Lab 01 – Introduction to Programming Fundamentals .

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Experiment No. 01
Lab 01 – Introduction to Programming Fundamentals.

Lab Objectives:

1. Introduction to Programming
2. Introduction to Anaconda Framework
3. Introduction to High Level Programming
4. Familiarization with different IDEs

Introduction to Programming

1. Background:
Communicating with a computer involves speaking the language that computer
understands, which immediately rules out English as the language of communication with
computer. The classical method of learning English is to first learn the alphabets used in the
language, then learn to combine these alphabets to form words. Instead of straight-away
learning how to write programs, we must first know what alphabets, numbers and special
symbols are used in C, then how using them constants, variables and keywords are
constructed, and finally how are these combined to form an instruction. A group of instructions
would be combined later on to form a program. This is illustrated in the Figure 1.1.

Steps in learning English Language:

Alphabets Words Sentences Paragraphs

Steps in learning Programming Language:

Alphabets, Constants,
Digits, Variables, Instruction Programs
Special Key Words
Symbols

Figure 1- Similarity between English language and any Programming language.

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2. Introduction to Anaconda Framework
Anaconda is a complete, open source data science package with a community of over 6 million
users. It is easy to download and install, and it is supported on Linux, MacOS, and Windows.

The distribution comes with more than 1,000 data packages as well as the Conda package and
virtual environment manager, so it eliminates the need to learn to install each
library independently. As Anaconda's website says, "The Python and R conda packages in the
Anaconda Repository are curated and compiled in our secure environment so you get optimized
binaries that
'just work' on your system."

As you know Anaconda Navigator, a desktop graphical user interface (GUI) system that includes
links to all the applications included with the distribution including RStudio, iPython,
Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, Spyder, Glue, and Orange. The default environment is Python
3.6, but you can also easily install Python 3.5, Python 2.7, or R. The documentation is incredibly
detailed and there is an excellent community of users for additional support.

To work in Anaconda Distribution Environment. Click on Windows Icon -> Search for
Anaconda3
-> Click on Anaconda Navigator.

Figure 2 - Start Menu

After you click on the Anaconda Navigator it will take some time depending on your computer
configuration and then open the Anaconda Navigator Windows as shown in figure

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Figure 3 – Anaconda Navigator

Here we can see that Anaconda Distribution is full of tools such as Jupyter Notebook, Orange 3
,rstudio, vscode, sypder etc. All these tools will be use later in your upcoming semesters. But for
you in current semester we will use Jupyter Notebook. So let's start with Jupyter Notebook.

3. Introduction Jupyter Notebook

The Jupyter Notebook is an incredibly powerful tool for interactively developing and presenting
data science projects. A notebook integrates code and its output into a single document
that combines visualizations, narrative text, mathematical equations, and other rich media.
The intuitive workflow promotes iterative and rapid development, making notebooks an
increasingly popular choice at the heart of contemporary data science, analysis, and increasingly
science at large. Best of all, as part of the open source Project Jupyter, they are completely free.

The Jupyter project is the successor to the earlier IPython Notebook, which was first published as
a prototype in 2010. Although it is possible to use many different programming languages within
Jupyter Notebooks, this article will focus on Python as it is the most common use case.

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3.1 Running Jupyter
On Windows, you can run Jupyter via the shortcut Anaconda adds to your start menu, which will
open a new tab in your default web browser that should look something like the
following screenshot.

Figure 4 - Jupyter

3.2 Jupyter Control Panel

This isn't a notebook just yet, but don't panic! There's not much to it. This is the
Notebook Dashboard, specifically designed for managing your Jupyter Notebooks. Think of
it as the launchpad for exploring, editing and creating your notebooks.

Be aware that the dashboard will give you access only to the files and sub-folders contained
within Jupyter's start-up directory; however, the start-up directory can be changed. It is also
possible to start the dashboard on any system via the command prompt (or terminal on Unix
systems) by entering the command jupyter notebook; in this case, the current working directory
will be the start-up directory.

The astute reader may have noticed that the URL for the dashboard is something like
http://localhost:8888/tree. Localhost is not a website, but indicates that the content is being
served from your local machine: your own computer. Jupyter's Notebooks and dashboard are web
apps, and Jupyter starts up a local Python server to serve these apps to your web browser, making
it essentially platform independent and opening the door to easier sharing on the web.

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The dashboard's interface is mostly self-explanatory — though we will come back to it briefly
later. So what are we waiting for? Browse to the folder in which you would like to create your
first notebook, click the "New" drop-down button in the top-right and select "Python 3" (or the
version of your choice).

Figure 5 - Drop down option of New

3.3 New Notebook Menu

Hey presto, here we are! Your first Jupyter Notebook will open in new tab — each notebook uses
its own tab because you can open multiple notebooks simultaneously. If you switch back to the
dashboard, you will see the new file Untitled.ipynb and you should see some green text that tells
you your notebook is running.

3.4 What is an ipynb File?

It will be useful to understand what this file really is. Each .ipynb file is a text file that describes
the contents of your notebook in a format called JSON. Each cell and its contents, including
image attachments that have been converted into strings of text, is listed therein along
with some metadata. You can edit this yourself — if you know what you are doing! — by
selecting "Edit > Edit Notebook Metadata" from the menu bar in the notebook.

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You can also view the contents of your notebook files by selecting "Edit" from the controls on
the
dashboard, but the keyword here is "can"; there's no reason other than curiosity to do so unless
you really know what you are doing.

3.4 The Notebook Interface

Now that you have an open notebook in front of you, its interface will hopefully not look entirely
alien; after all, Jupyter is essentially just an advanced word processor. Why not take a look
around? Check out the menus to get a feel for it, especially take a few moments to scroll down
the list of commands in the command palette, which is the small button with the keyboard icon
(or Ctrl + Shift + P).

Figure 6 - Notebook Interface

3.5 New Jupyter Notebook

There are two fairly prominent terms that you should notice, which are probably new to you:
cells and kernels are key both to understanding Jupyter and to what makes it more than just a
word processor. Fortunately, these concepts are not difficult to understand.

A kernel is a "computational engine" that executes the code contained in a notebook document.

A cell is a container for text to be displayed in the notebook or code to be executed by

the notebook's kernel.

3.6 Cells
We'll return to kernels a little later, but first let's come to grips with cells. Cells form the body of
a notebook. In the screenshot of a new notebook in the section above, that box with the green
outline is an empty cell. There are two main cell types that we will cover:

A code cell contains code to be executed in the kernel and displays its output below.

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A Markdown cell contains text formatted using Markdown and displays its output in-place when
it is run.

The first cell in a new notebook is always a code cell. Let's test it out with a classic hello world
example. Type print('Hello World!') into the cell and click the run button Notebook Run Button
in the toolbar above or press Ctrl + Enter. The result should look like this:

print("Assalam o Alekum, Dear all students")

Assalam o Alekum, Dear all students

When you ran the cell, its output will have been displayed below and the label to its left will have
changed from In [ ] to In [1]. The output of a code cell also forms part of the document, which is
why you can see it in this article. You can always tell the difference between code and Markdown
cells because code cells have that label on the left and Markdown cells do not. The "In" part of
the label is simply short for "Input," while the label number indicates when the cell was executed
on the kernel — in this case the cell was executed first. Run the cell again and the label will
change to In [2] because now the cell was the second to be run on the kernel. It will become
clearer why this is so useful later on when we take a closer look at kernels.

3.7 Keyboard Shortcuts

One final thing you may have observed when running your cells is that their border turned blue,
whereas it was green while you were editing. There is always one "active" cell highlighted with a
border whose colour denotes its current mode, where green means "edit mode" and blue
is "command mode."

So far we have seen how to run a cell with Ctrl + Enter, but there are plenty more. Keyboard
shortcuts are a very popular aspect of the Jupyter environment because they facilitate a speedy
cell-based workflow. Many of these are actions you can carry out on the active cell when it's in
command mode.

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Below, you'll find a list of some of Jupyter's keyboard shortcuts. You're not expected to pick
them up immediately, but the list should give you a good idea of what's possible.

Toggle between edit and command mode with Esc and Enter, respectively.

Once in command mode:

Scroll up and down your cells with your Up and Down keys.

Press A or B to insert a new cell above or below the active cell.

M will transform the active cell to a Markdown cell.

Y will set the active cell to a code cell.

D + D (D twice) will delete the active cell.

Z will undo cell deletion.

Hold Shift and press Up or Down to select multiple cells at once.

With multple cells selected, Shift + M will merge your selection.

Ctrl + Shift + -, in edit mode, will split the active cell at the cursor.

You can also click and Shift + Click in the margin to the left of your cells to select them.

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4. Introduction to Flow Charts

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. These flowcharts play a vital role in

the programming of a problem and are quite helpful in understanding the logic of complicated and
lengthy problems. Once the flowchart is drawn, it becomes easy to write the program in any high level
language. Often we see how flowcharts are helpful in explaining the program to others. Hence, it is
correct to say that a flowchart is a must for the better documentation of a complex program.

Flowcharts are usually drawn using some standard symbols; however,

Figure 7 - Flow chart Symbols

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4.1. List of Flow Chart Symbols

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The following are some guidelines in flowcharting:

a. In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements should be listed out in logical order.
b. The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There should not be any room for
ambiguity in understanding the flowchart.
c. The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or top to bottom.
d. Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.

or

e. Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for each
possible answer, should leave the decision symbol.

f. Only one flow line is used in conjunction with terminal symbol.

h. If the flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use connector symbols to reduce the number
of flow lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it more effective and
better way of communication.
i. Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish.
j. It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing through it with a simple test data.

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Problem 1: Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart for finding the average of two numbers

Algorithm:

Input: two numbers x and y

Output: the average of x and y

Steps:

1. input x
2. input y
3. sum = x + y
4. average = sum /2
5. output average

START

Input x

Input y

Sum = x + y

Average = sum/2

Output
Average

END

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Problem 2: Write an algorithm for finding the area of a rectangle

Hints:

 define the inputs and the outputs

 define the steps
 draw the flowchart

Problem 3: Write a program that asks the user to enter their name and their age. Print out a
message addressed to them that tells them the year that they will turn 100 years old.

name = input("What s your name: ")

age = int(input("How old are you: "))
year = str((2014 - age)+100)
print(name + " will be 100 years old in the year " + year)

Problem 4: Write a Python program to print the following string in a specific format

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are

print("Twinkle, twinkle, little star, \n\tHow I wonder what you are! \n\t\tUp above the world so
high, \n\t\tLike a diamond in the sky. \nTwinkle, twinkle, little star, \n\tHow I wonder what you
are!")

Problem 5: Write a Python program to display the current date and time.

import datetime
now = datetime.datetime.now()
print ("Current date and time : ")
print (now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))

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Problem 6: Write a Python program which accepts the radius of a circle from the user and
compute the area.

from math import pi

r = float(input ("Input the radius of the circle : "))
print ("The area of the circle with radius " + str(r) + " is: " + str(pi * r**2))

Problem 7: Write a Python program which accepts the user's first and last name and print them
in reverse order with a space between them.

fname = input("Input your First Name : ")

lname = input("Input your Last Name : ")
print ("Hello " + lname + " " + fname)

Problem 8: Write a Python program to print the calendar of a given month and year.
Note: Use 'calendar' module.

import calendar
y = int(input("Input the year : "))
m = int(input("Input the month : "))
print(calendar.month(y, m))

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Programming Exercise

1. Write a program for converting Degree Centigrade to Fahrenheit.

2. Write a program for converting Degree Fahrenheit to Centigrade.
3. Write a program to calculate the area of rectangle.
4. Write a program to calculate the volume of a sphere.
5. Write a program that can write your name is upper case, lower case, and title case.

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