SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

RAMAPURAM CAMPUS

Evolution of Computer Networks

Dr.M.Ayyadurai,
Assistant Professor-CSE
Presentation includes
• Overview
• Scope
• What is Computer Networking?
• History of Computer Networks
• Timeline of Computer Networks
• Modern Computer Networks
->Optical Fiber cables
->Li-Fi Technology
->Block Chain Technology
->Web 3.0
->Firewall
• Conclusion
Overview
• The world's current population is around 8.05 billion
people, and the number of devices connected to the
internet is estimated to be over 50 billion, implying that
each person uses approximately 6 internet-connected
devices.
• This number has been increasing since the day when the
first network, ARPANET was made. In today's world, one
can not imagine life without the internet.
• ARPANET was the world's first operational packet
switching network and the predecessor of the internet. It
was developed by the United States Department of
Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in
1969. ARPANET initially connected four major computers
at universities in the United States, and by the mid-1980s
had grown to over 200,000 computers in more than 400
networks around the world. ARPANET allowed the sharing
of resources and information between these networks,
pioneering the modern internet.
Scope
• This presentation discusses computer networks and their
history.

• This presentation only discusses the history and evolution

of computer networks over time and does not focus on the
components that make a computer network possible.
What is Computer Networking ?
• A computer network is a collection of computers capable
of transmitting, receiving, and exchanging voice, data,
and video traffic.

• Because of the capability of computer networking,

everything is becoming more automated and capable of
communicating and managing itself.

• If there is no computer network, you will not be able to

read any online article by simply conducting a search on
the topic and getting results in a matter of milliseconds.

• Because of the internet's powerful network, you can use

Google and YouTube and watch other information with
just a few clicks. It is possible due to computer networks.
History Of Computer Network

• The history of computer networks is vast, so we will

discuss different generations of computer networks
according to their timeline.

•
History Of Computer Network

• "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets",

Leonard Kleinrock introduced the notion
of ARPANET (one of the early computer networks)
in 1961.

• The telephone network was the most powerful network on

the planet at the time.

• The telephone network transmits data from a sender to a

receiver using circuit switching, which is a suitable choice
given that voice is transferred at a consistent pace
between sender and receiver.
History Of Computer Network

• Leonard Kleinrock published the first work on packet

switching methods. Kleinrock's work neatly illustrated the
efficiency of the packet-switching strategy employing
queuing theory for busy traffic sources.
• At the same time, Paul Baran began researching the use
of packet switching for secure voice-over military
networks at the Rand Institute.
• In 1969, the first packet-switched computer network and a
direct ancestor of today's public internet ARPANET was
first used. It was the first to use the TCP/IP protocol suite,
which later evolved into the internet.
• ARPANET initially had four nodes, i.e., the University of
California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Stanford Research
Institute (SRI), University of California at Santa Barbara
(UCSB), and the University of Utah. The first
communication between UCLA and SRI took place on
October 29, 1969.
History Of Computer Network

• Roy Tomlinson invented email after UCLA was connected

to Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) in 1972.
• A test VoIP connection was made in 1973 to officially
introduce VoIP (Voice over Internet
Protocol) technology and its capabilities. Until 1995, the
first software allowed consumers to make such a call.
• The first routers were deployed at Xerox in 1974, although
they were not real IP routers. The breakthrough in
computer networking was made possible by gateway
devices and the Interface Message Processor employed in
the ARPANET.
• The first router was deployed in 1974 by the research
group at Stanford University. It was a programmable
router called the Interface Message Processor (IMP) and
was designed to support the early development of the
ARPANET.I
History Of Computer Network

• Bill Yeager, a Stanford University researcher, invented

the multiprotocol router in the 1980s. Stanford IT
personnel Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner recognized
the business possibilities of this router technology.
Leonard and Sandy built an updated version of Yeager's
router, which led to the establishment of Cisco
Systems in 1984.
• In 1973, in a Xerox research center in Palo Alto,
California, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs created the
first Ethernet prototype, which carried data at 2.94 Mbps.
• In 1973, Following further research, Xerox patented
Ethernet in 1975. In 1979, the IEEE established a
standards committee with the goal of pushing technology
for widespread use.
History Of Computer Network

• In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the notion of a virtual

LAN, or VLAN, was developed to address the problem of
rising broadcast traffic on LANs with a significant number
of connected devices.

• The IEEE 802.1Q standard was created to standardize

VLANs and multi-VLAN trunking over network uplinks.

• In 1974, Telenet was the first commercial ARPANET

adaption. This concept of an Internet Service
Provider (ISP) was also introduced. An ISP's primary goal
is to provide its clients with a reliable internet connection
at a reasonable cost.
History Of Computer Network

• As the internet became increasingly commercialized, more

networks sprang up worldwide.

• For communicating over the network, each network uses a

separate protocol.

• This made it impossible to join many networks in a

seamless manner.

• Tim Berners-Lee led a team of computer scientists at

CERN in Switzerland in the 1980s to establish the World
Wide Web(WWW), a seamless network of various
networks.
Timeline of Computer Networks
• In 1957, Advanced Research Project Agency was formed
by the US.

• In 1961, the idea of ARPANET was proposed by Leonard

Kleinrock.

• In 1965, the term packet was used by Donald Davies.

• In 1969, ARPANET became functional, and the internet

was officially born, with the first data transmission sent
between UCLA and SRI on October 29, 1969, at 10:30
p.m.

• In 1971, Ray Tomlinson sent the first email, and the

foundation for Wi-Fi was laid with the use of ALOHAnet.
Timeline of Computer Networks
• In 1973, Robert Metcalfe developed Ethernet at Xerox
PARC, and the first experimental VoIP call was made.

• In 1976, the first true IP router was developed by Ginny

Strazisar.

• In 1978, Bob Kahn invented the TCP/IP protocol for

networks developed.

• In 1981, Internet Protocol version 4, or IPv4, was officially

defined in RFC 791 in 1981.

• In 1983, DNS was introduced by Paul Mockapetris.

Timeline of Computer Networks
• In 1988, details about network firewall technology were
first published 1988.

• In 1996, IPv6 was introduced.

• In 1997, the first version of the 802.11 standards for Wi-Fi

was introduced in June 1997, providing transmission
speeds up to 2 Mbps.

• In 2002-2004, Web 2.0 was introduced.

Modern Computer Networks
• From the first computer network, Arpanet, to the
latest Web 3.0, the computer network has evolved
in speed, reliability, and user experience.

• In today's world, everything is Speed, and to increase the

network's Speed.

• We are currently replacing copper coaxial cables with

optical fiber cables.

• Some things that make the network better and better with
time are described as follows.
Modern Computer Networks
• Optical Fiber Cables
 An optical fiber is a thin strand of pure glass that
works as a long-distance waveguide for light.
 It works on the principle of total internal reflection.
 The core, which carries the actual light signal, and
the cladding, a sheet of glass around the core, are the two
layers of glass that make up the device.
 The refractive index of the cladding is lower than that
of the core, and this results in TIR within the core.
 Two significant service providers that provide optical
fiber-based internet are Reliance JIO and Indian Airtel
Xstream Fiber.
 Both service providers claim to provide a speed of 1
GBPS, which is enormous.
Modern Computer Networks
• LI-FI Technology
• Li-Fi is light-based bi-directional, fully networked, wireless
communication technology where the light source is used
to transmit the data wirelessly.
• This is achieved by turning LED ON and OFF very
rapidly(Million times per second), so that the flicker is not
observable by the human eye.
• In this way, the data is transferred between the two
devices wirelessly.
• Features provided by the Li-Fi are:
 Speed: Li-Fi can provide speeds up to 100 Gbps.
 Security: Light can not cross the walls, so data cannot be
hacked by outsiders, providing one more layer of security.
 Safety: Unlike radio waves, light exposure is safer for
humans.
Modern Computer Networks
• LI-FI Technology

• Features provided by the Li-Fi are:

 Congestion-free: The bandwidth of the light spectrum is

1000 times more than the radio spectrum; hence, it is
congestion-free and free of electromagnetic interference.

 Efficiency: It uses LED for transmission, which minimizes

the overall energy consumption.
Modern Computer Networks
• Blockchain Technology

 A blockchain is a database that holds encrypted data

blocks and links them together to build a chronological
single-source of truth for the information.

 Blockchains are well known for their critical function

in keeping a secure and decentralized record of
transactions in cryptocurrency systems like Bitcoin.

 The blockchain's novelty is that it ensures the

accuracy and security of a data record while also
generating trust without the requirement for a trusted third
party.
Modern Computer Networks
•
Web 3.0

 The third generation of web technologies is known as

Web 3.0 (Web3).

 Web 3.0 is still evolving and being defined, and as

such, there isn't a canonical, universally accepted
definition. But one thing is certain: Web 3.0 will
significantly emphasize decentralized applications and
make considerable use of blockchain-based technologies.

 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) will

be used in Web 3.0 to help empower more intelligent and
adaptive applications.
Modern Computer Networks
• Firewall
 A firewall is a network
security hardware or software application that monitors
and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic according
to a set of security rules.

 It serves as a firewall between internal private

networks and public networks (such as the public internet).

 To route web traffic, firewalls generate 'choke points,'

which are then examined against predefined parameters
and acted upon accordingly.

 Some firewalls also keep track of traffic and

connections in audit logs to see what is allowed and
prohibited.
Conclusion
• A computer network is a collection of computers capable of
transmitting, receiving, and exchanging voice, data, and video
traffic.
• In 1969, the first packet-switched computer network and a
direct ancestor of today's public internet ARPANET was first
used.
• In 1976 the first true IP router was developed by Ginny
Strazisar.
• In 1983 DNS was introduced by Paul Mockapetris.
• In 1981 IPv4 was introduced, while IPv6 was in 1996.
• The world wide web, which is a seamless network of various
networks, was introduced in the 1980s by Tim Berners.
Reference
• https://www.scaler.com/topics/computer-
network/history-of-computer-network/

• www.openai.com