Control System MCQ

1) A major part of the automatic control theory applies to the:

a. Casual systems

b. Linear Time invariant systems

c. Time variant systems

d. Non-linear systems

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Answer: (b) Linear Time invariant systems

Explanation: A linear time invariant (LTI) system provides the same output for the same
input irrespective of when input is given. LTI systems are also used to predict the
system's long term behavior.

Hence the correct answer is an option (b).

2) Traffic light system is the example of:

a. Open-loop system

b. Closed-loop system

c. Both (a) and (b)

d. None of these

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Answer: (a) Open-loop system

Explanation: The traffic lamp will glow according to the set timing and sequence and is
time-dependent. The sequence and time are controlled by relays that work on the pre-
programmed time. It does not depend upon the rush of the road.

Hence the correct answer is an option (a).

3) Laplace transform of a step function shown below is:

a. 1

b. 1/s^2

c. 0

d. 1/s

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Answer: (d) 1/s

Explanation: The abrupt change in input of a step function takes place at t=0, and the
step's size is1 unit.

Let the size of the step function be A, where A=1.

The Laplace transform of a function is given by:

L[f(t)] = F(s) = ∫0∞f(t) e-st dt

F(s) = ∫0∞Af(t) e-st dt

F(s) = -A/s (e-∞-e-0)

F(s) = A/s

We know, A =1

F(s) = 1/s

Hence the correct answer is an option (d).

4) The negative feedback closed-loop system was subjected to 15V. The system has a
forward gain of 2 and a feedback gain of 0.5. Determine the output voltage and the error
voltage.

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 a. 15V, 10V

b. 6V, 5V

c. 15V, 7.5V

d. 5V, 10V

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Answer: (c) 15V, 7.5V

Explanation:

Given:

G(s) = 2

H(s) = 0.5 and R(s) = 10V

Output voltage: 

= (2/1+2x 0.5) x 15 = 15V

Error voltage: 

= (1/1+2x 0.5) x 15 = 7.5V

Hence the correct answer is option (c).

5) The Static system can be defined as:

a. Output of a system depends on the present as well as past input.

b. Output of a system depends only on the received inputs.

c. Output of the system depends on future inputs.

d. Output of the system depends only on the present input.

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Answer: (d) Output of the system depends only on the present input

Explanation: Static systems do not have any feedback system. Hence, the output
depends only on the present input.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

6) Find the function f(t) for the following function F(s):

a. 0.25e-t+0.05e-5t

b. -0.2-0.25e-t+0.05e-5t

c. -0.2+0.25e-t+0.05e-5t

d. 0.25e-5t+0.05e-t

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Answer: (b) -0.2-0.25e-t+0.05e-5t
Explanation: The given function can be written as:

= A/s + B/ (s+1) + C/(s+5)

1 = A(s+1)(s+5) +Bs(s+5) +Cs(s+1)

To calculate the value of A, put s= 0, we get:

1 = A(1)(5)

A = 1/5 = 0.2

Now, to calculate the value of B, put s=-1, we get:

1 = B (-1)(4)

B = -1/4 = -0.25

Similarly, put s=-5, we get:

1 = C (-5) (-4)

C = 1/20 = 0.05

Substituting the value of A, B, and C in F(s), we get:

F(s) = A/s + B/ (s+1) + C/(s+5)

F(s) = 0.2/s - 0.25/ (s+1) + 0.05/(s+5)

We know, Laplace transform of 1/(s + a) = e-atand 1/s = 1.

f(t) = -0.2-0.25e-t+0.05e-5t

Hence the correct answer is option (b).

7) The force equation of the given system is:

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Answer: 

Explanation:

Given: x is the displacement in the above diagram. The Laplace transform of x is X(s). The
differential equations governing the system are the balanced force equation at these
nodes.

Here,

F is the opposite force due to mass.

F = 

f is the opposite force due to friction

F = 

k is the ideal elastic spring element that has negligible mass and friction. The force
generated by the spring is directly proportional to the displacement of the body.

F = Kx

So, the force equation can be represented as:

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

8) Determine the transfer function of the given system:

a. G1G2G3/ (1 + H2G2G3 + G2G1H1)

b. G1 G2G3/ (1 + G1G2G3H2H1)

c. G1G2G3 / (1 + G1G2G3H1 + G1G2G3H2)

d. G1G2G3 / (1 + G1G2G3H1)
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Answer: (a)

Explanation: We will first shift the H1 block after G3

The shifting of a take-off point will make the block as: H1/ G3

Block G2 and G3 are in cascade. The equivalent block will be the product of these two
(G2G3).

The gain for that block will be:

G2G3/ (1 + H2G2G3)

As shown, G1 is in cascade, the transfer function of the above system will be:

C(s)/R(s) = [G1G2G3/ (1 + H2G2G3)]/ [1 + G1G2G3/ (1 + H2G2G3) x H1/G3

C(s)/R(s) = G1G2G3/ (1 + H2G2G3 + G2G1H1)

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

9) Loop gain is equal to:

a. Product of all branch gains in a loop

b. Product of all branch gains while traversing the forward path

c. Summation of all branch gains in a loop

d. Sum of all branch gains while traversing the forward path

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Answer: (b) Product of all branch gains while traversing the forward path

Explanation: According to Mason's Gain formula, the transfer function can be

calculated as:
T(s) = C(s)/R(s)

Where,

Pk is the forward path gain

∆istheloopgain, which is calculated as:

∆=1-∑(Allloopgain) + ∑(Gainproductoftwonon-touchingloops)-
∑(Gainproductofthreenon-touchingloops)

∆k iscalculatedbyeliminatingallloopstouchingPk

Here, the loop gain is defined as the product of the branch gain that is traversing a
forward path.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

The Mason's gain formula is used to find the overall transfer function of a signal graph.

10) Find the overall transfer function of the given signal flow graph.

a. G1G2G3/ (1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G3G1H1H2)

b. G1G3/ (1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G3G1)

c. (G1G2G3 + G1H1)/ (1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G3G1H1H2)

d. (G1G2G3 + G1H1 + G3H2) / (1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G3G1H1H2)

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Answer: (a) G1G2G3/ (1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G3G1H1H2)

Explanation: Here, we will calculate the transfer function using mason's gain formula:

Where,

Pk is the forward path gain

∆istheloopgain, which is calculated as:

∆=1-∑(Allloopgain) + ∑(Gainproductoftwonon-touchingloops)-
∑(Gainproductofthreenon-touchingloops)

∆k iscalculatedbyeliminatingallloopstouchingPk

Now,

Step 1: From the figure, let's identify the forward path,

P1 = G1G2G3

There is only one forward path in the above figure.

Step 2: Now, let's find the loop gain. There are two loops:

L1 = -G1H1

L2 = -G3H2

Step 3: Two non-touching loops. There is only one combination of two non-touching
loops, as shown below:
L1 L2 = G3G1H1H2

Step 4: Since there are no three non-touching loops, we will directly find the system's
determinant.

∆= 1 - (L1+ L2) + (L1L2)

= 1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G3G1H1H2

Step 5: Here, we will find ∆1 because there is only one forward path.

For ∆1, we will eliminate L1 and L2 because both loop gains are touching the forward
path.

L1 = L2 = 0

∆1=1-0=1

Now, the transfer function is obtained as: C/R = G1G2G3/ (1 + G1H1 + G3H2 +
G3G1H1H2)

Hence the correct answer is an option (a).

11) The block diagram representation of a closed-loop system. Write the time response
equation for the given system with a unit step input, assuming zero initial conditions.

a. 1-e-t⁄5

b. 1-et⁄10

c. 1-e-t⁄10

d. 1+e-t⁄10
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Answer: (c) 1-e-t⁄10

Explanation:

The transfer function of a loop is G/ (1+GH)

We will first simplify the above block diagram into the simple system. Let's calculate the
transfer function of the first loop.

TF = [1/ (40s+2)] / [1 + 2/ (40s+2)] = 1/ (40s +4)

Now, two blocks are left in cascade. The equivalent block is the product of these two
blocks, as given below:

C(s)/R(s) = 4. (1/ (40s +4)) = 1/ (10s + 1)

The Laplace transform of the step input is 1/s. It means R(s) = 1/s.

C(s) = [1/ (10s + 1)]. R(s)

C(s) = [1/ s (10s + 1)

Taking the inverse Laplace of the above equation, we get:

1-e-t⁄10

12) If the characteristic equation of the closed loop system is s^2 + 2s + 2 = 0, then the
system is:

a. Over damped

b. Critically damped

c. Undamped

d. Underdamped

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Answer: (d) Underdamped

Explanation: The given equation is: s^2 + 2s + 2 = 0

It is a second-order differential equation. The Laplace transform of a standard form of a

second-order differential equation is:

Thus, the system is underdamped.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

13) The transfer function of a system is given as 81/ (s^2 + 16s + 81). Find the undamped
natural frequency, damping ratio, and peak time for a unit step input.

a. 9, 0.889, 0.762

b. 9, 0.559, 0.762

c. 9, 0.889, 0.187

d. 9, 0.667, 0.187

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Answer: (a) 9, 0.889, 0.762

Explanation: The standard transfer function can be written as:

The given equation is: 81/ (s^2 + 16s + 81)

Comparing the values, we get:

Thus, the undamped natural frequency is 9, and the damping ratio is 0.889.

The Peak time can be calculated as:

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

14) The closed loop transfer function for a second order system is: T(s) = 4/ (s^2 + 4s + 4).
Calculate the settling time for a 2 percent and 5 percent band.

a. 5, 2.0

b. 0, 10.0
 c. 0, 1.5

d. 0, 2.0

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Answer: (c) 2.0, 1.5

Explanation: The standard transfer function can be written as:

The given equation is: 4/ (s^2 + 4s + 4)

Comparing the values, we get:

K= 1

The settling time for a 2 percent band is calculated as:

Settling time = 2 seconds

The settling time for a 5 percent band is calculated as:

Settling time = 1.5 seconds

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

15) Consider a system with transfer function G(s) = (s + 4)/ (ks^2 + s + 4). The value of
damping ratio will be 0.5 when the value of k is:

a. ½

b. ¼

c. 8

d. 4

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Answer: (b) ¼

Explanation: The given transfer function is:

G(s) = (s + 4)/ (ks^2 + s + 4)

The characteristic equation ks^2 + s + 4 = 0

Dividing the equation by k, we get:

S^2 +s/k + 4/k = 0

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

16) The step error coefficient of a system G(s) = 1/ (s+2)(s+3) with unity feedback is:

a. 0

b. Infinite

c. 1

d. 1/6

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Answer: (d) 1/6

Explanation: The step error can be calculated as:

ess = sR(s)/ (1 + G(s))

R(s) = 1/s (in case of unity feedback)

G(s) = 1/ (s+2)(s+3)

ess = (s x 1/s )/ (1 + (1/ (s+2)(s+3)))

ess = 1/(1 + kp)

Where, kp is the step error coefficient

Kp can be calculated as:

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

17) The transfer function of a control system is given by G(s) = 25/ (s^2 + 6s + 25). The first
maximum value of the response occurs at t, which is given by:

a. π⁄2

b. π⁄8

c. π⁄4

d. π

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Answer: (c) π⁄4

Explanation: The given transfer function is: G(s) = 25/ (s^2 + 6s + 25)

Comparing the value of the given transfer function with the standard equation
Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

18) The impulse response of an RL circuit is:

a. Parabolic function

b. Step function

c. Rising exponential function

d. Decaying exponential function

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Answer: (d) Decaying exponential function

Explanation: The RL circuit comprises of the resistor and inductor connected in series.

The equation can be written as:

1 = RI(s) + sLI(s)

1 = I(s) [R + sL]

I(s) = 1 / (R +sL)

Taking the inverse Laplace, we get:

The equation clearly depicts that the impulse response is a decaying exponential
function.

Hence, the correct answer is option (d).

19) Calculate the poles and zeroes for the given transfer function G(s) = 5 (s + 2)/ (s^2 + 3s
+ 2)

a. -2, (-1, -2)

b. 2, (-1, 2)

c. 2, (1, 2)

d. -2, (1, -2)

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Answer: (a) -2, (-1, -2)

Explanation: The zeroes can be calculated by equating the numerator to zero:

5 (s + 2) = 0
5s + 10 = 0

5s = -10

s = -2

The poles can be calculated by equating the denominator to zero:

s^2 + 3s + 2 = 0

s^2 + 2s + s + 2 = 0

s (s + 2) + 1 (s + 2) = 0

(s + 1) (s + 2) = 0

s = -1, -2

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

20) The number of roots in the left half of the s-plane of the given equation s^3 + 3s^2 +
4s + 1 = 0 is:

a. One

b. Three

c. Two

d. Zero

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Answer: (b) Three

Explanation: The given characteristic equation is: s^3 + 3s^2 + 4s + 1 = 0.

To find the number of roots, we need to create a Routh table, as shown below:
There are no roots and no significant changes in the RHS plane, as shown in the above
table. Hence, all three roots lie in the LHS plane.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

21) A system with the polynomial s^4 + 5s^3 + 3s^2 + 6s + 5 = 0 is:

a. Unstable

b. Marginally stable

c. In equilibrium

d. Stable

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Answer: (a) Unstable

Explanation: The given characteristic equation is: s^4 + 5s^3 + 3s^2 + 6s + 5 = 0. We

first need to find the roots by creating the Routh's array table.

Routh's array table is shown below:

In the first column of the above table, we have two sign changes. It means that two
roots are in the RHS plane. Hence, the system is unstable.

Hence the correct answer is an option (a).

22) If s^3 + Ks^2 + 5s + 10 = 0, the root of the feedback system's characteristic equation is
said to be critically stable. Then, the value of K will be:

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

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Answer: (b) 2

Explanation: For the above equation, we need to find the roots by creating the Routh's
array table. The given equation is: s^3 + Ks^2 + 5s + 10

The table is given below:

For the system to be critically stable, we will put (5K -10)/K = 0

5K - 10 = 0

5K = 10

K=2

The value of K for which the system is said to be critically stable is 2.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

23) If s^3 + 3s^2 + 4s + A = 0, the roots of the characteristic equation lie in the left half of
the s-plane. The value of the A is said to be:

a. 0 < A < 12

b. 5< A < 12

c. A > 12

d. A < 12

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Answer: (a) 0 < A < 12

Explanation: For the above equation, we need to find the roots by creating the Routh's
array table. The given equation is: s^3 + 3s^2 + 4s + A = 0

The table is given below:

There is no change in sign in the first column of the Routh table. It means that all roots
lies in the left half of the s-plane.

Putting A and (12 - A)/3 > 0, we get:

A > 0 (or 0 < A)

(12 - A)/3 > 0

12 - A > 0

12 > A (or A < 12)

From the above equations, we get two values of A, i.e., A > 0 and A < 12. It means that
A lies between 0 and 12, as shown below:

0 < A < 12

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

24) For the given closed-loop system, the ranges of the values of K for stability is:

a. K > -19.5
 b. k > 8

c. -19.5 < k < 8

d. K > 0

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Answer: (c) -19.5 < k < 8

Explanation: The two blocks in the above diagram are in cascade. So, the equivalent
block will be the product of these two blocks.

G(s) = k (s - 2) /(s +1) (s^2 + 9s + 16)

Now, H(s) = 1, as shown in the above block diagram. The characteristic equation will be:
1 + G(s) H(s)

C(s) = 1 + [k (s - 2) / (s + 1) (s^2 + 9s + 16)] = 0

= s^3 + 10s^2 + 25s + 16 + ks - 2k

= s^3 + 10s^2 + s (25 + k) + 16 - 2k

For the above equation, we need to find the roots by creating the Routh's array table.

The table is given below:

For stability,

16 - 2k > 0

16 > 2k
8 > k or k < 8

10 (25 + k) - (16 -2k) /10 > 0

250 + 10k -16 + 2k > 0

12k + 234 > 0

12k > -234

k > -19.5

From the two values of k, we can say that it lies between -19.5 < k < 8

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

25) Find the number of asymptotes for the given open-loop transfer function of a unity
feedback system:

G(s) = ((s + 2) (s+3) (s + 4)) / ((s + 5) (s+6) (s + 1))

a. 1

b. 0

c. 2

d. 3

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Answer: (b) 0

Explanation: The number of asymptotes in a given system is equal to the number of

branches approaching infinity. So, the formula to calculate the number of asymptotes is
P -Z. Here, P and Z represent the poles and zeroes.

We know that poles and zeroes are calculated by equating the denominator and
numerator to zero. So, for the given open-loop transfer function, we get:
P=3

Z=3

So, the number of zeroes at infinity = 3 - 3 = 0

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

26) An open loop transfer function is given by G(s) = K (s + 1) / (s + 4)(s^2 + 3s + 2). It has:

a. One zero at infinity

b. Three zeroes at infinity

c. Two zeroes at infinity

d. None of the above

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Answer: (c) Two zeroes at infinity

Explanation: The formula to calculate a number of zeroes at infinity is P - Z. Here, P and

Z are the number of poles and zeroes in a given transfer function.

We know that poles are calculated by equating the denominator to zero, and zeroes are
calculated by equating the numerator to zero. So, for the above given transfer function,
we get:

P=3

Z=1

So, the number of zeroes at infinity = 3 - 1 = 2

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

27) The centroid in the root locus is a point where

 a. The branches of the root locus intersect with the imaginary axis.

b. The branches of the root locus tend to infinity.

c. The asymptotes cross the real axis.

d. The branches of the root locus terminate on the real axis.

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Answer: (c) The asymptotes cross the real axis.

Explanation: Centroid is defined as a common point where all the asymptotes intersect

on the real axis. The value of centroid is always real. But, it can be located either on the
positive or negative real axis.

28) Calculate the centroid for the given system:

G(s) = K / [(s + 1) (s + 4 + 4j) (s + 4 - 4j)]

a. - 1.47

b. -2

c. -2.66

d. -3

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Answer: (d) -3

Explanation:

We will first calculate the number of branches approaching infinity and then the
asymptotes. With the help of asymptotes, we will calculate the value of centroid.

The given transfer function of the system is G(s) = K / [(s + 1) (s + 4 + 4j) (s + 4 - 4j)].
The number of asymptotes is equal to the number of branches approaching infinity.
There are no zeroes but three poles.

So, P - Z = 3

Let's calculate the value of the poles by equating the denominator equal to zero. We
get:

Poles located at: -1,

The angle of asymptotes is calculated by:

Θ = (2q + 1) 180 / (P - Z)

Here, q = 0, 1, 2…

The number of asymptotes is equal to the number of branches approaching infinity.

So, we will calculate the asymptotes at value 0, 1, and 2.

For q = 0,

Θ=180⁄3=60degrees

For q = 1,

Θ=(2+1) 180⁄3=180degrees

For q = 2,

Θ=(4+1) 180⁄3=300degrees

Centroid is defined as a common point where all the asymptotes intersect on the real
axis.

σ= / (P - Z)

σ= (- 1 - 4 - 4 - 0) / 3

σ=(-9)⁄3

σ=-3
Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

29) The characteristic equation of the feedback control system is given as: s^3 + 4s^2 + (K
+ 5)s + K = 0

Here, K is a scalable variable parameter. In the root loci diagram of the system, the
asymptotes of the root locus for large values of K meet at a point in the s-plane whose
coordinate is:

a. (-1.5, 0)

b. (-2, 0)

c. (-1, 0)

d. (2, 0)

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Answer: (b) (-2, 0)

Explanation:

The given equation for the feedback control system is s^3 + 5s^2 + (K + 6)s + K = 0.

The above equation can also be written as:

s^3 + 5s^2 + Ks + 6s + K = 0

s^3 + 5s^2 + 6s + K(s + 1) = 0

s (s^2 + 5s + 6) + K(s + 1) = 0

1 + K(s + 1) / [s (s^2 + 5s + 6)] = 0

1 + K(s + 1) / s (s^2 + 2s + 3s + 6) = 0

1 + K(s + 1) / s (s + 2)(s + 3) = 0

Now, we will calculate the value of centroid, which is equal to:

σ= / (P - Z)

Here, the number of poles and zeroes are 3 and 1.

σ= [(0 - 2 - 3) + 1] / (3 - 1)

σ=(-4)⁄2

σ=-2

Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

30) In a bode-plot of a unity feedback control system, the value of phase of G(jw) at the gain
cross over frequency is -115 degrees. The phase margin of the system is:

a. 115 degrees

b. -57.5 degrees

c. -65 degrees

d. 65 degrees

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Answer: (d) 65 degrees

Explanation: The phase margin can be calculated as 180 +

Where,

∅ is the phase of G(jw) at the gain cross over frequency.

So, phase margin = 180 + (-115)

= 180 - 115

= 65 degrees

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

31) The gain margin of a second-order system is:

a. Zero

b. Infinite

c. One

d. Two

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Answer: (b) Infinite

Explanation: The gain margin indicates the additional gain provided to the system
without affecting its stability.

The total phase shift of a second-order system is approximately equal to 180 degrees,
which leads to the infinite frequency. Thus, the gain margin is also infinite.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

32) Determine the phase cross-over frequency of the given open-loop transfer function:

G(s) = 1 / s(s + 1) (2s + 1)

a. 606 Radians / second

b. - 1. 707 Radians / second

c. 707 Radians / second

d. - 0. 707 Radians / second

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Answer: (c) 0. 707 Radians / second

Explanation: The given open-loop transfer function is: G(s) = 1 / s(s + 1) (2s + 1)

The imaginary part of the system at phase cross over frequency is zero. Hence, we will
equate the imaginary part to zero, as shown below:

It means that the phase cross-over frequency to the system is 0.707 Radians/s.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

33) Determine the gain margin of the given open-loop feedback control system: G(s)H(s) =
1 / [(s + 1) ^3]

a. 2

b. 4
 c. 8

d. 32

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Answer: (c) 8

Explanation: The given open-loop feedback control system is: G(s)H(s) = 1 / [(s + 1) ^3]

The phase angle for the cross-over frequency can be calculated by:

-3 tan-1 ω=-180°

We get the value of ω=√3

Now, the gain margin is the magnitude of the transfer function, as shown below:

= 1 / |G(s)H(s)| = |(j√3+13|

=8

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

34) The phase margin of the given system G(s) = 1 / [(s + 1) ^3] is:

a. Π

b. -Π

c. 0

d. Π/2

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (a) Π

Explanation: The phase margin can be calculated as: 180 + ∅

Where,

∅ is the phase of G(jω) at the gain cross over frequency.

We will first find the magnitude of the given system, as shown below:

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

35) The corner frequency in the Bode plot is:

a. The frequency at which bode plot slope is 0 dB /decade.

b. The frequency at which bode plot slope is -10 dB /decade.

c. The frequency at which the two asymptotes intersect.

d. The frequency at which the two asymptotes meet.

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (d) The frequency at which the two asymptotes meet.

Explanation: The frequency at which the two asymptotes in the Bode plot meet is
termed as corner frequency.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

36) Which of the following statements are correct?

1. Bode plot is in the frequency domain.

2. Root locus is in the time domain.

3. Nyquist criteria are in the frequency domain.

4. Routh Hurwitz's criteria are in the time domain.

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 1, 3, and 4

d. 2 and 3

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (b) 1 and 3

Explanation: The Bode plot is defined as the frequency response plot of the sinusoidal
transfer function of a system. The two graphs of the Bode plot are the plot of magnitude
and phase angle. Thus, it is in the frequency domain.

The Nyquist plot is considered as the extension of the polar plot. The variation of
frequency from infinity to -infinity results in the plot, known as the Nyquist plot. Hence,
the Nyquist criterion is in the frequency domain.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

37) Determine the type and order of the given Nyquist plot:

a. 1, 2
 b. 0, 1

c. 2, 1

d. 0, 2

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (d) 0, 2

Explanation: The given plot is of the type 1/ (ST1 + 1)(ST2 + 1)

The above transfer function has order 2 and type 0.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

38) Calculate the damping ratio of the system whose phase margin is 45 degrees.

a. 1

b. 42

c. 5

d. 0

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (b) 0.42

Explanation: The formula to calculate the damping ratio using the phase margin is:

Damping Ratio = tan∅√cos ∅⁄2

= ((tan45√cos45))⁄2

= 0. 42

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

39) The GM of a unity feedback system with the transfer function 1/ (s + 5)^3 is:

a. 10 dB

b. 30 dB

c. 60 dB

d. 40 dB

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (c) 60 dB

Explanation: The Phase margin can be calculated as:

The gain margin (GM) = 20 log (1 / |G(s)H(s)|)

At, s = jω

We get: (GM) = 60dB

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

40) The most powerful controller is:

a. PD controller
 b. PI Controller

c. PID Controller

d. None of the above

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (c) PID Controller

Explanation: The PID is the combination of proportional, integral, and derivate control

modes. Such a combination makes it the most powerful controller.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

41) What will be the controller output for PD controller at t = 2s, if the error begins to
change from 0 at the rate of 1.2% /s? The given parameters are Po = 50%, Kp = 4, and KD =
0.4.

a. 61.52%

b. 61.92%

c. 51.52%

d. 51.92%

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (a) 61. 52%

Explanation: The error the rate of 1.2% per second c neb calculated as:

e = 1.2% x 2 = 1.2/100 x 2 = 2.4%

Now, let's calculate the Pout (controller output) = 4 (2.4%+ KD x 1.2%) + Po

= 4 (2.4 / 100 + 0.4 x 1.2 /100) + 50/100

= 4 x 2.88/100 + 50/100
= 11.52/100 + 50/100

= 61.52/100

= 61.52%

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

42) The controller required to handle fast process load changes is:

a. PD controller

b. PI Controller

c. PID Controller

d. None of the above

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (a) PD controller

Explanation: The Proportional Derivative controller is preferred to handle fast process

load changes.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

43) Consider the following statements:

1. Lead compensator increases the bandwidth of the system.

2. Lag compensator suppresses steady-state performance.

3. Lead compensator improves the dynamic response and provides faster response.

4. Lag compensator acts as a low-pass filter.

Of these above statements, which of the following are true?

 a. 1 and 2

b. 1, 2, and 3

c. 1, 2, and 4

d. 3 and 4

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Lag compensator does not suppress steady state performance. Instead, it

improves steady state performance.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

44) The transfer function of a compensating network is in the form of (1 +aTs) / (1 + Ts).
Find the value of 'a' if the given network is the phase-lag network.

a. Between 0 and 1.

b. 0

c. 1

d. Greater than 1

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (a) Between 0 and 1

Explanation: The given transfer function is:

(1 +aTs) / (1 + Ts)

We will first calculate the poles and zeroes of the given transfer function.

Here,
Zero = -1/aT

Pole = -1/T

The pole in the given system is nearer to the jω axis (origin). The 0 will be far from the
axis, such that the value of a < 1. It means that the value lies between 0 and 1.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

45) Consider the following statements:

Phase lead:

1) Increases the bandwidth of the system

2) Improves the damping

3) Reduces steady-state error

4) Increases gain at high frequency

Which of the following statements are true?

a. 1 and 2

b. 2 and 4

c. 1, 2, and 3

d. 1 and 4

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (d)

Explanation: Phase lead is responsible for improving the damping and reducing the
system's steady-state error.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

46) Find the phase shift provided by the lead compensator for a given transfer function G(s)
= (1 + 6s)/ (1 + 2s)

a. 15 degrees

b. 30 degrees

c. 45 degrees

d. 60 degrees

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (b) 30 degrees

Explanation: The phase shift provided by the lead compensator can be calculated using
the formula:

The standard transfer function of a lead compensator is represented as:

(s +1/aT) / (s + 1/bT)

Comparing the value of the given transfer function to the standard transfer function, we
get:

a = 1/6

b = 1/2

Putting the values of a and b in the phase shift formula:

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

47) The following set of differential equations describes a linear second-order single input
continuous-time system.

X1'(t) = -2X1(t) + 4X2(t)

X2'(t) = 2X1(t) - X2(t) + u(t)

Here, X1(t) and X2(t) are the state variables, and u(t) is the control variable. Check for the
system, if it is:

a. Uncontrollable and unstable

b. Controllable but unstable

c. Controllable and stable

d. Uncontrollable and stable

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (b) Controllable but unstable

Explanation:

We know,

Here,

The product of matrix A and B is,

Thus, the rank of the system is 2.

The determinant of the system is non-zero. Hence, the system is controllable.

Now, we will check for stability.

SI - A = 0

The above matrix can be written in the form of an equation:

s^2 + 3s -6 = 0

Now, we will find the roots using Routh's array table, as shown below:

There are two sign changes in the first column. Thus, the system is unstable.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

48) The sum of the Eigenvalues in the given matrix is:

a. The sum of all non-zero components in the matrix

b. Sum of the elements of any row

 c. Sum of the elements of any column

d. Sum of the principal diagonal elements

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (d) Sum of the principal diagonal elements

Explanation: The sum of Eigenvalue of a given matrix is generally called the trace of

that matrix. The trace of a matrix is the sum of the diagonal elements of a matrix.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

49) Consider a LTI system described by the given differential equation:

d^2 a(t)/dt^2 + 3da(t)/dt + 2a(t) = r(t)

Where a(t) is the output. The Eigenvalues of the given characteristic equation are:

a. 2, 1

b. 2, -1

c. -2, 1

d. -2, -1

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (d)

Explanation: Let x1(t) = a(t) and x2(t) = ẋ1

Thus, the given characteristic equation can be written as:

ẋ2 +3x2 + 2x1 = r(t)

The matrix representation will be:

Where, A is the matrix:

We know the characteristic equation to calculate Eigenvalue is |SI - A| = 0

The equation thus formed is:

s (s + 3) + 2 = 0

s^2 + 3s + 2 = 0

s^2 + 2s + s + 2 = 0 (factorization to find Eigenvalues)

(s + 2)(s + 1) = 0

S = -2, -1

Thus, the required Eigenvalues are -2 and -1.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

50) The signal flow graph shown in the figure has:

a. forward path = 2, loops = 4, and non-touching loops = 0

b. forward path = 3, loops = 4, and non-touching loops = 0

 c. forward path = 3, loops = 3, and non-touching loops = 0

d. forward path = 2, loops = 4, and non-touching loops = 2

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (c) forward path = 3, loops = 3, and non-touching loops = 0

Explanation: Forward path is the path from the input to the output node in the given
signal flow graph. Here, there are three forward paths.

The number of loops in the given signal flow graph is three, as shown in the below
image:

The non-touching loops are considered as non-touching when there are no common
nodes between them. There are no non-touching loops in the given signal flow graph. It
is because all the loops touch each other.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (c).

51) Arrange the following set of statements in order.

The free-body diagram is obtained,

1. By marking all the forces acting on the node

2. Drawing each mass separately.
3. Take Laplace transform of differential equations and rearrange the equations in the s-
domain.
4. Find the transfer function as the ratio between output and input variable.
5. Write one differential equation for each of the free body diagram.
 a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

b. 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

c. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4

d. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5

Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (b) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

Explanation: The correct order to find the transfer function of the free body diagram is
given below:

The free-body diagram is created by drawing each mass separately and marking all the
forces acting on the node. Write one differential equation for each of the free body
diagram and take the Laplace transform and convert the differential equations into the
algebraic equations. Rearrange the equations in the s-domain to find the output and
input ratio by eliminating the unwanted variables. In this way, we can easily calculate the
transfer function of the free body diagram.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (b).

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1. 
To which of the following does a major part of the automatic control theory apply?
Time variant systems
Casual systems
Linear Time invariant systems
Non-linear systems
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - C) Major part of the automatic control theory applies to Linear Time
invariant systems.
2. 
What is a traffic light system?
Close loop system
Open-loop system
Both a) and b)
None
Hide
Correct Answer
Answers - B)Traffic light system is an open-loop system.
3. 
Select the correct definition of Loop gain among the following.
Product of every branch gains while traversing the forward path
Product of every in the loop
Sum of every branch gains
Sum of every branch gains while traversing the forward path
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) Loop gain is the Product of every branch gains while traversing the
forward path.
4. 
Identify the impulse response of an RL circuit.
Step function
Rising exponential function
Parabolic function
Decaying exponential function
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - D) Impulse of an RL circuit is decaying exponential function.
5. 
What is the gain margin of the second-order system?
Infinite
0
1
2
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) Gain margin of the second-order system is infinite.
6. 
Among the following, identify the most powerful controller.
PD controller
PID controller
PI PI controller
Both a and c are correct
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) PID controller is the most powerful controller.
7. 
Among the following, identify the controller which can handle fast process load
changes.
PD controller
PID controller
PI PI controller
Both a and c are correct
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) PD controller can handle fast process load changes.
8. 
Choose whether the following statement is true or false: The mechanism of control of
body temperature is a non-feedback system.
True
False
Depending on the mechanism
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) Mechanism of control of body temperature is the feedback system.
9. 
Which of the following is higher in the closed system than the open-loop control
system?
Frequency
Speed
Gain
Bandwidth
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - D) Bandwidth is higher in the closed system than in an open-loop control
system.
10. 
Choose whether the following statement is true or false: Effects of noise and
disturbance on system performance can be reduced by feedback.
True
False
Depends
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) True. Effects of noise and disturbance on system performance can be
reduced by feedback.
11. 
In which of the following systems can multiple signals be used?
Non-feedback
Feedback
Feedforward
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) In feedback systems, multiple signals can be used.
12. 
Choose the correct option among the following. An originally stable system can
become unstable or more stable due to feedback.
True
False
Depends
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) True. An originally stable system can become unstable or more stable
due to feedback.
13. 
Regenerative feedback indicates feedback with?
Negative sign
Positive sign
Step input
Oscillations
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) A regenerative feedback indicates a positive sign.
14. 
Identify the output of feedback control among the following.
The function of input and feedback signal
The function of reference and input signal
The function of reference and output signal
The function of output and feedback signal
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - D) The output of feedback control is a function of output and feedback
signal.
15. 
Identify one of the possible effects of a control system with excessive noise.
Loss of gain
Saturation in amplifying stages
Oscillations
Vibrations
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) A control system with excessive noise suffers from Saturation in
amplifying stages.
16. 
What is meant by zero initial condition for a system?
Zero stored energy
The input reference signal is 0
The system is at rest and no energy is stored
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - C) Zero initial condition for a system means the system is at rest and no
energy is stored.
17. 
What is the transfer function used for finding?
Time constant
The output of given input
Order of system
State gain
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) Transfer function is used for finding output for any given input.
18. 
Among the following factors, identify the factors on which sensitivity of the closed-
loop system to gain changes and load disturbances depend.
Forward gain
Loop gain
Frequency
All of the above
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - D) Sensitivity of closed-loop system to gain changes and load disturbances
depends on Forwarding gain, Loop gain, and frequency.
19. 
What should be the damping ratio for a desirable transient response of a second-
order system?
0.4 - 0.8
0.8-1.0
1.0-1.2
1.2-1.4
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) For a desirable transient response of a second-order system, the
damping ratio should be between 0.4 and 0.8
20. 
Identify the correct feature of the minimum phase system.
All poles lie in the right half-plane
All poles lie in the left half-plane
All zeros lie in the left half-plane
All except one pole or zero lie in the left half-plane
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) In the minimum phase system, all zeros lie in the left half-plane
21. 
Which of the following will be obtained by equating the denominator of the transfer
function to 0?
Zeros
Poles
None
Both a and b
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B). Equating the denominator of the transfer function to 0, we would obtain
poles.
22. 
Identify the definition of maximum overshoot.
The function of the natural frequency of oscillation
The function of the damping ratio
The function of the damped frequency of oscillation
Both a and b
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - D) Maximum overshoot is both function of damping ratio as well as a
function of the natural frequency of oscillation.
23. 
Which of the following system conditions is generally preferred?
Over damped
Critically damped
Under damped
Oscillatory
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - C) Under damped system is preferred.
24. 
Sensitivity to parameter  ________ in feedback system.
Decreases
Becomes 0
Becomes infinite
Increases
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - A) Sensitivity to parameter decreases in a feedback system.
25. 
 What is the damping ratio, if overshoot is excessive?
> 0.4
= 0.4
< 0.4
Infinity
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - C) If overshoot is excessive, the damping ratio is less than 0.4
26. 
The term “controller” denoted?
Feedback element and control elements
Error detector and control elements
Error detector, feedback elements, and control elements
Error detector and feedback elements
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) The term “ controller” includes error detector and control elements.
27. 
What is the automated control system called where output is variable?
Servomechanism
Closed-loop system
Automatic regulating system
Process control system
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - D) The automated control system called where output is variable is known
as Process control system.
28. 
Identify among the following which is used to obtain output position in a position
control system.
Thermistor
Load gauge
Strain gauge
Synchro
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - B) Load gauge is used to obtain output position in a position control
system.
29. 
The damping ratio of a system where the phase margin is 45 degrees is?
0.42
0.67
1
0
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer -
A) Damping ratio is given by -  tan x * sqrt(cos x) / 2
                                          = tan 45 * sqrt(cos 45) / 2
                                          = 0.42.
30. 
Choose the correct definition of eigenvalues of a matrix.
Sum of elements of any row
Sum of elements of any column
Sum of elements of principal diagonal elements
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - C) Eigenvalues are defined as the sum of elements of principal diagonal
elements.
31. 
Identify the element among the following which is not used in an automatic control
system?
Sensor
Final control element
Oscillator
Error detector
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answers - C) Oscillator isn’t used in the automatic control system.
32. 
Identify the nature of the bandwidth suitable for a good control system.
Medium
Large
Small
Depending on the system
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - A) The bandwidth should be medium for a good control system.
33. 
Identify the incorrect feature of a good control system.
Good stability
Good accuracy
Sufficient power for handling large capacity control systems.
Slow response.
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - D) Slow response isn’t a feature of a good control system. A good control
system is a negative feedback closed-loop control system.
34. 
In which of the following systems is an effect of feedback on sensitivity minimum?
Open-loop control system
Closed-loop control system
Both a and b
None of the above
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - A) The effect of feedback on sensitivity is minimum in an open-loop control
system.
35. 
Where is sampling necessary?
In a complex control system
In a non-automated control system
In a system where high accuracy is required
In an automated control system
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - C) Sampling is necessary for the system where high accuracy in required
36. 
What is the control system known as where the system works under unknown random
actions?
Digital data system
Stochastic control system
Adaptive control system
Computer control system
Hide
Correct Answer
Answer - B). The system that works under unknown random actions is known as a
Stochastic control system.
37. 
The output of control is given to?
Final control element
Amplifier
Sensor
Comparator
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - A) Output of control is given to the final control element.
38. 
State whether True or False: A feedback control system is a high pass filter.
True
False
Cannot be interpreted
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - B) False. A feedback control system is a low pass filter.
39. 
What do the peak overshoot and damping ratios measure?
Steady-state error
Relative stability
Absolute stability
Speed of response
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - D) Peak overshoot and damping ratio measures speed of response.
40. 
Total types of a control system are?
1
2
3
4
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - B) There are two types of control systems - open-loop control system and
close loop control system.
41. 
Identify the disadvantages of closed-loop control systems.
Not stable
Complex and expensive
Feedback reduces the gain of the system
All of the above
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - D) All the above are disadvantages of closed-loop control systems.
42. 
Identify the advantages of a closed-loop control system.
Less affected by noise
More affected by noise
Accurate
Both a and c
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - D) A closed-loop control system is accurate and less affected by noise.
43. 
What is the system called where output is varying with time?
Linear system
Time variant system
Non-linear system
Time invariant system
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - B). The system called where output is varying with time is called a time-
variant system.
44. 
Identify the correct formula for the transfer function of positive feedback.
T =  G/(1 - GH)
T =  G/(1 + GH)
T =  G/(GH)
T =  G/GH - 1)
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - A). The transfer function of positive feedback is given by T = G / (1 - GH)
45. 
Identify the term which is a point representing a variable or signal.
Branch
Node
Transmittance
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - B) Node is a point representing a variable or signal.
46. 
Total types of time-domain analysis are?
1
2
3
4
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - B). There are two types of time-domain analysis - Transient response,
Steady-state response
47. 
Identify the term which is a node having both incoming and outgoing branches.
Output node
Input node
Mixed node
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - C). A mixed node is a node having both incoming and outgoing branches.
48. 
Identify the features of the test signal.
Sudden change
Sudden shock
Constant velocity and acceleration
All of the above
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - D) All of the above are features of a test signal.
49. 
Total types of static error constants are?
4
3
2
1
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - B) There are three types of static error constant -.position constant, the
velocity constant, and the acceleration constant.
50. 
To which of the following is the state-space method applicable?
Non-linear systems
Time variant systems
Both a and b are correct
None
Hide
Wrong Answer
Answer - C) State-space method applies to both non-linear and time-variant systems.

Control Systems MCQ Test

Last Updated: Aug 25, 2022,

Posted in Interview Questions,

20 Questions
Take Control Systems MCQ Test & Online Quiz to test your
Knowledge
Practice here the best Control Systems MCQ Questions test that checks your basic knowledge of Control
Systems. This Control Systems MCQ Test contains 20+ Multiple Choice Questions. You have to select
the right answers to every question to check your final preparation. Apart from this, you can also
download here Control Systems MCQ PDF, completely free.

1. The ratio of output to input is............at resonance peak.

   Highest

  Zero

  Lowest

  None of the Above

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 View Answer
Highest

2. What happens If gain of the system is increased?

  Roots move away from the poles

  Roots move away from the zeros

  Roots move towards the origin of the S-plot

  None of the above

 View Answer
Roots move away from the poles

3. The system will be ........... for unity damping factor?

   Over damped

  Under damped

  Critically damped

  None of the above

 View Answer
Critically damped

4. Source power is modulated with ............... in a closed loop system.

  Reference signal

  Error signal

  Actuating signal

  Feed back signal

 View Answer
Error signal

5. Which of the following is the liner differential transformer?

  Electrical device

  Electrostatic device

  Electromagnetic device
   Electromechanical device

Download Free : Control System MCQ PDF

 View Answer
Electromechanical device

6. Which of the following option is an example of an open loop system?

  Household Refrigerator

  Respiratory system of an animal

  Execution of program by computer

  None of the above

 View Answer
Execution of program by computer

7. The output of the feedback control system must be a function of ..............

  Reference input

  Reference output

  Input and feedback signal

  Output and feedback signal

 View Answer
Input and feedback signal
8. Which of the following option is correct about Signal flow graphs?

  They apply to linear systems

  Arrows are not important in the graph

  They cannot be converted back to block diagram

  None of the above

 View Answer
They apply to linear systems

9. Does feedback can always reduce the effects of noise and disturbance on
system performance?

  Yes

  No

 View Answer
Yes

10. Which of the following is the major components of a controller?

  Feedback element

  Control element

  Error detector and control element

  Error detector and feedback element

Read Best: Control Systems Interview Questions
 View Answer
Error detector and control element

11. Low power DC and AC motors are also known as -

  A.C. generators

  D.C. generators

  Servomotors

  Tachogenerators

 View Answer
Servomotors

12. Series circuits work on both hydraulic and pneumatic actuators. Ture or
False?

  True

  False

 View Answer
True

13. SPICE stands for?

  Stimulated program with integrated circuit arrangement.

  Sequential program with integrated circuit analysis.

   Simulated program with integrated circuit analysis.

  None of the above

 View Answer
Simulated program with integrated circuit analysis.

14. Which of the following option is also known as anticipatory controller?

  Derivative controller

  Proportional controller

  Integral controller

  None of the above

 View Answer
Derivative controller

15. Transfer function of a control system is depend on

  Nature of output.

  Nature of input.

  System parameters alone.

  Initial conditions of input and output.

Download Free: Control Systems Interview Questions PDF

 View Answer
System parameters alone.
16. When the system gain is doubled the gain margin becomes -

  2 times

  1/2 times

  remain same

  4 times

 View Answer
1/2 times

17. Which of the following option represents the lead compensator?

  (s+2)/(s+5)

  (s+5)/(s+6)

  (s+2)/(s+1)

  Both 1 & 2

 View Answer
Both 1 & 2

18. At summing point, more than one signal can be added or -

  Multiplied

  Subtracted
   divided

  None of the above

 View Answer
Subtracted

19. .......... digital inputs are present in PLCs?

  32

  16

  8

  4

 View Answer
16

20. Which of the following plays a crucial role in determining the state of
dynamic system?

  State vector

  State variables

  State space

  State scalar

 View Answer
State variables