using Water on Live Electrical Equipment

Voltage of Live Equipment Minimum Distances
at 700 Kpa (100 psi)
Volts Spray (fog)
0 to 750 1.5 metres (5 ft.)
751 to 15,000 4 metres (13 ft.)
15,001 to 500,000 7 metres (23 ft.)

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

SITUATION: Fire on power line equipment

ACTION
1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres pressure stays at or above 700 Kpa or
(33 ft) back. Attempt to determine the 100 psi.
voltage involved. If you aren't certain 5. Direct the fog at the burning pole or
assume the highest voltage. equipment. Stay back at least 10 metres
2. Determine the safe zone, secure the area and (33 ft) unless you are certain of the voltage.
keep people back at least 10 metres (33 ft). It is safe to direct a fog stream at high
3. Call the local Electrical Utility, and inform voltage lines providing you maintain the
other emergency responders of the hazards. separation between yourself and the live
4. Set the nozzle to produce fog (minimum 30 wires or electrical equipment.
degree pattern) and ensure the designed

DO NOT apply a straight water stream DO NOT use foam on live electrical
directly on the fire. Electricity can travel equipment. Foam is a good electrical
through the stream back to the nozzle (see
conductor.
diagram in Section 4.2.4).

4.2.5 Fighting Fires on Transmission Rights-of-Way

that water from the nozzle will come into

contact with a conductor, a 30 degree fog
pattern with a 700 Kpa (100 psi) minimum
pressure must be used. High intense fires
producing significant flame and smoke require
additional precautions. The approach limits
must be increased because of arc-over hazard
and dangers of step potential.
Minimum
10m Problems With Step Potential

Voltage unknown, low level fire,

staying back - 10m

When fighting fires on or near a transmission

Minimum
line right-of-way the distance between you 32m
and the power lines depends on the intensity
of the fire, smoke density and the voltage
involved. The application of water requires
special procedures. A ground level fire
involving low fuel loads can be fought safely
with normal fire fighting procedures. As with
distribution power lines, if there is a chance

29
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.5.1 Arc-Over (flashover) Hazard

High voltage power lines are insulated by air Arc-Over Hazard

space. An intense fire burning on the right-
of-way of a transmission power line, may
degrade the insulating quality of the air to the
point of enabling electricity to jump to the
ground surface, if flames reach within 2 metres
(7ft) of the live conductors. 2m

Dense smoke can also create this problem on

the transmission right-of-way especially if the
smoke contains a high level of particulate
material or moisture.

A high transient electric current then flows

through the ground generating a potential
gradient and step potential hazard. The step
potential voltages may be hazardous to
firefighters and emergency responders
working in the vicinity of the arcing point.

4.2.5.2 Arc-Over Hazardous Zone

If an intense fire is burning near live Even if the fire is under one outside conductor
conductors, a step potential hazard could the safe distance should also be applied to the
occur within what is called the arc-over other outside conductor in case the arc-over
hazardous zone. This zone extends a distance affects the tower or a grounded structure.
out from the outer phase conductors. The
distance is dependent on the power line
voltage. Arc-Over Hazard Zone

230kV
Table 5. Arc-Over Hazard*
Power line voltage Hazardous Zone
Volts Metres
115,000 or less 10 (33ft.)
230,000 15 (50ft.)
500,000 32 (100ft.)
*As measured from the outside insulators. Minimum Minimum
15m 15m

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.5.3 Fighting Fires Involving Wood Structures

Wood pole structures present an additional down or apply fire retardant to the area, up to
hazard due to their combustibility. In 3 metres (10 ft) from the base of the poles.
situations where the fire has not reached the Fire retardant must not be applied to the pole.
right-of-way, efforts should be made to soak

SITUATION: Right-of-way is fully involved

with fire but the fire only
involves low level vegetation
such as grass or small bushes.

ACTION: Apply limits of approach for step

potential and apply fog stream at 10 metres Minimum
(33 ft). 10m

SITUATION: Right-of-way is fully involved

with fire, the fire involves
vegetation such as small trees
and flame or intense smoke is
within 2 metres (7ft) of high
voltage power lines.

ACTION: Apply limits for arc-over hazard

Minimum
and apply water at 32 metres (100 ft). 32m

Voltage unknown, fire engulfing structure,

arc-over hazard, staying back the
maximum distance - 32m

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.5.4 Aerial Tanker Optimum Safe Application

When using aerial tankers to drop Aerial Tanker Optimum Safe Application
water or fire retardant on rights-of-
way, the application should be
made in a way that minimizes the
towers and insulators being
coated. The retardant used is Safe Zone
highly corrosive and an extremely
good conductor which if applied
to insulators will cause arc-over.
When conducting aerial tanker
drops, contact the Electrical Utility
and request that the transmission
line be de-energized. If the
transmission line cannot be de-
energized have the pilot drop the
retardant parallel to the lines
(optimum safe application).

Safe Zone

Aerial Tanker Alternative Application

If fire retardant must be
dropped across the right-of-
way in order to stop fire,
then have the pilot drop the
fire retardant between the
towers at mid span. This will
minimize the retardant hitting
Safe Zone the insulators and towers.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

4.2.6 Trees Contacting Power Lines

Emergency responders need to be aware of the Trees can conduct electricity. Anyone coming
potential for severe electrical shock that can into contact with a tree while it is touching a
power line is likely
to receive a shock
resulting in serious
injury or death.
Emergency
responders must
recognize this
danger when
responding to
accidents, fires or
storms which result
in trees or other
objects touching
overhead power
lines.

The felling of trees,

natural growth and
wind may cause
trees to come into
contact with power
lines resulting in
extreme hazard to
anyone nearby.
Contacts by trees
and other objects do
not always “kick
out” the circuit and
the power may
occur where tree limbs are contacting or very continue to flow to the ground making the
near power lines. Contact with trees which are area around it dangerous because of the
in contact with power lines is a significant electrical step potential gradient created.
cause of fatalities among rescue workers.

Even if a line does “trip out” (open) it may well be re-energized by remote recloser
equipment.

If you are called upon to respond to a rescue found at 1.8 metres (6 ft.) above the ground
or fire situation, first assess the area and will help the utility pin point your location and
determine if trees or branches of trees are respond more quickly.
contacting, are very close to, or are in danger
of contacting power lines. If they are, do not Table 6. Ground Step Potential Hazard*
approach any closer than the distances shown
in the Ground Step Potential Hazard Table 6. Power line voltage Hazardous Zone
Secure the area, contact the local Electrical Volts Metres
Utility and inform them of the location and tell 115,000 or less 10 (33ft.)
them that a tree is contacting the power line. 230,000 15 (50ft.)
If there is a pole with equipment on it, 500,000 32 (100ft.)
communicating the pole number, usually *Measured from base of tree or other object.

33
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

4.2.7 Objects Contacting Power Lines

Emergency responders need to be aware of contact with a rope, pipe, ladder, scaffolds,
the potential for severe electrical shock that antenna, or building siding, while it is
can occur if contact is made with any object touching a power line is likely to receive a
that is in contact with or very near power lines. shock resulting in serious injury or death.
Contact with objects that contact power lines Emergency responders must recognize this
result in a number of fatalities across North danger when responding to accidents, fires or
America each year. storms which result in objects touching
overhead power lines.
Virtually all things, regardless of composition,
will conduct electricity. Anyone coming into

SITUATION: Rescue involving trees or other objects in contact with a power line.
ACTION
1. Assess the situation from the distances shown 4. Call local electrical utility and inform them
in the Ground Step Potential Hazard table. of the location and nature of the object
2. Determine what objects (tree branch, ladder, contacting the power line.
pole, etc.) are contacting, or are close to Do not attempt rescue.
power lines. 5. Wait for the local Electrical Utility personnel
3. If objects are in contact with power lines, to isolate and de-energize the power line.
determine the safe zone and secure the area.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

5.0 Underground Power Equipment

Typical Underground Service

Overhead Power
Supply to
Underground

Padmount
Transformer

Meter

Secondary Cable
120/240 or 347/600 volts

Primary Cable
4.8 - 27.6 kV

Padmount transformers and switching kiosks Underground cables are normally buried at
are the above ground portion of an least one metre (3 ft.) below ground level;
underground electrical installation. In an however, changes in topsoil cover could
underground distribution system buried, increase or decrease the depth below the
insulated power lines carry the high and low surface. There can be any number of cables
voltage electricity. Underground power lines coming out from a padmount transformer or
can supply primary (2,400 to 27,600 volts) and kiosk and it is impossible to predict the
secondary (120/240 and 347/600 volt) location of these cables without using a
electrical power. detector.

35
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

5.1 Underground Power Equipment Emergency Scenarios

5.1.1 Padmount Transformers and Switching Kiosks

Situation Emergency Responder Action

Padmount transformer or switching kiosk 1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres
shows evidence of being tampered with, such (33 ft.) back.
as hacksaw marks or severe dents, or is 2. Determine the safe zone, secure the area,
found open. inform other emergency responders and
keep people away.
3. Call the local electrical utility. Give the
location and provide the transformer or
switching kiosk location and number.
Numbers are stenciled on the unit usually in
yellow lettering.
4. Wait for the local Electrical Utility to isolate
and de-energize the kiosk and initiate repairs.

Padmount transformer or switching kiosk is 1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres
damaged in a vehicle accident. (33 ft.) back.
2. Determine the safe zone, secure the area,
inform other emergency responders and
keep people away.
3. Call the local electrical utility giving the
location.
4. Keep feet close together when approaching
the vehicle.
5. Don't approach closer than 6 metres (20 ft.)
to the vehicle and certainly don't get close
enough to touch any part of the transformer
or any vehicle that may be touching the
transformer or kiosk.
6. Tell occupants of the vehicle to “Stay in the
vehicle, and you won't get injured”.
7. Call the local electrical utility and provide
the transformer or switching kiosk location
and number. Numbers are stenciled on the
unit usually in large yellow lettering.
8. Wait for Electrical Utility personnel to isolate
and de-energize the padmount transformer.
Be patient it may take some time.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

Stay Back
10m, 33ft.

Treat as
Energized

Electrical Utility personnel will ensure proper what you understand by repeating the
isolation and grounding of the transformer or message back.
kiosk and will authorize the removal of the
vehicle after everything is safe. Confirm
verbal instructions with three way
communication techniques; that is, confirm

37
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

5.1.2 Underground Power Line Damaged by Digging

Many times a year in Ontario, operators of off by circuit breakers because the current
digging equipment, (e.g. backhoe, post hole flows into the ground. Occasionally the power
digger), inadvertently dig into live high voltage line remains alive and energizes the machine.
underground power lines. In the majority of These situations have resulted in serious injury
cases the live power line is automatically shut and death due to electrical contact.

SITUATION: Underground live power line is damaged by digging machinery.

ACTION
1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres 4. Keep feet close together when approaching,
(33 ft.) back. and don't approach closer than 6 metres
2. Determine the safe zone (10 metres, 33 ft.), (20ft.) to the machine. Do not get close
secure the area, inform other emergency enough to touch any part of the digging
responders and keep people back. machine.
3. Call the local Electrical Utility. Give the 5. Tell the operator of the machinery to “Stay
location and provide the number of the in the machine, and you won't get injured”.
nearest transformer or switching kiosk. 7. Wait for Electrical Utility personnel to isolate
Numbers are stenciled on the unit usually in and de-energize the underground power
yellow lettering. line.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

5.1.3 Fires and Explosions in Underground Electrical Vaults

In the high density areas of every

city and in many residential
subdivisions, electric distribution
wires run through cable tunnels
located under the pavement.

Transformers and switchgear for

these circuits are situated
underground in concrete vaults, with
access provided to each vault by a
service access hole.

Underground electrical systems are

designed to withstand great stress.
However, earth movement can crack
the concrete walls of cable tunnels,
as well as adjacent sewer pipes,
natural gas pipes and water mains.
Hazardous conditions can result,
including accumulations of explosive Keep Public Back
and toxic gases and dangerously 15m, 50ft.
high water levels. Electrical failure
of a cable may result in an explosion
or fire, which could damage
insulation and energize all metal
parts within the vault.

5.1.3.1 Vault Explosion (Cover Off) or Vault Emitting Fire or Smoke

SITUATION: Service access cover is in place and vault is emitting fire, smoke or fumes.
ACTION
1. Assess the situation from at least 10 metres 4. Stop traffic until there is no danger of an
(33 ft.) away. explosion (secondary explosions can occur).
2. Determine the safe zone, secure the area, 5. Do not attempt to remove the service access
and keep the public at least 15 metres (50 cover. If gases are present in the vault
ft.) back. removal of the cover may produce a spark
3. Call the local electrical utility, ask for or provide sufficient air to cause an
assistance and give the location of the service explosion.
access involved.

SITUATION: Fire inside the vault and the cover is missing.

ACTION
Steps 1 to 4 as in the “cover in place” situation. fire extinguishing substances such as dry
5. From a safe location apply non-conducting chemical or Co2.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

5.1.3.2 Rescue from Underground Electrical Vaults

Emergency personnel should not enter any rescue procedures, you may remove the
electrical vault except for rescue. If a victim is victim, providing that you adhere to the
found inside a vault and there are no Electrical following procedure:
Utility representatives on hand to advise with

SITUATION: Victim lying at the bottom of an open service access.

ACTION
1. Call the electrical utility indicating the location presence of explosive gas (remember low or
and number of service access covers involved high oxygen levels can result in false
and request the electrical utility de-energize combustible gas readings).
all circuits in the underground vaults. 6. Put on a self contained breathing apparatus
2. Wait for confirmation that all circuits in the (SCBA), to protect yourself against toxic
vaults have been de-energized. gases.
3. Using three-way communication, confirm by 7. Wear an approved harness, attach a life line
reading back vault identification(s) that the and have it held by another emergency
vault(s) are de-energized. person above ground. This enables you to
4. Confirm that the individuals performing the be extricated in case of trouble. Don't enter
entry are qualified in confined space entry. without backup!
5. Use standard confined space entry 8. Enter the vault, avoid contact with any
procedures and test for oxygen and the electrical components and rescue the victim.

One firefighter on Gas detector

the surface must be used before
ready to assist entering vault
equipped with SCBA

SCBA
Must Be Worn

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

6.0 Substations
Although most substations are unattended, hazards from buildings that emergency
they are equipped with automatic signal responders usually enter and can endanger
systems which summon Electrical Utility anyone who is unfamiliar with them. During
personnel in an emergency. Substations use your pre-planning, it is important to obtain
transformers to reduce the voltage and send it emergency preparedness or emergency
along distribution lines to users. Substations response plans and to arrange familiarization
and substation buildings present different tours of substations in your service area.

6.1 Substation components

6.1.1 Buildings

Buildings contain a wide variety of equipment, relays, control cabinets, energized electrical
which can make rescue and fire fighting cables with combustible insulation (PVC), oil
hazardous. They can contain banks of filled transformers and circuit breakers, and
batteries containing sulphuric acid, energized compressors.

6.1.2 Transformers

Transformers are devices used to step-up or been consumed, thereby saving adjacent
step-down voltages. They usually contain large equipment from damage.
volumes of cooling insulating oil which is
combustible and has a flash point of
145°C (295oF). Some of these oils may
also contain small quantities of PCBs
(see "PCBs", Section 6.2.6).

A transformer consists of an iron core Transformer

on which is placed two or three coils of
conductors. By varying the number of
turns on the coils, the voltage can be
changed. The turns on the coils need
to be insulated from each other to
withstand the voltages. This insulation is
usually paper and is combustible.

For both cooling and insulating

purposes, transformers are placed in
large metal tanks. Additional
components can include pumps, fans,
radiators or a large tank called a
conservator, at the top of the main
transformer tank, which also contains Conservator
oil. Usually it is possible to extinguish
transformer fires before all the oil has

41
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

6.1.3 Conservators

These large tanks located at the top of large build-up of pressure, but if one of these
transformers allow for expansion and tanks were ruptured, it could provide a large
contraction of the cooling oil when the supply of fuel in the event of fire.
transformer is carrying load. There will be no

6.1.4 Explosion Vents

These are large vertical pipes with rupturable internal transformer fault. It is unlikely to be a
discs fitted to the transformer tops and are hazard to the people fighting a fire.
intended to relieve pressure in the event of an

6.1.5 Porcelain Bushings

These simply enable high voltage transformer found in transformers -paper and oil. When
connections to pass through the grounded subjected to high temperatures, the porcelain
metal tank without energizing it. Typically material can explode, resulting in flying
they contain the same insulating material projectiles and more oil as fuel for the fire.

6.1.6 Bus Bars

These are metal conduits or pipes that are

used within substations to carry the electricity Depending on the support structure
from transformers to other devices inside the design, it may be difficult or
substation. These bus bars are energized but impossible to distinguish the live
insolated from the steel support structures by high voltage bus from the structure.
insulators.

6.1.7 Overhead Structures

Metal structures are often built over the top of high temperatures. Apart from the obvious
electrical equipment to support insulators and hazards, such collapses could also result in
high-voltage conductors. These structures will breakage of the porcelain bushings with the
sag and eventually collapse when subjected to consequence described above.

6.1.8 Control Cables

Attached to large power transformers to carry surrounding the conductors is combustible and
low voltage electricity for controlling cooling may allow flames to migrate to other
fans, pumps and motors. They usually de- equipment along cable trenches.
energize themselves if faulted. The insulation

42
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

6.1.9 Cable Trenches

Cable trenches carry the control cables Thus, a fire can be carried to adjacent
mentioned above. In the event of a substation equipment fairly readily. To reduce this type
fire, cable trenches can carry transformer oil of hazard some cable trenches may be filled
that may have leaked from a burning with sand.
transformer or a broken porcelain bushing.

6.1.10 Circuit Breakers

These are large switches. Some types of circuit Bus Bars

breakers are equipped with porcelain bushings
and contain combustible oil.

Oil Filled Breaker

6.1.11 Capacitors
and environmental guidelines must be
Capacitors store energy and can produce followed and spills must be reported to the
lethal voltages of electricity even with the Spills Action Centre.
power off. Any wires connected to the
capacitors will be energized. In the event Large Capacitor Bank
of a fire, Electrical Utility personnel
would, as soon as practical, make them
safe to handle.

Capacitors are located in some but not all

substations. A capacitor bank is comprised of
a number of small units measuring approx. 25
cm x 45 cm x 60 cm high. Individual
capacitors are sealed units which could
explode when heated.

Some of the capacitors contain

polychlorinated biphenyl’s (PCBs) which can
be hazardous to your health and the
environment. In the event of a spill, extreme
caution should be exercised, while containing
and then cleaning-up PCBs. Provincial health

43
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

6.1.12 Substation Ground Grids

An extensive grounding grid system is located circumstances, personnel would not be

under the gravel in all distribution and exposed to any hazard because the grounding
transmission substations and all equipment grid would distribute the voltage over a wide
including the fence is connected to it. The area.
grid's function is to protect personnel from
high-voltage levels during fault conditions on The gravel covering substation property is
the power lines outside the substations. For used to insulate people from the grounding
example, should lightning strike a power line it grid and provides a means to contain oil
could cause an insulator arc-over at the which may flow from transformers or other
station, which would raise the ground voltage electrical equipment if they fail.
several thousand volts. Under normal

Bus Bars

Control
Capacitor Building
Bank

Circuit
Breaker

Transformer

Ground Grid

6.1.13 PCB Storage

Electrical Utility equipment and storage areas guidelines

known to contain PCBs are clearly identified must be
with approved warning signs. adhered to.

Under certain conditions, PCBs in the presence

O
of oxygen when heated between 250-700 C
O
(450-1100 F) may produce harmful products
of combustion such as dioxins and furans.
Firefighters in such a situation must take every
precaution necessary to protect themselves,
other responders and all members of the
public present. All provincial environmental

44
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

6.2 Substation Emergency Scenarios

6.2.1 Trespassers in Substations

A dangerous situation arises when children

and young adults are playing around electrical
distribution and transmission substations.
Frequently, young people will enter these
facilities to retrieve a ball or other object.
Across the province on average one young
person is seriously injured or killed every two
years.

Most people do not understand the

components that are inside a substation and
the electrical hazards they present.

All equipment inside substation fences must

be considered to be electrically hazardous.

SITUATION: People are seen climbing

over a fence into a substation or inside
a substation.

ACTION
1. If the person is on equipment, calmly
say, “Stay still, don't move and don't
touch anything”.
2. If they are inside, on the ground, calmly
call them to come to the fence and tell
them to remain there.
3. Warn of the danger.
4. Call for assistance from the local
Electrical Utility and wait for them to
arrive.

SITUATION: Injured person in a SITUATION: You are called to retrieve

substation. an object from a substation.

ACTION ACTION
1. Calmly, tell the person to move to the 1. Immediately proceed to the substation
fence if they are able. 2. Ensure people don't attempt to go in
2. Call for assistance from the local and retrieve it “on their own”.
electrical utility and wait for their arrival. 3. Call the local Electrical Utility for
3. When Electrical Utility personnel arrive, assistance and wait for their arrival.
initiate rescue under their direction.

45
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

6.2.2 Substation Fires

When responding to a fire in a substation, call Do not enter any substation without a
the Electrical Utility immediately. Be aware qualified Electrical Utility representative on
that shutting off the flow of electricity into a site. They will inform you of any hazards
substation may take time. Be patient and specific to that station.
resist the temptation to enter the substation.
Fight substation fires only with the guidance of
Upon arrival, park vehicles and apparatus well the qualified Electrical Utility personnel on
away from transmission or distribution power site.
lines. Power lines may break and fall.
Ensure that the limits of approach are
Assess the situation and obtain, if possible, a maintained with all apparatus and lines, even
copy of the emergency response plan for the with those substation components which are
site. Inform other emergency responders of the de-energized. Fire fighting vehicles that could
dangers (eg. electrical, explosion, chemical). contact live equipment must be connected to
the ground grid or to a ground gradient
Keep onlookers well back, if possible a control mat that the operator must stand on.
minimum of 100 metres (330 ft) due to the risk
of explosion. Porcelain pieces propelled from Metal ladders must not be placed against a
an exploding oil filled breaker can be deadly. substation fence or used in fighting substation
fires. Metal objects, such as tape measures
Prepare equipment and protect surrounding and extension cords, can also create a hazard
property. and must not be used inside substations.

Minimum
10m, 33ft.

46
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

SITUATION: Called to a fire in a substation or switchyard

ACTION
1. Notify dispatch to call the Electrical Utility 5. Prepare equipment and protect exposures
immediately, and inform other emergency (surrounding property) applying water
responders of the identified dangers. using fog spray (700 Kpa, [100 psi], 30
2. Upon arrival, park vehicles and apparatus degree).
well away from the substation. 6. Wait for Electrical Utility personnel to
3. Secure the area, keep on-lookers back at arrive. Do not enter the substation
least 100 metres, 330 feet (explosion risk). unescorted.
4. Obtain a copy of the emergency response 7. With advice from the Electrical Utility
plan for the substation. personnel, fight the fire.

6.2.3 Substation Control Buildings

Substation control buildings require special Some control buildings have automatic
consideration when fighting fires. The nature fixed fire suppression systems. The most
of the equipment installed within the station, common type of installation utilizes sprinkler
its high value and susceptibility to damage and/or pre-action systems with full fire
from many extinguishing agents requires detection and alarm. Some control rooms are
careful consideration in agent selection. protected with Halon 1301. Do not open
Preference must be given to carbon dioxide, doors if the Halon system had been activated.
as an agent, when using hand portable Operating sequences and characteristics must
extinguishers. Indiscriminate use of water be reviewed at the pre-plan stage.
could result in significant damage and
interruption of services and therefore must be The air handling systems for control buildings,
cleared by Electrical Utility personnel. compressor buildings and other support
facilities, should be reviewed to assess
Fires inside substation control buildings may shutdown requirements to prevent soot
involve PVC cable insulation as a fuel. The contamination from switchyard fires migrating
combustion gases given off by PVC are into buildings.
extremely toxic and corrosive. Self contained
breathing apparatus must be worn when
entering a control building to fight fires, and
special attention given to clean-up and
decontamination of equipment.

47
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

6.2.4 Fire Fighting inside Electrical Substations or Switchyards

Follow the guidance provided by the onsite Maintain the minimum recommended distance
qualified Electrical Utility personnel in fighting (10 m., 33ft) for the use of water fog or spray
a fire and especially in applying water on or on electrical equipment. Water must never be
near electrical equipment. discharged in the form of a straight stream.

Fire Fighting Inside

Electrical Substations

Minimum
10m, 33ft.

Fog or water spray at minimum of 30° setting with a minimum pressure of 700 Kpa
(100 psi) at the nozzle is safest.

The majority of fires in substations involve or hot metal surface areas. If the equipment
combustible insulating oil used in has been certified as de-energized and
transformers, circuit breakers, and capacitors. isolated, foam may also be used to prevent re-
This insulating oil has a minimum flash point ignition.
of 146°C (296°F) and will generate
temperatures in excess of 1000oC (1850°F) in Another serious potential problem with
the immediate fire zone. Some substations combustible insulating oil is the entry of
have oil filled equipment containing oil in burning oil into cable trenches, cable tunnels,
quantities in excess of 90,000 litres (20,000 and manholes. Fires in these areas can be
imperial gallons) per unit. Some of the difficult to extinguish as the combustible cable
problems encountered with these oil filled insulation may ignite.
equipment fires concerns the damage to
adjacent equipment (within 10 m/33 ft.) and Attempt to establish containment to minimize
the re-ignition of the oil caused by hot metal the environmental impact from the oil spill.
surfaces. The effects of these problems can be Utility personnel have been trained to contain
minimized by the continued application of oil spills and can be relied upon to provide
water in a fog form onto adjacent equipment assistance to contain the oil and runoff.

48
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

6.2.5 Privately Owned Substations

There are numerous privately owned and and trees

maintained substations throughout Ontario. - poor housekeeping practices and
These substations may not be serviced and maintenance of equipment
maintained to the standard found in Utility
owned stations. Additional difficulties that Local Electrical Utilities may not respond to an
may be encountered include: emergency at a privately owned substation.
Declaring the situation an “immediate threat to
- identifying or locating the owner life” emergency (FPPA, 1997 Part 5, Section 15,
- problems locating the occupants 16), will enable emergency responders to
electrician more quickly obtain the help of Electrical
- property overgrown with shrubs, bushes Utilities personnel when needed.

6.2.6 Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs

Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, were used as

cooling and insulating oil in transformers SITUATION: You suspect PCBs in a fire.
because they don't support combustion. PCBs ACTION
have mostly been replaced by mineral oils
1. Wear full turnout gear and SCBA.
because PCBs are an environmental
contaminant. High temperature fires may 2. Position apparatus upwind and approach
cause PCBs in oils to break down into from upwind.
extremely toxic components. The known 3. Use dry chemical, CO2 or foam if possible.
presence of PCBs should be indicated by 4. Provide for liquid runoff containment.
warning signs. 5. Evacuate people located in path of the
smoke plume.
6. Follow standard decontamination
The use of large volumes of water, on procedures.
potentially PCB contaminated equipment 7. Ensure you and your gear are tested
(transmission and distribution) that has spilled afterwards for possible exposure.
oil and is burning, will result in the wide
distribution of trace PCB contamination in the
environment. Where safe alternatives to water
are available (carbon dioxide (CO2), dry Runoff control should also be considered and
used if appropriate. Ultimately, contamination
chemical), they should be used. If non-water
can be cleaned up, so responder and public
alternatives are not an option, the quantities of
safety should be the primary consideration.
water should be minimized to the extent
possible to limit the spread of contamination.

49
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

7.0 Electrical Hazards when Fire Fighting in Houses & Other Buildings
Firefighters often face possible electrical
hazards when they fight fires involving
structures. The majority of structures within a
community have an electrical service or
electrical power supply. Leaving the power
and lights on aids evacuation, rescue and fire
fighting.

The greatest possibility for injury and death

can be attributed to the direct body contact
with energized wires or contact through
equipment. In limited visibility, walk with the
palms of your hands facing towards you. If
you encounter any live electrical equipment
the contraction of your muscles (from the
current) will force your hands and arms
towards you and away from the source of
electricity.

7.1 Overhead Power Lines Near Buildings

observing a
4.8-27.6kV few basic
rules. When
rescuers or
firefighters are
working from
an aerial
device, it is
essential to
maintain the
limits of
approach of 3
Minimum 3m
from working zone
metres (10 ft.)
away from the
power line.
This minimum
distance must
be maintained
by all persons,
tools and
Overhead power lines present one of the most equipment on the platform. Ensure that you
significant electrical hazards to firefighters have enough room for the full range of
when responding to structural fires. movement required without encroaching on
Firefighters and rescuers can avoid injuries by the OHSA limits of approach (Section 1.7).

50
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

7.2 Vehicle and Emergency Apparatus Placement

Upon arrival at a fire that could potentially

involve live power lines assess the situation.

PO
Place vehicles and equipment so that they will

TEN
be safe, in the event that the expansion of the

TIAL
fire results in damage to either power lines or

WIRE FALL
supporting structures.

Minimum 10m,
33ft.

7.3 Aerial Equipment Setup

Before setting up aerial equipment,

make sure you know where all power
lines are located. You must use a
second firefighter as a dedicated
signaller (safety observer) when
working in close proximity to power
lines. You must ensure that you have
enough room for full range of
movement, without violating the limits
of approach.

The aerial device operator must be on

the apparatus, on a platform attached
to the vehicle or on a ground gradient
mat that is bonded to the device.

Extra precautions must be taken when Minimum

forced to work overtop power lines. 3m, 10ft.
Tie off tools and equipment so that
they don't drop into the power line Signaller
and move hydraulics very slowly to
minimize bouncing and swaying.
Ensure the pump operator works from
a bonded platform or ground gradient
mat and ground personnel halt contact
with the vehicle while the ladder
(boom) is being repositioned.

51
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

7.4 Working Around Service Meter and Mast

The service connection to a building can vary

in design. While the voltage is considered low
at 120/240 for residential and 347/600 volts for
commercial applications it is still dangerous
and when contacted can cause serious injury
or death.

If possible keep at least 2 metres (7 ft) away

from the service drop and do not contact it.
The wires are weather coated and this coating
can not be relied upon to insulate you from
the electrical current.

7.5 When Electricity Endangers People or Property

shutting off the power.

Fault currents may have
energized the grounded
electrical box and these
precautions will prevent
you from being injured.
For example, commercial
and industrial settings
commonly use multi-
branch 347 volt systems,
with single pole breakers
for lighting. A fire can
cause a single-pole
breaker to trip off, de-
energizing only one
branch of the circuit
leaving the other two
energized. Since a 347
volt circuit connects
neutral to ground, it is
possible for current on
When the electrical supply to the building the neutral side to backfeed to the circuit
must be shut off, either shut off the main making the neutral live.
power switch or have the local electrical utility
disconnect the supply. For commercial and industrial situations where
the 600 volt power supply is heavily utilized
When turning off the main power switch, wear (large current flow), shut off individual circuits
electrically resistive rubber gloves (Section first to reduce current flow, then shut off the
3.8). Use your left hand and turn away when main switch. This practice will minimize the

52
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

possibility of an explosive flash when utility and ask them to disconnect the electrical
operating the main switch. If the main power supply at the pole or transformer switch.
switch cannot be shut off, contact the electrical

Do not pull the

meter to
disconnect the
power supply as it
may violently arc
or explode.
Pulling the meter
does NOT
guarantee that the
power supply has
been interrupted.
For example, flat
rate hot water
heater circuits
typically by-pass
the meter.

7.6 Entering Wet or Flooded Buildings

When Extra care must be taken when working in

entering a flooded basements or on wet floors. It is
wet or important to shut off power, either from a dry
flooded location inside the building or from outside,
building prior to entry. Signs of electrically charged
use floors could include unusual sparking,
caution as unconscious victims or persons receiving
water and shocks from equipment touching the wet area.
live wires If the building is flooded, best practice is to
can be a disconnect power from outside prior to entry,
lethal as these signs are not always present.
combina-
tion. Shut Emergency responders also need to determine
off the if emergency or portable generators are in use.
power or Contact the owner or building maintainer and
call the ensure that these sources are shut off or
local disconnected.
Electrical
Utility and ask that they disconnect or
“cutdown” the service at the pole.

53
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

7.7 Electrical Vaults in High Rise Buildings

High and low voltage electrical vaults in high rescue work is extremely hazardous. Rescuers
rise buildings present a range of hazards other should never attempt to remove anyone from
than electrical contact to emergency inside a vault unless they are certain that the
responders. Often electrical vaults are located power is off or the victim is not in contact
several floors below ground and when with an electrical power source. Firefighters
involved in fire, they can produce large entering these vaults should wear long
volumes of thick black smoke. Access for duration SCBA and have a well planned
emergency responders can be difficult and escape route.

7.8 Portable or Emergency Generator Backfeed

Due to extreme weather conditions that occur interruption. Firefighters and other emergency
during Canadian winters many houses, responders need to be aware that generators
commercial and office buildings have either may automatically start as soon as the regular
portable or emergency generators that supply electrical supply is disrupted, and may only
electricity in the event of a power supply supply power to critical circuits.

7.8.1 Portable or Emergency Generator Transfer Switch

In homes, Firefighters in an emergency situation should

commercial and look for a transfer switch box between the
industrial main panel and the emergency or portable
settings portable generator. Check the lights or position of the
or emergency throw switch to confirm that electricity from
generators the generator is not flowing out of the
correctly building into the distribution system. If there
installed will be is no transfer switch, turn off the generator to
connected into eliminate possible backfeed.
either an During inspection activities, confirm that a
automatic or generator transfer switch is used if a portable
manual transfer or emergency generator is present. An
switch box. incorrectly wired installation may result in life
The transfer threatening shock or fire hazards for building
switch is required by the Ontario Electrical occupants, electrical utility personnel,
Safety Code 75-612. emergency responders or others.

54
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

7.0 Electrical Hazards when Fire Fighting in Houses & Other Buildings
Firefighters often face possible electrical
hazards when they fight fires involving
structures. The majority of structures within a
community have an electrical service or
electrical power supply. Leaving the power
and lights on aids evacuation, rescue and fire
fighting.

The greatest possibility for injury and death

can be attributed to the direct body contact
with energized wires or contact through
equipment. In limited visibility, walk with the
palms of your hands facing towards you. If
you encounter any live electrical equipment
the contraction of your muscles (from the
current) will force your hands and arms
towards you and away from the source of
electricity.

7.1 Overhead Power Lines Near Buildings

observing a
4.8-27.6kV few basic
rules. When
rescuers or
firefighters are
working from
an aerial
device, it is
essential to
maintain the
limits of
approach of 3
Minimum 3m
from working zone
metres (10 ft.)
away from the
power line.
This minimum
distance must
be maintained
by all persons,
tools and
Overhead power lines present one of the most equipment on the platform. Ensure that you
significant electrical hazards to firefighters have enough room for the full range of
when responding to structural fires. movement required without encroaching on
Firefighters and rescuers can avoid injuries by the OHSA limits of approach (Section 1.7).

50
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

7.2 Vehicle and Emergency Apparatus Placement

Upon arrival at a fire that could potentially

involve live power lines assess the situation.

PO
Place vehicles and equipment so that they will

TEN
be safe, in the event that the expansion of the

TIAL
fire results in damage to either power lines or

WIRE FALL
supporting structures.

Minimum 10m,
33ft.

7.3 Aerial Equipment Setup

Before setting up aerial equipment,

make sure you know where all power
lines are located. You must use a
second firefighter as a dedicated
signaller (safety observer) when
working in close proximity to power
lines. You must ensure that you have
enough room for full range of
movement, without violating the limits
of approach.

The aerial device operator must be on

the apparatus, on a platform attached
to the vehicle or on a ground gradient
mat that is bonded to the device.

Extra precautions must be taken when Minimum

forced to work overtop power lines. 3m, 10ft.
Tie off tools and equipment so that
they don't drop into the power line Signaller
and move hydraulics very slowly to
minimize bouncing and swaying.
Ensure the pump operator works from
a bonded platform or ground gradient
mat and ground personnel halt contact
with the vehicle while the ladder
(boom) is being repositioned.

51
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

7.4 Working Around Service Meter and Mast

The service connection to a building can vary

in design. While the voltage is considered low
at 120/240 for residential and 347/600 volts for
commercial applications it is still dangerous
and when contacted can cause serious injury
or death.

If possible keep at least 2 metres (7 ft) away

from the service drop and do not contact it.
The wires are weather coated and this coating
can not be relied upon to insulate you from
the electrical current.

7.5 When Electricity Endangers People or Property

shutting off the power.

Fault currents may have
energized the grounded
electrical box and these
precautions will prevent
you from being injured.
For example, commercial
and industrial settings
commonly use multi-
branch 347 volt systems,
with single pole breakers
for lighting. A fire can
cause a single-pole
breaker to trip off, de-
energizing only one
branch of the circuit
leaving the other two
energized. Since a 347
volt circuit connects
neutral to ground, it is
possible for current on
When the electrical supply to the building the neutral side to backfeed to the circuit
must be shut off, either shut off the main making the neutral live.
power switch or have the local electrical utility
disconnect the supply. For commercial and industrial situations where
the 600 volt power supply is heavily utilized
When turning off the main power switch, wear (large current flow), shut off individual circuits
electrically resistive rubber gloves (Section first to reduce current flow, then shut off the
3.8). Use your left hand and turn away when main switch. This practice will minimize the

52
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

possibility of an explosive flash when utility and ask them to disconnect the electrical
operating the main switch. If the main power supply at the pole or transformer switch.
switch cannot be shut off, contact the electrical

Do not pull the

meter to
disconnect the
power supply as it
may violently arc
or explode.
Pulling the meter
does NOT
guarantee that the
power supply has
been interrupted.
For example, flat
rate hot water
heater circuits
typically by-pass
the meter.

7.6 Entering Wet or Flooded Buildings

When Extra care must be taken when working in

entering a flooded basements or on wet floors. It is
wet or important to shut off power, either from a dry
flooded location inside the building or from outside,
building prior to entry. Signs of electrically charged
use floors could include unusual sparking,
caution as unconscious victims or persons receiving
water and shocks from equipment touching the wet area.
live wires If the building is flooded, best practice is to
can be a disconnect power from outside prior to entry,
lethal as these signs are not always present.
combina-
tion. Shut Emergency responders also need to determine
off the if emergency or portable generators are in use.
power or Contact the owner or building maintainer and
call the ensure that these sources are shut off or
local disconnected.
Electrical
Utility and ask that they disconnect or
“cutdown” the service at the pole.

53
Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

7.7 Electrical Vaults in High Rise Buildings

High and low voltage electrical vaults in high rescue work is extremely hazardous. Rescuers
rise buildings present a range of hazards other should never attempt to remove anyone from
than electrical contact to emergency inside a vault unless they are certain that the
responders. Often electrical vaults are located power is off or the victim is not in contact
several floors below ground and when with an electrical power source. Firefighters
involved in fire, they can produce large entering these vaults should wear long
volumes of thick black smoke. Access for duration SCBA and have a well planned
emergency responders can be difficult and escape route.

7.8 Portable or Emergency Generator Backfeed

Due to extreme weather conditions that occur interruption. Firefighters and other emergency
during Canadian winters many houses, responders need to be aware that generators
commercial and office buildings have either may automatically start as soon as the regular
portable or emergency generators that supply electrical supply is disrupted, and may only
electricity in the event of a power supply supply power to critical circuits.

7.8.1 Portable or Emergency Generator Transfer Switch

In homes, Firefighters in an emergency situation should

commercial and look for a transfer switch box between the
industrial main panel and the emergency or portable
settings portable generator. Check the lights or position of the
or emergency throw switch to confirm that electricity from
generators the generator is not flowing out of the
correctly building into the distribution system. If there
installed will be is no transfer switch, turn off the generator to
connected into eliminate possible backfeed.
either an During inspection activities, confirm that a
automatic or generator transfer switch is used if a portable
manual transfer or emergency generator is present. An
switch box. incorrectly wired installation may result in life
The transfer threatening shock or fire hazards for building
switch is required by the Ontario Electrical occupants, electrical utility personnel,
Safety Code 75-612. emergency responders or others.

54
 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

8.0 Exceptional Situations

The following provides a description of trained and competent emergency responders
methodologies that have been applied by highly in exceptional life or death circumstances.

These procedures are highly dangerous and should only be considered by

properly trained and equipped emergency responders, when the situation is
immediately life threatening and there are no other viable options.

8.1 Interrupting Power by Cutting Live Secondary Power Lines

If the response time of electrical utility personnel

is relatively slow, a fire department could invest
in the necessary training and equipment to
enable firefighters to identify and then safely cut
the secondary electrical connections in order to Grip-all Stick
interrupt the power supply to a house or
building.
Class 3-4,
The necessary training would include teaching Electrically Resistive
firefighters to correctly identify secondary Rubber Gloves
service power lines and the appropriate points
to safely cut the lines. Practical training, in order
to develop skill in using de-electric live line tools
(specifically a 3 to 6 metre, 10-20 ft., grip-all
stick) while wearing class 3 or 4 electrically
resistive rubber gloves, would also be required.
The dielectric live line tools as well as the
electrically resistive rubber gloves would have to
be acquired and maintained in a ready state.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

8.2 Moving a Live Power Line

Providing that the fire department has invested burning and in contact with live power lines.
in the equipment and necessary training it may Providing the ground is not wet, a firefighter,
be possible to move a live power line. The using an extended live line tool such as a 6
approach applies to a situation that is metre (20 ft.) grip-all stick and electrically
immediately life threatening, such as persons resistive rubber gloves, could move a downed
trapped or unconscious in a vehicle that is power line.

Moving a Downed Power Line

Grip-all Stick

Class 3-4,
Electrically Resistive
Rubber Gloves

The approach would be for a specially trained firefighter to:

1. Confirm the voltage is 44,000 volts or less 5. Once a safe distance from the vehicle (6
and the ground is NOT wet. metres, 20 ft.) put down the grip-all stick
2. Approach no closer than 6 metres (20 ft.). with it still connected to the live line.
3. While wearing electrically resistive rubber 6. Extricate the victim from the vehicle.
gloves (class 3 or 4) and using a dielectric 6 7. Contact the local Electrical Utility to retrieve
metre (20 ft.) grip-all stick attempt to grab the grip-all stick.
the end of the downed live line.
4. With firm grasp on the power line pull it
away from the vehicle.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

9.0 Glossary of terms

Arc-over A term used to describe the
phenomena of high voltage electricity Dielectric A term used to describe tools and
jumping through intense fire or smoke to equipment that are designed to
ground. This terminology was chosen to withstand the flow of very high voltage
avoid confusion with the word electricity (100,000 or more volts).
“flashover” which has different meanings
for powerline maintainers and firefighters. Fault current The maximum electric charge
(energy) that will flow through a
Electrical backfeed Hazardous electrical current neutral or ground wire when an
that may exist due to a power source electrical device or circuit fails.
feeding through the low voltage
(secondary) side of a transformer, or any Fuse cutout A combination fuse and switch
other source of electrical energy. typically used on distribution power
lines to protect equipment from power
Bonding A low impedance path obtained by fluctuations in the same way that fuses
joining all non-current carrying metal are used in a building to protect
parts to assure electrical continuity and circuits.
having the capacity to safely conduct any
current likely to be imposed on it. Grip-all stick A tool designed and constructed
of dielectric materials and used by
Bus A conductor which serves as a common power line maintainers to handle live
connection for the conductors of two or power lines. These tools are tested to
more electrical circuits. withstand electricity at 100,000 or more
volts.
Capacitor A device typically installed in
transmission and distribution systems to Grounding Is the process of mechanically
provide power factor correction. The connecting isolated wires and
device improves system voltage and equipment to the earth with sufficient
reduces electrical energy line losses. capacity to carry any fault current and
to ensure the wires and equipment
Closed When used to convey the position of an remain at the same potential (same
electrical switch, it means that the contact voltage) as the earth (ground).
points are touching and the circuit is
energized. High voltage Any voltage above 750 volts.
Also referred to as primary voltage.
Confined space A work area where, because of
its construction or location, the means of Isolated Physically disconnected or separated
access or egress are restricted and the form sources of dynamic energy by
accumulation of a hazardous gas or approved procedures or specifically
oxygen deficient atmosphere or both may designed devices.
exist.
Induction magnetic The phenomena where
Current A flow of electric charge. Can be de-energized wires running parallel
compared to the rate of flow of water in and close to a live wire can become
a pipe. Current is typically measured in energized by the magnetic field created
amperes. by the current. The strength of the
induced voltage is dependent on
De-energized In the electrical energy sense the atmospheric conditions, distance of
equipment is isolated and grounded paralleling, proximity and voltage of
(electrically connected to earth). the energized power line.

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Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders

Induction electrostatic A build up of static Qualified A person who is competent

charge on an object as it moves because of their knowledge, training
through a high voltage area such as a and experience to perform the
substation. assigned task or work.

Insulated Separated from other conducting Recloser An automatic switch like device that
surfaces by a dielectric substance or air is used to protect high voltage power
space that provides a high resistance to lines. These devices are typically set
the passage of electrical current. to “reclose” or “reset” a number of
times before remaining in an open
Kilovolt - kV The short form for kilovolt is kV. position and shutting off the power.
One kilovolt is equal to 1000 volts.
Resistance Is similar to the effect of friction
Low voltage Any voltage from 31 to 750 volts on the flow of water in a pipe. (Water
inclusive. flows more freely in a large pipe than
in a small one.) Different materials
Neutral The part of an electrical circuit that have different resistance to the flow of
provides the electric charge a return electricity. Very high resistance
path to ground. materials are called insulators, while
the low resistance materials are called
Open A common term used in the electrical conductors. Resistance is measured in
industry, which means that electrical ohms.
energy cannot flow because the
position of a switch has broken the Secondary Power lines The coated electrical
continuity of the circuit. wires that carry the lower voltages
(120/240 347/600 volts) typically used
Potential (electrical potential) A term in houses, offices and commercial
commonly used in the electrical buildings.
industry. When used in the electrical
sense it means the difference in Underground cable One or more insulated
electrical charge between and two wires or conductors designed for and
objects capable of carrying an electrical used underground.
charge. Electrical potential is
measured in volts (see voltage). Voltage The difference in electrical potential
between two points in a circuit. It is
Power line That part of a metal wire or cable the force that causes the flow of
intended to carry the flow of electrical electricity, and it is measured in volts.
energy. Can be compared to water pressure.

Primary power line A term used in the

electrical utility industry to describe the
wires that typically carry high voltage
electricity. Voltages carried by these
wires range from 2,400 to 500,000
volts.

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 Best Practices for Coping with Electrical Hazards in Rescue and Fire Situations

10.0 References

American National Standards Institute, Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements

Z259.5-M1979 Rubber Insulating Gloves and for Employee Workplaces 2000 edition.
Mitts.
National Fire Protection Association 1500
American Heat Trainers Guide, Kramer, W.M., Standard for Fire Department Occupational
1995 Health and Safety Program 1997 edition.

Construction Safety Advisory, 347-Volt Ontario Electrical Safety Code, 22nd Edition,
Circuits (SA005), Construction Safety 1998.
Association of Ontario, 2000.
Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act
Electrical and Utilities Safety Association of 1990 and amendments.
Ontario Rule Book, Electric Utility Operations,
1994. Ontario Regulation 213/91 Construction
Projects.
Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report, 99F-
28, National Institute for Occupational Safety Ontario Regulation 851 as amended by O.
and Health, 1999. Reg. 450/97 Industrial Establishments.

Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report, 99F- First on the Scene: The Complete Guide to
31, National Institute for Occupational Safety First Aid and CPR, 2nd Edition 1996 Priory of
and Health, 1999. Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. St.John
Ambulance.
Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report, 99F-
37, National Institute for Occupational Safety The Fire Protection and Prevention Act, 1997,
and Health, 2000. Statutes of Ontario 1997

Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report, 99F-

46, National Institute for Occupational Safety The Use of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
and Health, 2000. on Portable Generators, F. Hardy,
Construction Safety Association of Ontario,
First Responders Training Manual, Canadian 1997.
Red Cross, 1997.
Traffic Hazards to FireFighters While Working
Fitzgerald, G.W.N., Fire Fighting Near Live Along Roadways, National Institute for
Electrical Apparatus, Ontario Hydro Research Occupational Safety and Health, HID12, June
News Volume 11, Number 2, April June 1959. 2001.

Honda Insight Emergency Response Guide,

American Honda Motor Inc., May 2001.

National Fire Protection Association 70E

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