BOSCO TECHNICAL TRAINING SOCIETY

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(Affiliated to GGSIP University, Delhi)
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Computer Graphics Question Bank

Unit III & IV
Short Type Questions
1. What is Orthographic Projection?
An orthographic projection is a way of representing a 3D object by using several 2D
views of the object. Orthographic drawings are also known as multiviews. The most
commonly used views are top, front, and right side.
2. What is Oblique Projection?
An oblique projection is a parallel projection in which the lines of sight are not
perpendicular to the projection plane. Commonly used oblique projections orient the
projection plane to be perpendicular to a coordinate axis, while moving the lines of sight
to intersect two additional sides of the object
3. Explain the Concept of Polygon Meshes.
A polygon mesh is a type of computer graphics technique used for creating 3D models. It
is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that define the shape and surface of a 3D
object.
4. What is primitive instancing?
In primitive instancing, the modeling system defines a set of primitive 3D solid shapes
that are relevant to the application area. Primitive instances are similar to parameterized
solid objects.
5. Give the transformation matrices for 3D Rotation.
6. What is B-Spline Curve?
B-spline curve, the control points impart local control over the curve-shape rather than
the global control like Bezier-curve.
7. What is octree?
Octree is a tree data structure in which each internal node can have at most 8 children.
Like Binary tree which divides the space two segments, Octree divides the space into at
most eight-part which is called as octanes.
8. Matrix representation of 3D Scaling.
You can change the size of an object using scaling transformation. In the scaling process,
you either expand or compress the dimensions of the object.
This can be mathematically represented as shown below;
[X′Y′Z′1]=[x y z 1]
S=[Sx 0 0 0]
[0 Sy 0 0]
[0 0 Sz 0]
[0 0 0 1 ]
 9. Explain Polygon Mesh.{;)}
10. Explain Sweep representation.
Sweep representations are used to construct 3D object from 2D shape that have some
kind of symmetry.
We perform a sweep by moving the shape along a path. At intervals along this path, we
replicate the shape and draw a set of connectiong line in the direction of the sweep to
obtain the wireframe reprensentation.
11. How many Regularized Boolean Set Operation?
12. are parametric cubic curves?
Curves having parametric form are called parametric curves.Cubic curves are commonly
used in graphics because curves of lower order commonly have too little flexibility, while
curves of higher order are usually considered unnecessarily complex and make it easy to
introduce undesired wiggles.
13. Define Bezier Curve.
Bezier Curve is parametric curve defined by a set of control points.
Two points are ends of the curve.
Other points determine the shape of the curve.
14. How many types of parallel projection?
There are two different types of parallel projections:
If the direction of projection is perpendicular to the projection plane then it is an
orthographic projection. If the direction of projection is not perpendicular to the
projection plane then it is an oblique projection.
15. What is Vanishing Point?
The vanishing point is the point in the distance where parallel lines seem to meet, a
point on the image plane of a perspective drawing where the two-dimensional
perspective projections of mutually parallel lines in three-dimensional space appear to
converge.

Long Type Questions

1. What is octree? How to represent octree with suitable diagram? Explain advantage of
octree?
Octree is a tree data structure in which each internal node can have at most 8 children.
Like Binary tree which divides the space two segments, Octree divides the space into at
most eight-part which is called as octanes. It is used to store the 3-D point which takes a
large amount of space. If all the internal node of the Octree contains exactly 8 children,
then it is called full Octree. It is also useful for high-resolution graphics like 3D computer
graphics.
The Octree can be formed from 3D volume by doing the following steps:
Divide the current 3D volume into eight boxes
If any box has more than one point then divide it further into boxes
Do not divide the box which has one or zero points in it
Do this process repeatedly until all the box contains one or zero point in it
The above steps are shown in figure.
 Advantages
One power advantage of octrees is that they are able to provide a representation of just
about any arbitrarily shaped object; whether it is convex, concave or has interior holes.
The precision is determined only by the size of the smallest cell. This is a major
consideration for applications such as raytracing, where the accuracy of objects is crucial
in achieving good results.
Secondly, such properties as surface area, volume, centre of mass, and interference are
easily calculated at different levels.

Operations on octrees are

another advantage, because
they display the same ease and
efficiency of use as
quadtrees due to the
simplicity of the tree
structure.
Disadvantages
An object or scene can only be
approximated, and not fully
represented (Carlbom and
others 1985). This is
because the octree breaks
everything down into smaller and smaller blocks.
This limitation extends itself into the usability of octrees in existing graphics systems.
Systems such as CAD/CAM systems often represent objects as primitives solids
combined into complex objects, or using a boundary representation scheme. Once this
has been converted to an octree to take advantage of easy set operations, the object
cannot be reconstructed exactly in its previous form
2. Determine the Bezier curve with four points. Explain how many properties available in
Bezier Curve?
Bezier Curve is parametric curve defined by a set of control points.
Two points are ends of the curve.
Other points determine the shape of the curve.
Cubic bezier curve is a bezier curve with degree 3.
The total number of control points in a cubic bezier curve is 4.
Example
 Properties of bezier curves
1. They always pass through the first and last control points.
2. They are contained in the convex hull of their defining control points.
3. The degree of the polynomial defining the curve segment is one less than the number
of defining polygon point. Therefore, for 4 control points, the degree of the polynomial is
3, i.e. cubic polynomial.
4. A Bezier curve generally follows the shape of the defining polygon
5. The direction of the tangent vector at the endpoints is the same as that of the vector
determined by the first and last segments.
6. Bezier curves exhibit global control means moving a control point alters the shape of
the whole curve
3. Describe constructive solid geometry with the help of suitable example.
Constructive solid geometry (CSG; formerly called computational binary solid geometry)
is a technique used in solid modeling.
Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex surface or object by
using Boolean operators to combine simpler objects. potentially generating visually
complex objects
by combining a few
primitive ones In
3D computer graphics
and CAD, CSG is
often used in
procedural
modeling. CSG
can also be performed
on polygonal meshes,
and may or may
not be procedural and/or parametric.
If anyone knows the example then please let me know:(
4. Explain the various types of parallel projections.
Parallel projection is a kind of projection where the projecting lines emerge parallelly
from the polygon surface and then incident parallelly on the plane. In parallel projection,
the centre of the projection lies at infinity. In parallel projection, the view of the object
 obtained at the plane is less-realistic as there is no for-shortcoming. and the relative
dimension of the object remains preserves.
Parallel projection is further divided into two categories :
a) Orthographic Projection
b) Oblique Projection
(a) Orthographic Projection : It is a kind of parallel projection where the projecting lines
emerge parallelly from the object surface and incident perpendicularly at the projecting
plane.

Orthographic Projection is of two categories :

(a).1. Multiview Projection : It is further divided into three categories –

(1) Top-View : In this projection, the rays that emerge from the top of the polygon
surface are observed.
2) Side-View : It is another type of projection orthographic projection where the side
view of the polygon surface is observed
3)Front-view : In this orthographic projection front face view of the object is observed.
a.2) Axonometric : Axonometric projection is an orthographic projection, where the
projection lines are perpendicular to the plane of projection, and the object is rotated
around one or more of its axes to show multiple sides.

It is further divided into three categories

Isometric Projection: All projectors make equal angles generally angle is of 30°.
Dimetric: In these two projectors have equal angles. With respect to two principle axis.
Trimetric: The direction of projection makes unequal angle with their principle axis.
b) Oblique Projection : It is a kind of parallel projection where projecting rays emerges
parallelly from the surface of the polygon and incident at an angle other than 90 degrees
on the plane.
It is of two kinds :
Cavalier: All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected with no change in
length.
Cabinet: All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected to one half of their
length. These give a realistic appearance of object.
5. Explain perspective projection and its types. Discuss the relative advantages and
disadvantages of perspective projections and parallel projections.
In Perspective Projection the center of projection is at finite distance from projection
plane. This projection produces realistic views but does not preserve relative proportions
of an object dimensions. Projections of distant object are smaller than projections of
objects of same size that are closer to projection plane.
Classification of perspective projection is on basis of vanishing points;
One Point Perspective Projection – One point perspective projection occurs when any of
principal axes intersects with projection plane or we can say when projection plane is
perpendicular to principal axis.
Two Point Perspective Projection – Two point perspective projection occurs when
projection plane intersects two of principal axis.
 Three Point Perspective Projection – Three point perspective projection occurs when all
three axis intersects with projection plane. There is no any principal axis which is parallel
to projection plane.
6. Describe Polygon Meshes with suitable example.
A polygon mesh is a collection of edges, faces and connecting points that is used to
provide a polygon model for 3-D modeling and computer animation. Its geometric
makeup can be stored in order to facilitate various kinds of simulation of three-
dimensional renderings.
Polygon mesh has a wide range of applications in computer graphics. It can be used to
represent a variety of shapes, from simple cubes to complex characters.
Polygon mesh can be used to create 3D models for games and films. The mesh can be
modified to create realistic characters and environments. It is also used in virtual reality
applications, as it allows users to interact with a 3D environment.
example is a three-dimensional sphere made up of identical faces, like a soccer ball in
which the faces themselves can be flat or curved. More complex polygon meshes render
people, animals, and other complex shapes.
7. State the properties of Bezier Curve. For the cubic Bezier Curve (n=3) , find all the
blending function and Bezier matrix.
8. Explain that how solids are represented by using Boundary representation (B-rep)
technique and Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Technique?
9. What is Hidden Surface Removal Method? Why do we need to remove hidden surface?
Discuss the Depth Buffer (Z buffer) algorithm for hidden surface removal.
10. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Cavalier vs. Cabinet
(b) Orthographic vs, Oblique

11. What are spatial partitioning representation and boundary representations?

12. Find the projection of a unit cube using Cabinet with θ=30 and Caviler θ=45 degree.
13. Explain Cohen Sutherland line clipping algorithm for 3D Clipping.
In the algorithm, first of all, it is detected whether line lies inside the screen or it is
outside the screen. All lines come under any one of the following categories
Visible
Not Visible
Clipping Case
Algorithm:
Step1:Calculate positions of both endpoints of the line

Step2:Perform OR operation on both of these end-points

Step3:If the OR operation gives 0000

Then
line is considered to be visible
else
Perform AND operation on both endpoints
If And ≠ 0000
then the line is invisible
 else
And=0000
Line is considered the clipped case.
4) After confirming that the line is partially inside the window, then we find the
intersection with the boundary of the window. By using the following formula:-

Slope:- m= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

a) If the line passes through top or the line intersects with the top boundary of the
window.

x = x + (y_wmax – y)/m

y = y_wmax

b) If the line passes through the bottom or the line intersects with the bottom boundary
of the window.

x = x + (y_wmin – y)/m

y = y_wmin

c) If the line passes through the left region or the line intersects with the left boundary
of the window.

y = y+ (x_wmin – x)*m

x = x_wmin

d) If the line passes through the right region or the line intersects with the right
boundary of the window.

y = y + (x_wmax -x)*m

x = x_wmax

5) Now, overwrite the endpoints with a new one and update it.

6) Repeat the 4th step till your line doesn’t get completely clipped
14. Explain Quadtree and Octree with suitable example. Explain advantage and disadvantage
of Quadtree and Octree.
Quadtrees are trees used to efficiently store data of points on a two-dimensional space. In
this tree, each node has at most four children. We can construct a quadtree from a two-
dimensional area using the following steps:
 Divide the current two dimensional space into four boxes.
If a box contains one or more points in it, create a child object, storing in it the two
dimensional space of the box
If a box does not contain any points, do not create a child for it
Recurse for each of the children.
Quadtrees are used in image compression, where each node contains the average colour
of each of its children. The deeper you traverse in the tree, the more the detail of the
image. Quadtrees are also used in searching for nodes in a two-dimensional area. For
instance, if you wanted to find the closest point to given coordinates, you can do it using
quadtrees.

Octree is a tree data structure in which each internal node can have at most 8 children.
Like Binary tree which divides the space two segments, Octree divides the space into at
most eight-part which is called as octanes. It is used to store the 3-D point which takes a
large amount of space. If all the internal node of the Octree contains exactly 8 children,
then it is called full Octree. It is also useful for high-resolution graphics like 3D computer
graphics.

The Octree can be formed from 3D volume by doing the following steps:

Divide the current 3D volume into eight boxes

If any box has more than one point then divide it further into boxes
Do not divide the box which has one or zero points in it
Do this process repeatedly until all the box contains one or zero point in it

15. Explain how Bezier Curve are represented parametrically. Given a Bezier curve with 4
controls points- B0[1 0] , B1[3 3] , B2[6 3] , B3[8 1] Determine any 5 points lying on
the curve.