PowerPoint Presentation

to Accompany Chapter 1 of
Information Technology
Fundamentals

Author: Cruz, M et al.

Consultant: Raymond S. Macatangga, DIT
Published by: Jimeyzyville Publications

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 Chapter 1 – Learning Objectives

 To have deep understanding of the computer and

its characteristics, capabilities and limitations.
 To understand the evolution of computers and
appreciate the technology we have today.
 To identify the classifications of computers and
give examples for each.

Computer Concepts – Chapter 1 2

Study Question: What is computer?

 Computer refers to an electronic device

that accepts data and instructions, performs
logical and mathematical operations and
generates the outputs of the processing. The
outputs or results are the information that
we need.

Computer Concepts – Chapter 1 3

Characteristics and Capabilities of Computer

 According to Dinesh Thakur from ecomputernotes.com

(2015), the basic characteristics of computers are:
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Diligence
 Versatility
 Power of Remembering
 No IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
 No Feelings
 Storage
Computer Concepts – Chapter 1 4
Evolution of Computers

 Six Generations
– Pre-Modern Era
– First Generation Computers
– Second Generation Computers
– Third Generation Computers
– Fourth Generation Computers
– Fifth Generation Computers

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 5

Evolution of Computers –
A. Pre-Modern Era
 Three Classifications of Devices
– Manual Mechanical Devices
– Electro-Mechanical Devices
– Electronic Devices

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 6

Pre-Modern Era – Manual Mechanical
Devices

 are devices that are operated manually by the user

 Examples:
– Abacus (counting frame)
– first man-made computing devices
– used in centuries
– uses beads
– invented in China

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 7

Pre-Modern Era – Manual Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Napier’s Bone
– manually-operated device used in calculating
products and quotients
– invented by John Napier

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 8

Pre-Modern Era – Manual Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Oughtred’s Slide Rule
– mechanical analog computer consists of movable bars
with a precise scale which uses approximations for
solving problems like multiplication, division, roots,
logarithms and trigonometry
– invented by William Oughtred

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 9

Pre-Modern Era – Manual Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Pascaline Calculator (Adding Machine)
– first mechanical calculating device that uses cogged
wheels that can be used to add and subtract two
numbers
– invented by Blaise Pascal

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 10

Pre-Modern Era – Manual Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Leibniz Calculator (stepped drum)
– considered the improved Pascaline which could
multiply and divide
– invented by Gottfried Leibniz

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 11

Pre-Modern Era – Manual Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines
– embodied most of the design of modern computers
- Difference Engine can compute tables
- Analytical Engine completely automatic
and is capable of calculating any
mathematical problems
– invented by Charles Babbage

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 12

Pre-Modern Era – Electro-Mechanical
Devices
 mechanical devices powered by electronic motor
and use switches and relays
 Examples:
– Hollerith Card
– first use of punched
cards to store data
– developed by
Herman Hollerith
Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 13
Pre-Modern Era – Electro-Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Automatic Weaving Loom
– uses the concept punched card to control a sequence
of operation
– invented by
Joseph Marie Jacquard

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 14

Pre-Modern Era – Electro-Mechanical
Devices
 Examples:
– Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(MARK1)
– first general-purpose
electro-mechanical
computer
– invented by
Howard H. Aiken

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 15

Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 principal components are circuit boards, transistor

or silicon chips
 uses electrical switches and circuitry
 Examples:
– ABC (Atanasoff-Berry-Computer)
– Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
– Electronic Discrete variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
– Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 16

Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 Examples:
– ABC (Atanasoff-Berry-Computer)
- first special purpose digital computer that solves
simultaneous
equations
- developed by
John Atanasoff

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 17

Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 Examples:
– Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC)
- first fully
electronic
general-purpose
digital computer

- completed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 18
Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 Examples:
– Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC)
- completely internally programmed machine
- enhancement of ENIAC
- Mauchly and Eckert started working on it two years
before ENIAC even went to operation

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 19

Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 Examples:
– Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC)

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 20

Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 Examples:
– Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
(EDSAC)
- also known as Electronic Binary computer that uses
binary representation of data and internally stored
program
- first full-size stored-program computer
- was built according to the von Neumann machine
principles
Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 21
Pre-Modern Era – Electro Devices

 Examples:
– Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
(EDSAC)
- built at the University
of Cambridge, England
- by Maurice Wilkes

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 22

Evolution of Computers –
B. First Generation Computers (1951-1958)
 size of computers are mainframes
 major hardware features are vacuum tubes and
magnetic drums
 processing speed is 1,000 instructions per second
 Examples:
– Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
- 1st commercial business computer
- developed by John Eckert and John Mauchly
– IBM 701 – 1st generation IBM computers
(IBM 650 most popular)
Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 23
Evolution of Computers –
C. Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)
 size of computer is mainframe
 major hardware features are transistors and
magnetic core
 processing speed is 1,000,000 instructions per
second
 Examples:
– TRADIC
- 1st transistorized computer
– UNIVAC II, IBM 7070, 7090 and 1400 series

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 24

Evolution of Computers –
D. Third Generation Computers (1964-1970)
 minicomputers became available
 major hardware features are integrated circuit or
“chips”
 processing speed is 10,000,000 instructions per
second
 Examples:
– IBM System 360
- 1st general-purpose machine used in science and
business

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 25

Evolution of Computers –
D. Third Generation Computers (1964-1970)
 Examples:
– IBM System 360

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 26

Evolution of Computers –
E. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present)
 size of computers varies from mainframes,
minicomputers, and microcomputers
 major hardware features are microprocessors or
large-scale integrated circuit
 minimum processing speed is 100,000,000
instructions per second
 Examples:
– IBM System 370, System 3090, IBM PC-XT based
computers, IBM PC-AT based computers, Intel 4004,
8008, 8080, Pentium series, Dual core, Quad core, and
i series Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 27
Evolution of Computers –
F. Fifth Generation Computers (Future)
 next generation of computers

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 28

Classification of Computers

 According to Purpose
 According to Data Handled
 According to Capacity

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 29

Classification of Computers –
According to Purpose
1. General-purpose computers have the ability to
store different programs of instruction and thus,
perform a variety of operations.
Examples: personal computer, laptop, tablet
2. Special-purpose computers are designed to
perform one specific task. The program of
instructions is built into, or permanently stored in
the machine.
Examples: highway tolls, air traffic control, satellite
tracking, airline reservations, and automated teller
machines. Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 30
Classification of Computers –
According to Data Handled
1. Analog Computers
- “analogous” meaning similar
- used for scientific, engineering, and process
control purposes
Examples: analog speedometer in an automobile
2. Digital Computers
- refer to machines that specialize in counting
- it operates by counting values that are discrete,
or separate and distinct
Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 31
Classification of Computers –
According to Data Handled
3. Hybrid Computers
- combines the measuring capabilities of the
analog computer and the logical and control
capabilities of the digital computer
- offers an efficient and economical method of
working out special types of problems in science
and various areas of engineering
- contain special equipment to convert analog
voltages into digital voltages, and vise-versa

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 32

Classification of Computers –
According to Capacity
 Capacity refers to amount of data that can be
stored in memory, the speed of internal operation
of the computer, capacity of storage devices, and
number and types of peripheral devices
1. Microcomputers
2. Minicomputers
3. Mainframes
4. Supercomputer

Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 33

Components of Computer System
 Hardware refers to the internal and external
physical compositions of computer
 Software refers to a set of instructions that is to be
executed by the computer called program
 Peopleware refers to the personnel involved
within the computer installation or could be
anybody who wants their job to be done using
computer
 Dataware refers to the steps specifying the
manner certain activities are to be accomplished
Computer Concepts - Chapter 1 34
End of Chapter 1