Living Core of The Future - Proposing New Approach For The Future
Living Core of The Future - Proposing New Approach For The Future
Living Core of The Future - Proposing New Approach For The Future
ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst
March 2017
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Community and Regional Planning Commons
Recommended Citation
G. Zadeh, Mahsa, "LIVING CORE OF THE FUTURE: PROPOSING NEW APPROACH FOR THE FUTURE OF
RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX IN METROPOLITAN AREAS" (2017). Masters Theses. 465.
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LIVING CORE OF THE FUTURE: PROPOSING NEW APPROACH FOR THE
FUTURE OF RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
A Thesis Presented
by
MAHSA G. ZADEH
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
February 2017
Department of Architecture
© Copyright by Mahsa G. Zadeh 2017
All Rights Reserved
LIVING CORE OF THE FUTURE: PROPOSING NEW APPROACH FOR THE
FUTURE OF RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
A Thesis Presented
By
MAHSA G. ZADEH
_________________________________________
Kathleen Lugosch, Chair
_________________________________________
Ajla Aksamija, Member
______________________________________
Kathleen Lugosch, Graduate Program Director
Department of Architecture
______________________________________
Stephen Schreiber, Department Chair
Department of Architecture
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would first like to thank my thesis advisors Kathleen Lugosch and Ajla Aksamija of the
and good nature, I would never have been able to pursue architectural studies as desire. They
helped and steered me in the right the direction whenever they thought I needed it, through these
My sincere thanks also goes to Design and Construction Management at Umass for
offering me the funding opportunities in their groups and leading me through diverse exciting
projects. My heartfelt appreciation to Marty Smith for the overwhelming continue support
through my study.
Last but not the least, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and to my
love for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years
of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment
would not have been possible without them. Words cannot properly express the emotions I would
like to convey.
iv
ABSTRACT
LIVING CORE OF THE FUTURE: PROPOSING NEW APPROACH FOR THE FUTURE OF
RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
FEBRUARY 2017
MAHSA G. ZADEH, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF MAZANDARAN
M.ARCH, UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST
Building that can adapt and change to become useful for not only today’s society but for
generations to come is one which elicits biological and evolutionary processes. In essence, the
need for a transformative architecture that can sustain an active dialogue with its inhabitants,
whose trend are in constant flux, results in a reunification between humanity and its time-
The aim of thesis is to explore what makes people satisfy and comfortable and what
factors make their living space and city livable, especially focusing on future housing needs. We
can respond to the question of how is the space of the future going to look through several
aspects. Housing has been a major challenge for the rising population during last decades,
especially in developing countries. My approach will focus on social and interactional space
alongside technological aspects. “Architecture as part of life” is a concept that I always carried
with me: Buildings that adjust to life, to our needs, to our moods. They should adapt to our
space, our functionalities and our needs that change continuously – and even to our sense of
Life satisfaction occurs most often when people are engaged in absorbing activities that
cause them to forget themselves, lose track of time and stop worrying. "Flow" is the term that
psychologist coined to describe this phenomenon. I believe that in age of technology and
v
information we can’t ignore social interaction and communication. The concept of spaces of
terms of urbanism. This thesis will argue that the spaces of communication, which are assumed to
create social and environmental contact, can exist in any kind of urban environment.
Architecture is based on the past and built in the present to take care of the future. It also
mirrors the various aspect of our lives- social, economic, spiritual. Building cannot be separate
from history, culture, economy, community and environment. The answer to the question of what
will future generation need to live a happy life will vary from place to place. Happiness and
satisfaction have universal factors but when we go in depth and explore individual societies and
cities in terms of history, background, culture and social necessity we will understand differences
geographical limitations, cultural, political and historical backgrounds suitable residential spaces
in most developing countries face similar challenges. It appears that cities of today, and especially
big cities all around the world, are all struggling with similar problems. Big cities should be built
of communities which have a feature of small cores (neighborhoods) located in big city; that will
benefit from the opportunities of big city. This concept is known as planetary perspective. My
site, Tehran, was selected as a prototype city of a developing country. Developing countries are
often more challenging because of their population growth that have huge impact on future
environmental and economic issues. As urban reality shows, increasing population, demand for
limited resources and depletion of natural environment strengthen this default that as urbanization
gains pace, more people will find themselves living close together than ever before. The quality
of urban living spaces will be even more significant in future. Architecture can change the way
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1
Objectives & Methods ........................................................................................................ 1
2. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 3
Future and what it will bring............................................................................................... 3
Urban Context, Metropolitan and Livable Cities ............................................................... 8
Precedent Studies about city of tomorrow and planning strategy ..................................... 10
Slice of Life, Future Core and Residential Community ................................................... 16
Precedent Studies about future of residential community................................................. 21
4. DESIGN PROCESS................................................................................................................... 51
Introduction of Tehran ..................................................................................................... 51
Site Analysis .................................................................................................................... 59
Programs .......................................................................................................................... 61
Conceptual Design and Design Proposal ......................................................................... 63
vii
5. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 75
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.6 Archigram’s Walking City: A 60’s Architectural Vision of the Future ..........................15
2.9 The home in relation to the other factors: Altman and Chemers, 1989:156 ...................19
ix
3.3 Comparing different criteria associated with overall satisfaction ...................................34
3.6 The changing pattern of the building from (A) Inward courtyard house (B) Outward
medium-rise house with huge balcony (C) Outward medium-rise house (D) High-rise
apartment buildings (E) Large scale apartment building ................................................37
3.9 Plan of the first story of Akhavan Sigari Yazd house .....................................................44
3.10 Plan of the first story of Semsar yazd House, Yazd Houses Treasure Book 2004 .........45
4.13 The Site image during night with Milad tower land mark ..............................................60
x
4.16 Master Plan development................................................................................................62
4.19 Development and Detailed Plan according to the Concepts discussed above ................64
4.21 Mass formation according to the hierarchy of function and privacy ..............................65
4.23 Wind creates a positive pressure on the windward side and negative pressure on the
leeward side ....................................................................................................................67
4.24 Function of Wind Tower system during daytime and nighttime ....................................67
4.25 CFD analysis showing positive and negative pressure on windward and leeward;
Hughes ............................................................................................................................68
4.27 Traditional wind towers with different number of openings (a) one-sided,
(b) two-sided, (c) four-sided, (d) octahedral ...................................................................69
4.28 Modern wind tower devices with damper control system suggested by Hughes
and Ghani ........................................................................................................................70
4.29 Elevation and sequences of open spaces to appropriate airflow integrated with
wind tower ......................................................................................................................70
4.30 Modern interpretation of traditional house for both community and open spaces and
private areas-On plan detail ............................................................................................71
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The last two decades of the twentieth century have witnessed fundamental changes in our
way of life. Also we will face radical changes in future. What makes people satisfied and what
factors impact their living space is the main question that I’ve followed in thesis process,
Exploring the answer of this question that what are future housing needs in metropolitans
is the main approach of this thesis. Based on this approach, thesis is divided to sections. Future of
housing, urban context in metropolitan and livable cities, and residential communities are three
major subjects that address interconnected vision of my project. These subjects will be review in
background section. Future of housing, focuses on some predictions for years to come and
measurements we have to take for next generation of residential design. Then, urban context of
metropolitans and livable cities will be discussed to figure out criteria that big cities need to
become more livable and sustainable. Last part of background will explore regional and smaller
scale to find needs and necessities of residential and housing sectors. Background is a preliminary
glance at urban context and planning theories, livable cities features, residential community and
factors affecting residential areas. Next section will present more detail about housing sector.
This section will discuss definition and typology of open spaces and residential spaces in
particular area and review traditional Iranian house to find what characteristic can be use as
concept in design process for new approach. This part will demonstrate the knowledge and
understanding of the housing sector in Iran during the time to help developing design process to
1
Design section is intended to complete answer to thesis question. After exploration and
comparison, the subject in different category, I came to conclusion that I would follow four major
criteria in my design process to cover all requirements for residential satisfaction and future
satisfaction is an important component of life satisfaction. In this thesis I tried to find the most
based on developing these features that include spatial, social, functional and contextual features.
After present the site, looking forward the programs in master plan that is decent for the
individual core and then focus on residential space along with communication space in this
master plan. And respond to all questions and concerns that are introduced aforementioned.
2
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND
In 2020, world population will reach 7,675 million people, 11% more than 2010.
In developed countries there will be more people older than 65 than people under 15 years.
By 2020, 52% of the world population will be middle class, 1,400 million more than in 2010.
3
In 2020 there will be more than 50,000 million of devices connected to the internet.
An inventory of the last half-decade’s events might mystify even bona fide futurists. A
recession that wiped out nearly 20 years of Americans’ wealth, the urgency of global warming,
the flood of social media, and an Internet that’s accessible on a pocket-size touchscreen. What
would Alvin Toffler, who popularized the term “information overload” in the 1970s, think about
Toffler explains, “Society needs people who take care of the elderly and who know how
to be compassionate and honest. Society needs people who work in hospitals. Society needs all
kinds of skills that are not just cognitive; they’re emotional, they’re affectional. You can’t run the
1
society on data and computers alone.”
In his book The Third Wave Toffler describes three types of societies, based on the
concept of “waves”—each wave pushes the older societies and cultures aside.
First Wave is the society after agrarian revolution and replaced the first hunter-
gatherer cultures.
Second Wave is the society during the Industrial Revolution. Toffler writes: “The Second
Wave Society is industrial and based on mass production, mass distribution, mass
consumption, mass education, mass media, mass recreation, mass entertainment, and weapons of
mass destruction.
1
Toffler, Alvin, and Toffler Alvin. The third wave. New York: Bantam books, 1981.
4
Third Wave is the post-industrial society. According to Toffler, in this post-
Times change, and the practice of architecture changes with them. In this moment poised
between post-crash and comeback, it’s a good time to pause, look around, and ask how we’ll
move forward. Will it be business as usual, or will the way we design and deliver housing look
different? Global awareness is transformative, too. In a world where social and ecological
systems seem increasingly tenuous, are we starting to rethink what home and shelter should
mean? A compacted economy, climate change, and emerging technologies are the game-changers
going forward, and that means the concerns of architecture have multiplied at all kinds of scales.
What follows, then, is a roundup of best guesses from leading practitioners, pundits, academics,
and research-and-development types about how architects might busy themselves with the
challenges ahead.
5
Prognostications
The trend worth monitoring is the move away from large-lot single-family homes to more
friends buy adjacent units. This kind of living arrangement appeals both to retiring boomers and
Millennials, the two largest demographic groups. “They have a lot in common,” Fisher says.
“Retiring people don’t want the maintenance of a big yard, and they want access to conveniences
and healthcare. Millennials, too, want to live with each other and are moving from suburbs into
cities.” 2
Live/work spaces are fairly common in urban enclaves nowadays, but the blending of
domestic and work lives will eventually demand a different kind of house, Fisher says. Research
suggests that by 2020, 40 percent of the U.S. workforce may be self-employed. 3 What’s new is
that people are turning their homes into mini-factories, using recent technologies such as 3D
“Now the spare bedroom is turned into a production place, but over time this merging of
living, working, and making will radically change what we think of as the house,” 4 Fisher
predicts. “This is how people lived in cities for thousands of years; fabrication happened in close
quarters on every block. The industrial zone is a legacy of the 20th century and will gradually
2
Hall, Peter, and Ulrich Pfeiffer. Urban future 21: a global agenda for twenty-first century cities.
Routledge, 2013.
3
Maestas, Nicole, and Julie Zissimopoulos. "How longer work lives ease the crunch of population
aging." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 24.1 (2010): 139-160.
4
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, and Kenneth Cukier. Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live,
work, and think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013.
6
Architects who are focused on the work that needs to be done in the world can see, if not
the future, then at least a plausible version of it. New opportunities will arise, and housing
eventually will be designed and delivered much more efficiently, perhaps in ways we can’t yet
imagine.
“This is a really interesting time,” Kam says. “Architects should come up with creative
solutions that not only answer what owners are asking for, but new ideas to enlighten them. But it
will require a holistic pursuit,” 5 working with manufacturers, community members, and
5
Next-Generation Design by Cheryl Weber, LEED AP, is a senior contributing editor to Custom Home and
a frequent contributor to Builder.
7
Urbanism, Metropolitan and Livable Cities
It appears that big cities of today, are all struggling with similar problems. Metropolitan
have developed huge territories during the twentieth century that cannot be properly understood
by anyone in terms of their form. But now need to be recognized as something that truly exists,
Livability should be assessed in terms of citizen access to their city’s services and culture
The important factors which are most important to people in making a city an attractive place in
6
Rogerson, Robert J. "Quality of life and city competitiveness." Urban studies36.5/6 (1999): 969.
8
What makes a city livable? And, where are the best places to live?
What is the livable city criteria?
The Economic Intelligence Unit’s (EIU) latest ranking of the World’s most Livable
Cities, the Global Livability report has been published, with the Australian sporting capital of
Melbourne topping the list once again. 7 According to EIU, the livability rating quantifies the
challenges that might be presented to an individual’s lifestyle in any given location, and allows
for direct comparison between locations. Every city is assigned a rating of relative comfort for
over 30 qualitative and quantitative factors across five broad categories: stability; healthcare;
1) Australia, Melbourne
2) Austria, Vienna
3) Canada, Vancouver
4) Canada, Toronto
5) Canada, Calgary
6) Australia, Adelaide
7) Australia, Sydney
8) Finland, Helsinki
9) Australia, Perth
10) New Zealand, Auckland.
7
https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/
9
Figure 2.2: View of 3 top cities in EIU ranking; Internet
This book offers some very interesting clues as to the motivations for use-zoning. Le
Corbusier seems to take this as evidence that people prefer to live in suburbs rather than in cities,
and therefore bases his theory of urban planning on the idea that the center should be for commerce
(and some public services), and that it should be surrounded by two belts of residential areas – one
with “blocks of dwellings on the ‘cellular’ system”, and one outer garden city.
Le Corbusier doesn’t seem that far away from Jane Jacobs in what he wanted to achieve,
but they are light years apart regarding their ideas about how cities best are transformed. Le
Corbusier believed in knocking down entire districts and rebuilding them from scratch (and he
actually makes a convincing case), for instance in his “Voisin” plan for rearranging the center of
10
Paris shown in the picture above. Jacobs, on the other hand, believes that change must be gradual
and often affected through indirect measures, as neighborhoods in cities are delicate organisms
Le Corbusier’s theories suggest that the center of a great city should consist mainly of
skyscrapers – exclusively for commercial use – and that the area occupied by these should be no
greater than 5 percent. The remaining 95% should be parks with trees. Also in the center there
would be a train station, the “hub” of the city, and three-story buildings with “luxury shops, [...]
Surrounding the center there would be a belt of residential buildings, in the form of those
zigzag blocks with “set-backs” seen in the picture below. Each of these buildings are to be small
But something that are not mentioned here are shops, cafés, and restaurants in this
residential district (or in the garden city, for that matter). Did he really intend for all shopping, out
of house dining, and visiting cafés to take place in the center of the city?
8
The city of tomorrow and it’s planning By Le Corbusier, Frederick Etchells.
11
Jane Jacobs/ The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Jacobs argued that modernist urban planning rejects the city, because it rejects human
beings living in a community characterized by layered complexity and seeming chaos. The
modernist planners used deductive reasoning to find principles by which to plan cities. Among
these policies she considered urban renewal the most violent, and separation of
uses (i.e., residential, industrial, commercial) the most prevalent. These policies, she claimed,
destroy communities and innovative economies by creating isolated, unnatural urban spaces.
In their place Jacobs advocated "four generators of diversity". "The necessity for these
four conditions is the most important point this book has to make. In combination, these
• Density.
Ebenezer Howard offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of
both town (such as opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh
air and low rents). Howard illustrated the idea with his "Three Magnets" 10diagram. His ideas
were conceived for the context of a capitalist economic system, and sought to balance individual
9
Jacobs, Jane. The death and life of great American cities. Vintage, 1961.
10
Howard, Ebenezer, and Frederic James Osborn. Garden cities of to-morrow. Vol. 23. Mit Press, 1965.
12
In Howard’s vision of a “well-structured and biologically sound urban body”, an
emphasis was places on system of circulation. Howard” stressed the need of scientific system of
Archigram
the Architectural Association, London - that was futurist, anti-heroic and pro-consumerist,
drawing inspiration from technology in order to create a new reality that was solely expressed
dominant social force; where time, exchange and metamorphosis replace stasis; where
consumption, lifestyle and transience become the programmer; and where the public realm is an
11
Sadler, Simon. Archigram: architecture without architecture. Mit Press, 2005.
13
Plug-in-City, Peter Cook, 1964
dwellings in the form of cells or standardised components could be slotted. The machine had
taken over and people were the raw material being processed, the difference being that people are
The Walking City is constituted by intelligent buildings or robots that are in the form of
giant, self contained living pods that could roam the cities. The form derived from a combination
of insect and machine and was a literal interpretation of Corbusier's aphorism of a house as a
machine for living in. The pods were independent, yet parasitic as they could 'plug in' to way
stations to exchange occupants or replenish resources. The citizen is therefore a serviced nomad
not totally dissimilar from today's executive cars. The context was perceived as a future ruined
12
Cook, Peter. Plug-in City. 2001.
13
Herron’s, Ron. "Walking Cities in." Archigram: Magazine for New Ideas in Architecture (1961): 1961-
1974.
14
Figure 2.6: Archigram’s Walking City: A 60’s Architectural Vision of the Future
Instant City
Instant City is a mobile technological event that drifts into underdeveloped, drab towns
via air (balloons) with provisional structures (performance spaces) in tow. The effect is a
The whole endeavor is intended to eventually move on leaving behind advanced technology
hook-ups. The group ignored contemporary notions of what could be built, and instead indulged
itself with largely technocratic and completely unbuildable visions that drew inspiration from
advances in technology and culture—like the launching of the first cosmonaut into space and the
14
http://architizer.com/blog/utopian-architecture
15
Slice of life, Future Core, Residential Community
After you put these elements together (metropolitan, the region consisting of a densely
populated urban core, livable cities and relation between population and livability with the
happiness and satisfaction that we look forward for future living place, I reach into conclusion
that we need to have multiple small cities (cores) inside the big cities that this colonies have
features of small cities. Easy to manage and resource are not that limited. In this case connection
between these networks and urban connectivity become more crucial than ever before. It depends
on the location of core some features of this core can vary. But certainly they have many things in
common.
The most important indicator in the future core is residential space that shapes inhabitant
lifestyle and other community spaces. A house is a human product, and even with the most severe
physical constraints and limited technology man has built in ways so diverse that they can be
attributed only to choice, which involves cultural values. Moreover, house form is not simply the
result of physical forces or any single casual forces, but is the consequences of a whole range of
It can be assumed that future generation needs community spaces. This Communication
would be either verbally or nonverbally, which could respond to many kinds of needs first to
survive, then to produce and trade. Except these, it is thought that man has gained his “self” as a
speculative story that provides mental development for humans structuring of face to face
relationships with others. When humans are separated from the others, they become wild and do
16
Figure 2.8: Different Concepts of Future Design; By Author
The house is not just a structure but also an institution created for a complex set of
purposes. Building a house is also a cultural phenomenon, and its form and organization are
greatly influenced by social, physical and technological factors within the cultural milieu to
which it belongs.
Thus, the function of a residential area is much more than a physical concept.
House cannot be seen in isolation from the settlement, but must be viewed as part of a
total social and spatial system that relates to the way of life of a particular settlement. Men live in
the whole residential spaces of which the house is only a part, and the way in which they use the
17
settlement affects house form. Kent (1990) 15 pointed out that geography as well as architecture
has usually separated the study of the house from the settlement, yet the need to look at the house
as part of a larger system confirms that the house conveys little sense outside of its setting and
context. Because the living pattern always extends beyond the house to some degree, the form of
the house is affected by the extent to which one lives in it and range of activities that take place in
it. So, the important characteristics of a settlement are that it will have the highest interaction in
social and physical terms. The residential space and house form depend not only on one single
factor.
As distinct cultural differences lead to variations in the way of life, the house form will
also respond according to the people’s needs, preferences and cultural values. Human behavior
and action in any environment is evaluated by the individual’s performance on space. The spatial
First, the dwellers interaction within domestic space and secondly, the interaction outside
Altman and Chemers (1989) relate home as a reflection of cultural factors, environmental
factors and technological. Therefore, a home reflects, simultaneously, many facets of culture in
an environment, each of which is correct at some level of analysis but incomplete if some facet is
missing. 16
15
Kent, Susan. Domestic architecture and the use of space: an interdisciplinary cross-cultural study. Vol.
89035778. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
16
Altman, Irwin, and Martin M. Chemers. Culture and environment. No. 2. CUP Archive, 1984.
18
Figure 2.9: The home in relation to the other factors: Altman and Chemers, 1989:156
Here we may summarize theoretical approach for this thesis and organize major concepts
around the specific questions: 17
1. In what ways forms accommodate human behavior and adapt to human needs? How does the
social group fit the form it occupies?
2. How do built form and design strategies express and represent aspects of cultures?
3. How is the spatial dimensions of human behavior related to mental processes and conceptions
of the self?
4. How does society produce forms and forms produce society? What roles do history and social
17
Lawrence, Denise L., and Setha M. Low. "The built environment and spatial form." Annual review of
anthropology 19 (1990): 453-505.
19
Aspects of Way of Life that Affect Residential Spaces
The overall concept of way of life does not help us to determine how it affects the form
way of life, so that the changes in the physical structure can be understood. There are thousands
of different ways in expressing the design of a single house where same objectives can be met.
So, the way house takes certain forms should be more important than the shape it has.
Rappoport (1984) 18 pointed out five important aspects of the way of life by which certain
forms are take place in physical space. This conceptual framework, would help to think about the
subject. Conceptual frameworks are neither models nor theories, models describe how things
work, whereas theories explain phenomena and conceptual frameworks help to think about
phenomena, to order material and revealing pattern and typically leads to models and theories.
Although these important aspects were mentioned for traditional and vernacular settlements, it is
valid for the understanding of the way of life for any culture in an urban areas 19
a) Basic needs
b) Family structure
c) Position of women
d) The need for privacy
e) Social action.
18
Rapoport, Amos. "Thinking about home environments." Home environments. Springer US, 1985. 255-
286.
19
Rapoport, Amos. Human aspects of urban form: towards a man—environment approach to urban form
and design. Elsevier, 2013.
20
Precedent studies about future of Residential community
In this section precedent studies about residential complexes in different cultures will be
discussed to see how ideas and design concepts can be different and at the same time what
Farmscraper-Vincent Callebaut-China
ecosystems into cities with designs for "farmscrapers" made from piles of giant glass pebbles for a
21
As a response to the rapid urbanization going on in the country, Vincent
Callebaut wanted to completely rethink the current structure of cities and do away with suburbs.
The architect proposes a new type of urban habitat based on the rules of the natural
world, with stacks of giant pebbles housing entire communities. All energy would be sourced
from the sun and wind, anything produced would be recyclable and local expertise would be
capitalized wherever possible. Residents of each tower would also work there, reducing the need
to travel. All food and commodities would be produced within the building, in
suspended orchards and vegetables gardens, plus all waste would be fed back into the ecosystem.
"The garden is no more placed side by side to the building; it is the building!" says Callebaut.
20
www.dezeen.com/2013/03/21/asian-cairns-by-vincent-callebaut
22
La Folie Divine, Montpellier, Farshid Moussavi Architecture
The site of the project, Lot M2, is located on the periphery of Montpellier surrounded by
a green environment. To minimize impact on the landscape, the 11-storey residential complex is
designed in the form of a tower with the smallest possible footprint. The tower’s small floor
plates, when compared to a residential slab or block, provide the residential units with the least
possible internal shared circulation space, and therefore the maximum amount of privacy. Each
floor divides into four residential units which are dual aspect and benefit from multiple views of
the exterior and natural cross-ventilation. Instead of adopting a rectilinear geometry, which is
restrictive as it prioritizes right angle orientations, the curvilinear floor plates provide multi-
directional visual communication between the interior and the exterior. The exterior walls grow
larger and smaller in relation to the size and proportion of each room, introducing convex and
concave geometries in the different rooms as well as the external terraces, and bringing in
23
The curvilinear geometry also breaks down the traditional valence between interior and
exterior because the visual experience of looking out of the building from inside is embedded
with so much variety. Each floor plate is designed to accommodate four residential units around a
central core. Five different unit typologies are distributed in a variety of orientations around the
central core, providing the apartments with differentiated relationships to the exterior and
therefore increasing the amount of choice residents are given in terms of the relationship of their
unit to the external context. The irregular curvilinear design of the building has the extra
advantage of self-shading parts of the exterior envelope against the strong Montpellier summer
sun – whereas the curvature on the north side is more gradual, it is intentionally more acute on the
southern exposure. Areas of the exterior not self-shaded by the building silhouette are provided
with operable louvers which will add a sense of temporality and vitality to the building, akin to a
24
Connecting Riads Residential Complex-Casablanca-AQSO Arquitectos
The project is located on the east side of Anfa district in Casablanca, a downtown historic
area in the vicinity of an old airport to be demolished. The plot is situated between the Gran
theatre boulevard and a residential area composed of low buildings and an urban park. The
scheme is solved conceptually as a continuous block aligned to the surrounding streets and
In this way, the building grows to offer an urban character towards the boulevard and
reduces its scale to the opposite side. The upward volume allows the apartments to enjoy the view
of the park. The building façade turns into two different strategies: the exterior skin facing the
most public context becomes an introverted and formal element while the interior one facing the
The first one is made by long balconies enclosed by sliding latticework panels and the
second one is just a white and plain surface only interrupted by long windows and big protruding
balconies. These elements are arranged in an irregular order, and hanged on the wall like
flowerpots in an Andalusian patio. The building block is also perforated through big openings
25
Figure 2.15: Connecting Riads Residential Complex / AQSO Arquitectos, model
When the scheme goes to that phase. And even when the construction is completed, the
built form goes through a transformation process when it is occupied. People always customize
the environment around them. The most flexible architecture lasts the longest and has an
expression that can be always reinterpreted. Architects predict, as seers, movements, needs,
growths and emotions at social and individual level. They frame, organize and enclose them with
Architecture. This is why, contrary to other art works and as Adolf Loos said, architecture must
satisfy everyone, because we all are users of a space when we occupy it. 21
21
Crompton, Andrew. "The architecture of multifaith spaces: God leaves the building." The Journal of
Architecture 18.4 (2013): 474-496.
26
Tehran Tower-Iran-CAAT Architecture Studio
Tehran, Iran’s largest city and its capital, is plagued by extreme air pollution, 80% of
which is caused by auto traffic. Amongst its 8.5 million residents, it is estimated that 27 people
die daily from pollution-related diseases, showing the tangible and deadly dangers that result
from the traffic caused by urban sprawl. To combat this reality, the designers of the Tehran
Tower propose building up, locating massive skyscrapers within Tehran to house masses of
residents centrally.
The overall shape for the tower is inspired by muqarnas, traditional Iranian vault and
cable systems. Like concave vaults between two pillars, the residential units will hang in masses
from the two sturdy legs of this structure. The legs are composed of trusses with parking cores
at the bottom. Cars park up the legs until the building convenes in the middle. This helps keep
them lightweight, and the structure as a whole flexible in the case of earthquakes.
27
Figure 2.18: Tehran Tower / CAAT Architecture Studio- diagram; Archdaily.com
On the top of the structure, a solid floor is laid atop the hanging cells to create a green
rooftop expanse to be enjoyed by residents. The tall height of the garden and the prefab
residential cells help protect them from the noise pollution of the city, and subtle structural
design elements provide shading to units in the summer to protect them from the harsh sun.
28
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH IN PARTICULAR AREA
Housing Sector
Housing has been a major challenge for the rising population of countries during the
last decades especially in developing countries. Besides, the need to high-density housing
systems due to rising population has become a central issue to most urban design or renewal
programs in the late 20th century. Therefore, residential complex has rapidly developed into one
of the most important prototype of modern housing in urban and metropolitan areas especially
view. On the other hand, despite existence of many sustainable principles of residential
architecture in ancient era, diverse housing problems and issues have originated in modern
housing patterns of urban areas due to consequences of the process of uncontrolled urbanization
and industrialization. It is obvious that in most cases, ancient principles of sustainability which
have stood the test of time have been ignored in modern housing strategies and plans leading to
to introduce and analyze traditional strategies and consider residence satisfaction, needs and
culture to develop a new and modern approach in housing strategies and policies in Tehran
The past three decades have witnessed the extraordinary growth of Iran’s urban areas.
Rapid expansion of cities in Iran has been caused by many factors including regional conflicts,
country and many other detectable and hidden factors 22. Iran is facing tremendous challenges: in
22
Majedi, H. et al., (2012). An Analysis to Challenges of Sustainable Urban Transport in Metropolitan
Area, Journal of Basic Applied Science & Research. Res., 2(10).
29
the last 30 years, the country’s population has doubled up to 73 million inhabitants in 2009. The
median age is 23.5 years and in 2005, 25 % of Iran’s population was in the age group of 15 to 24
years. Besides this natural demographic development, a massive rural-urban migration has led to
an explosive urbanization since the 1960s, which is expected to continue in the next years 23
The main arena of these drastic challenges is the Tehran Metropolitan Region being one
of the most rapidly growing agglomerations in West Asia and the Middle East. In 2016,
approximately 14 million inhabitants were residing in the Metropolitan Region (i.e. Tehran
Province; Statistical Center of Iran, 2016), converting Tehran into the political, economic,
As it is shown in this figure structure of housing provision in Iran divided into private
sector and governmental sector that private sector is more focus on medium and high quality
residential complex and governmental sector was planning for low income group of the society.
23
Seelig, Sebastian. "A master plan for low carbon and resilient housing: The 35ha area in Hashtgerd New
Town, Iran." Cities 28.6 (2011): 545-556.
24
Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 5(10), 93-102, Spring Summer 2013
30
General obstacles of achieve suitable housing provision during last two decades in Iran
achieve the planned goals in most cases, especially for low and medium income
• Most part of the planned affordable housing includes uniform and minimalistic
apartments which are not suitable for cultural needs of low and medium income families
• The size or the physical condition of the mass construction houses is not suitable for a
• Most of the mass constructed houses are apartment blocks which lack climatic and
Modern housing pattern in Iran, like other developing counties, is also a victim of rapid
increase in urban population as a result of very fast rise in its population – contributing to housing
challenges extremely among the increasing young cohorts. Iran, in the past few decades has
rapidly changed from a more traditional society into a modern society and from extended family
system to nuclear family system in which the housing of the youth has become more acute and
problematic. So with increasing population and changing family system the need to rethink and
31
Residential Satisfaction
Designers should take into account not only the needs but also the perceptions of the
residents in order to create more harmonious residential environment, maximizing comfort with
the resources at their disposal. Corresponding other researchers (Bonaiuto and colleagues) it is
assumed that residences should not isolated from their social and physical surrounding.
Satisfaction needs a multi-faced structure, including (Architecture, Urban form) Social (people
A main attempt to determine the residential satisfaction in Iran was role of housewives
residing in the neighborhood. Attributes such as security, cleanliness and sociability of neighbors
are more effective on residence satisfaction than facilities, accessibility and physical features.
satisfaction is an important component of life satisfaction. This thesis is tried to find the most
influential criteria in residential environment increase our satisfaction. And base my design
process based on developing these features including spatial, social, functional and contextual
features. These are the most important criteria effect on resident satisfaction in different
residential layout.
The spatial features were assessed from three main factors comprising privacy,
naturalness and coherence. Coherence and naturalness are key for visual concepts for analyzing
sight landscape features. And third factor, privacy, rooted in Iranian culture. Privacy is a general
concept relating to controlling over intrusion of all kinds: unwanted callers, people looking in at
the windows, neighbors listening to family conversations, or noise and traffic. The courtyard
offered some measure of privacy. Perception of privacy are varied by people, considering their
32
background, implies on relativity of privacy. Compared to Iranian traditional life, the new
residential open spaces are assumed as semi privet and even public space. So, the meaning of
privacy has lessened gradually to the condition where people can be there without interference by
other.
experience of nature within the city enhances well-being, supports health, increases a sense of
safety and inspires Iranian traditional courtyard. Coherence describes the unity of scene which is
the most-used concept in exterior landscape and interior spaces. Repeating patterns, colors,
texture and correspondence between land use and natural condition enhance the coherence in
spaces. Privacy and coherence have the same weight on spatial feature, followed by naturalness.
The meaning of privacy has gradually changed and people expectation of privacy is not the same
as before. But sense of privacy is still essential in people’s satisfaction with their living spaces
Sense of privacy and hierarchy of space are factors behind privacy while location and dimension
Contextual features have some latent variables which is the second considerable criteria
that influence satisfaction. Safety and maintenance are two main criteria for contextual features
which are considered in different part of open space Social features were measured through three
main questions: compatibility with neighbors, friendship between neighbors, and companion.
Defining residents profile and combine these different types of family according to their social
Functional features, were asked through passive and active engagement with the
environment. Active engagement referrers to more direct experience with the place and people
within it such a walking, playing, chatting, exercising while passive engagement can lead to a
sense of relaxation. To develop this feature, livable cities criteria were explored and reached the
33
conclusion that in the big scale we need to add some functions that are not provided in the
surrounding area in master plan, and consider some function for clusters that respond to their
daily activities.
34
Residential Open spaces
instead of small houses but on the other hand, neglecting the importance of the private yard. In
addition to providing accessibility to the sun light and natural ventilation, Open space affords an
opportunity of direct connection to nature and creates a place for social interaction.
Open spaces as a complementary part of building mass, adjusting building and human
density. In contemporary urbanism, homes inner spaces have been decreased and shared common
spaces have been increased because of the land and economic limitations. Public space in the
contemporary city is considered more as a secondary space. It should cover a huge part of
We need to make the typology of residential open space that increase concentration to the
space between building and notice architects to design interior and exterior place simultaneously.
All residential complexes in the eight districts in the north of Tehran, allocated more than 65% of
the site to the open space. But results show that in Tehran, designing open space do not have the
priority in the design process, and main considerations are drawn toward interior space. In some
Appropriate design of public open spaces, will change the living quality and
privacy for the family, unification of tha space and elements, provision of circulation, creation of
25
Memarian, Golamhossein: An introduction to house typology in Iran: Courtyard houses (in persian).
Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology (1993)
35
a garden or cool place and finally promotion of ventilation. Haeri (2010) 26 classified open spaces
in traditional house in distinct levels, including courtyard, terrace, sharemi, mahtabi, and roof as
shown in figure 3.4. In traditional courtyard houses, family spend much of their time in the semi-
open spaces where inside and outside spaces combined together through medium spaces such as
Ivan, Mahtabi.
Pirnia (1988) 27 claimed that by increasing the main central part of buildings, it was built coverless
and turned into the courtyard. Afterward, the structure of house was built based on the position of
the courtyard, according to the figure 3.4. Some spaces of the house were named considering their
openness to the courtyard such as Se-Dari (three doors) or panj-Dari (five doors) rooms. While
more than a family lived in a house, sequential connected courtyards were built.
26
Haeri, Mohammad Reza: House in culture and nature of iran (in persian). Tehran: Architecture and urban
development research center (2010)
27
Pirnia, Mohammad Karim: Become familiar with iranian islamic architecture (in persian). Tehran:
University of Science and Technology Press (1988)
36
Figure 3.5: The structure of traditional house and sequence of space (Haeri 2010)
Nowadays, the location of the cars is so important. In the contemporary city, streets have
found a significant position where buildings are following the patterns of streets.
Figure 3.6: The changing pattern of the building from (A) Inward courtyard house (B) Outward
medium-rise house with huge balcony (C) Outward medium-rise house (D) High-rise apartment
buildings (E) Large scale apartment building
37
The position of open space in Iranian residence is introduced, followed by the influential
criteria on residential satisfaction. Yard was one of the most important parts of Iranian traditional
house. Lots of activities depending on the climate situation were occurring there. Open spaces as
complementary parts of building mass, adjusting building and human density. In contemporary
urbanism, according to the land and economic limitations, while the home’s inner spaces have
been decreased, shared common spaces have been increased. Thus, private courtyards for most of
the families is not affordable. Appropriate design of public open space will change the living
quality and consequently, residence’s perceptions of the total space of the complex.
In the creation of green and open spaces, it is necessary to consider easy access,
comfortable and quiet space of relaxation, reducing vulnerability, recreational facilities and
38
Arrangement and Typology
The variables determining the types of social interaction include economic, religious, educational
and occupational factors. The coexistence of different levels in these variables will effect social
Analytical results indicate that four dominant types of arrangement are free standing,
linear and centralized blocks and combination of two types. These categories are according to
how access to buildings and interior spaces connections are and how open and closed spaces are
Centralized blocks: This arrangement is coincident with Iranian traditional internal yard
house. Main unit elevation is faced to public domain. Private spaces face the backside of the
building. This arrangement around main core cause to shape private open space that can be used
Free standing blocks: These blocks are the common type in the Tehran macro scale
residential complexes. This type allows designers to create different space quality, for instance,
hierarchy of private and public space. In this typology high-rise blocks stand separately. In this
case, possibility of natural ventilation and daylight are more than other arrangement types.
city. And direction of these blocks follows climate measures and urban regulation and district.
39
Combination of these types
residents’ satisfaction.
The studies implied that overall residents’ satisfaction was associated intensively with
spatial feature of complexes, sense of privacy, coherence and safety are the most important
28
Biddulph, Mike. (2007) "Introduction to Residential Layout" ,Amsterdam, Architectural
Press.
40
Iranian Traditional Houses
Iranian traditional houses have a kind of internal spaces structure on the basis of religious
Spatial flexibility, legibility, introversion, spatial hierarchy and respecting family privacy
have special position in architecture of Iranian houses which has been replaced by extravert
architecture.
This section compares architectural plans of Iranian traditional houses with the
contemporary houses by studying them and emphasizing on their space quality and richness to
take effective step for inclusion of these forgotten concepts in the single-dimension spaces of the
It is evident that goal of this comparison is not to encourage to imitate the past
architecture but is to recognize these valuable historical treasuries their spatial concepts and effort
to use them in contemporary houses because it was not possible to use traditional models in our
Today, some problems such as population growth, shortage of land, etc. threaten our
House is a stable and reliable place for meeting mental needs of the occupants. House is
not only a private area, but also the main illustrator of private area of the human being. Domain of
house and family is an institutionalized area of private life of the person (Madanipour 2003)
41
Figure 3.8: House of Tabatabai, Kashan; Internet
42
Spatial structure of the traditional houses: we can mostly see the following sections in
residential houses:
1. Platform: a place in two sides of the entrance door for taking rest while waiting, for
2. Entrance door: in most residential houses, entrance doors are paired and wooden and
any pair has door knocker which has been installed on pairs of ring. The door knocker with low
voice is used by the women and hammer knocker is used by men. This factor contributes to
separation of genders and areas which start during entrance to the building.
3. Vestibule: immediately after entrance to the building, is the lobby space which is in
the form of octagon or tetragon. The lobby has a short ceiling so that feeling of privacy is
conveyed passing from the entrance space into the vestibule. The vestibule is a temporary waiting
space and has sitting platforms which have been designed as two separate parts, one each for the
use of men and women. In this semipublic place, gender privacy separation is emphasized.
4. Corridor: a space with a spiral design that directs the entrant from the lobby to the
yard. Spire of the corridor is for respecting the family privacy so that no person can enter this
privacy directly. Also, this corridor blocks the direct view into the private space.
5. Yard: yard in the old houses is located in center of the building and is regarded as the
heart of the building. The yard with the patios around it was used as a place for holding the
43
Figure 3.9: Plan of the first story of Akhavan Sigari Yazd house 29
6. Eivan: Eivan was a partially roofed space which surrounded the yard and was
regarded as intermediate space between yard and building. Climate and hierarchy of space had
29
Yazd Houses Treasure Book, 2004
44
Figure 3.10: Plan of the first story of Semsar yazd House, Yazd Houses Treasure Book 2004
building with fuel store or was stuck or separated in corner of the building. Kitchen was not built
in direction of the main axes of the building or beside important and main spaces.
8. WC and bathroom: they were located in lower surface of the house for two reasons:
9. Bathroom: bathroom was divided into two parts: one for changing dress and another
10. Reception Hall: this element is a space with abundant decorations and designs which
is very important beside simple rooms of the house. This space is linked to yard of the house with
five-door and seven-door sashes and is used for hosting the respectful guests of the owner.
45
11. Room: The rooms were known by their morphology, the number of doors or
windows: panjdari, as a room with five doors, sedari; as a room with three doors, the time of
usage (winter room), and only rarely according to their function (kitchen).According to their
functions, rooms in traditional houses had specific dimensions. Bedroom was designed according
to human height. The depth of rooms in courtyard houses were matched with their function and
considered the daylight. Light shafts of these rooms had different design according to the sun
direction during the day. In summer zone some parts such as teser or tacher or summer room had
12. Summer room and winter room: One of the most important aspects of this kind of
designing is daylighting and sun direction in different seasons. Light for home to give thermal,
visual and psychological benefits to their users should be an important principle for designers.
Light can change the quality of space and phenomenon. In most buildings which had been
constructed in such way, summer room was very important and was designed in more than one
story. Use of decorations and all kinds of plasterwork and tile in this place gave more beauty to
46
Figure 3.11: Plan of Broojerdiha kashan House, internet
Designing each of the full and empty spaces like the court yard with tall and shading
walls, enclosed spaces, porches, rooms in different directions, corner rooms with wind-catcher
and pond, basement and roof is for special hours of day and night of cold-average and hot season.
And a person can change his/her living space in harmony with regional changes. The houses of
court yards with indicators like thick walls, porches, underground, wind catcher, vault and dome,
47
Concept of quality in traditional Iranian houses
Architecture of Iranian traditional houses was lively and joyful and had dynamic and
mobile spaces.
1. Spatial legibility: traditional houses have spatial legibility. The legibility means that
we can recognize all spaces and components of the house and link them in the mind as an
interrelated form. Such quality in the Iranian house permits the person to go from one place to
another place with clear image of environment. Physical realization of this concept in these
This indicates the quality in house which creates a clear image in mind of each observer.
Spaces in house not only are visible but also communicate to all human senses as a place for life.
Legibility helps the person find himself in space and feel safe and be guided in that space (Naser
Fakoohi) 30
2. Simple but varied: rooms are constructed in Iranian houses as Seh-dari, Panj-dari and
Reception hall spaces each having its own specification. One of the interests of Iranian in
construction of houses is to establish visual relation between room and external space
An Iranian house is a simple and plain but also varied with all kinds of different spaces.
Plainness means that these houses are not decorated with additional and meaningless luxuries and
principles, variety of rooms (Seh-dari, Panj-dari adjoining room), variety of vault surfaces, lower
house, upper house, variety of floor coating (water, tree flower and vegetables), all kinds of
bricks and height variety and other features have made Iranian house spaces more interesting and
mysterious. Variety of places and spaces allowed variety of routine actions. The roof provided an
independent place for realization of functions as a defined place. Water in most houses, its flow
30
Fakoohi , Naser, Urban Anthropology , Tehran , Nei Press, 2004
48
and spaces resulting from directing and storing. It adds varied spatial equipment to the spatial
structure of the houses. Spatial structure of the Iranian houses with its varied surfaces and spaces
allowed unlimited freedom and perception of many spatial experiences (Haeri) 31.
This spatial variety which is caused by spatial enclosures, light quality and airflow made
residents of these houses sensitive to spatial quality as their perceptions of the house space
included all of these varieties and can be described and expressed (Haeri).
3. Domain: Iranian traditional houses are spatial units which create a domain and
personal space.
Public domain included some spaces such as alcove, five-door room and hall in which
some activities can be performed such as hosting and holding different ceremonies. Family
domain includes spaces such as yard, room and pool in which activities are performed such as
gathering of the family members and some close friends and relatives and housework and
personal works. Private spaces include spaces such as backroom, Do-dari room and Cellar or
some activities are performed such as sleeping, taking rest, privacy, attendance of one or two
persons in space. Domain border inside and outside the house is not a separating line, set of
consecutive spaces of the portal, lobby and corridor distinguish between these two domains.
understood and observed in different forms. In Iranian architectural culture, actual value is given
to the essence and intrinsic core and apparent shell is a figurative shell which protects a reality
and of which internal and closed space determines essence and existence of the building and is
not comparable to external space and aspects. Introversion seeks to protect an environmental
31
Haeri Mazandarani, Mohammad Reza, on the basis of study project finding and application of
architectural
principles of traditional houses in design of modern house, Abadi Magazine, No. 23, Tehran, 1996
49
privacy in which physical conditions with thought, deliberation and worships have been turned
into balanced and high order in order to reach its origin and relaxation (Habibi).
Introversion extraversion
50
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN PROCESS
Introduction of Tehran
Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a population of around 8.3
million and surpassing 14 million in the wider metropolitan area, Tehran is Iran's largest city and
urban area, and one of the largest cities in Western Asia. Tehran is ranked 29th in the world by
Climate
Tehran features a semi-arid, continental climate. Tehran's climate is largely defined by its
geographic location, with the towering Alborz Mountains to its north and the central desert to the
south. It can be generally described as mild in the spring and autumn, hot and dry in the summer,
and cold in the winter. Because the city is large with significant differences in elevation among
various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly north than in the flat southern part of
Tehran.
32
http://atlas.tehran.ir/
51
Figure 4.2: Topography of Tehran
Tehran is located at an altitude of about 1,100 meters above sea level. January is the
coolest month (very cool) having an average temperature of 2.5 degrees Celsius.
During the winter daytime temperatures usually remain above freezing point. During the
night subzero temperatures are not uncommon. Tehran is quite sunny and dry with about 3,065
hours of annual sunshine and 233 millimeters of annual precipitation. Most rain falls from
November till April. . In June, July and August temperatures around 40 degrees Celsius (104
52
Neighborhoods and districts of Tehran
The city of Tehran is divided into 22 municipal districts, each with its own administrative
centres.
Older neighborhoods
Tehran's old city fabric changed dramatically during the Pahlavi era. Some of the older
remaining (Qajar era) districts of Tehran are: Oud-lajan, Sangelaj, Bazaar, Chaleh
Meydan, Dowlat, Pamenar. Chaleh Meydan is the oldest neighbourhood of the aforementioned.
53
Figure 4.5: Map of Tehran dated to 1858 33
33
http://kavehfarrokh.com/
34
http://en.tehran.ir/
54
Economy
Tehran is the economic center of Iran. About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and
45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran and almost half of these workers work for the
government. Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers, and
transport workers.
Development Office, Tehran has a capacity for 700,000 cars but currently more than 3 million
cars are on the roads in the capital. The increasing number of private automobiles in Tehran has
turned into a major problem for this metropolis. Public transportation are Bus, taxi and metro.
55
Tehran suffers from severe air pollution and the city is often covered by smog making
breathing difficult and causing widespread pulmonary illnesses. It is estimated that about 27
• Most people are then obliged to either use private cars or hire taxis. This has created
• Geographical: Tehran is bound in the north by the massive Alborz mountain range that is
Tehran is facing 4 major and significant problems that necessity of rethinking about these
issues become more noticeable than past:
56
Observation site issues according to livable cities criteria categories
57
Spatial structure and municipal objectives
Tehran Municipality Strategic Plan 35 – Tehran 80 – set 6 priority objectives to guide its
4. “A high cultured City: expansion of cultural and educational space in order to enhance the
city’s culture”
5. “Dynamic city: the needs of citizens for administrative services are met as quickly as possible”
modernism.”
All the above objectives have direct implications for the development of the spatial
structure of Tehran Metropolitan Area (TMA). However, the first four priorities are particularly
relevant to spatial development. It should be noted also that first two objectives are in fact a
precondition to the economic prosperity of the TMA. It should also be noted that the fourth
objective, “a high cultured city” has spatial implications which will be discussed below.
To achieve the municipal objectives, the current urban spatial structure presents both
challenges and opportunities. I will review briefly the spatial characteristics of Tehran
metropolitan area and will follow by discussing a number of spatial issues directly related to
the objectives. Finally, I will recommend a course of action on specific topics which should
35
Tehran Urban Planing and Research center-http://rpc.tehran.ir/
58
Site Analysis
My project site is located in district 2 and surrounded by 4 main high-ways. The most
important feature of this site is neighborhood with Milad tower which is the tallest building in
Iran and actually it’s known as significant land mark in Tehran. Milad Tower, have come to
59
Figure 4.13: The Site image during night with Milad tower land mark
60
Program
Master plan and core that we can develop and repeat as a modular package in city and
expand the concentrated form of urbanization to a regional scale.
Residential: Denser development -More high rise open space- Less single family houses
Culture & Environment: Community facility- Major Parks-Neighborhood parks
center and facility
Education: School and kindergarten
Health Care: Health service center
Business: Small office (Business friendly)- non center type business
Hotel: Connection to Milad Tower
Infrastructure: The way we move/ system to more public, more efficient, minimize footprint,
increase quality of life= Sustainable infrastructure
Program approach is to reach and design a human and family-oriented mixed use community
within an environmentally friendly framework, new development and outdoor spaces
61
Figure 4.16: Master Plan development
62
Conceptual Design & Design Proposal
The aim of this design is to create future cores that will make people more satisfied, with
factors that make their living space and city livable in to the future. We can respond to the
question of what is the space of future trough several aspects. To design future livable cores in
this individual site plan, I reached the conclusion that I need to have some major line to follow. I
extracted the concept of traditional house and interpreted it to modern life. To meet the needs of
future living. I’ve considered some major aspects to make my initial concept then develop my
1-Hierarchy and Sequence: This feature is one of the major aspects of Iranian traditional design
in small and big scale (city and house). In this way they define different level of privacy by the
shape of the spaces. There are 3 main domains, public domain, semi-public domain and private
domain.
63
Figure 4.18: Development of Functions according to the Hierarchy Concept
Figure 4.19: Development and Detailed Plan according to the Concepts discussed above
In these figures, hierarchy is shown in different scales for both communities and open
spaces, and also in private space.
64
2-Optimize Machines Footprint:
Figure 4.21: Mass formation according to the hierarchy of function and privacy
65
4-Mass Formation and Environmental Analysis: All traditional buildings of Iran, both in
architectural and constructional fields, are planned in a way to have maximum of sun radiation
during winter and maximum of shade during summer to use natural ventilation and to provide
peace and comfort for the house residents. After shadow analysis and according to the climate
building mass is formed as a continuous zigzag shape to create two courtyards with higher wing
in middle which works as a linkage community and two sloped wings attached to it to control the
66
5-Natural ventilation using a wind tower: In this design I highlighted the potential advantage of
natural ventilation systems for occupancy comfort. Natural ventilation has become an attractive
solution for not only reducing the energy usage and cost but also for providing good indoor air
environment while sustaining a comfortable, healthy, and productive internal climate. Natural
ventilation systems use the natural pressure differences surrounding a structure, caused by wind
and temperature driven forces to direct the flow through buildings. Wind tower is one of the
influential and functional system that were used in traditional Iranian architecture for cooling in
hot climate.
Figure 4.23: Wind creates a positive pressure on the windward side and negative pressure on the
leeward side
Figure 4.24: Function of Wind Tower system during daytime and nighttime 36
36
Hughes, Ben Richard, John Kaiser Calautit, and Saud Abdul Ghani. "The development of commercial
wind towers for natural ventilation: A review."Applied Energy 92 (2012): 606-627.
67
Figure 4.25: CFD analysis showing positive and negative pressure on windward and leeward; Hughes
The extrusion of the wind tower creates the same effect as the structure form by
obstructing the wind current and generating a lower pressure over the opening. The wind tower
must be high enough above the structure to prevent roof top turbulence. The height of the wind
tower (distance from air entrance to discharge point) also affects the ventilation rate. Taller wind
towers will have stronger wind passing over it, hence a greater negative pressure.
The passive device captures the prevailing wind at higher elevations and induces it into
the building to maintain natural ventilation through the living spaces and provide cool air supply
directly to the occupants. This would allow the stale and warm air to exit through window
opening and doors with negative or lower values of pressure coefficients. Multi-directional wind
towers can also lower the indoor temperature by removing the hot air stored inside the structure
through its exhaust openings. This system is proposed to use semi-private (shared areas) with
locating two wind tower at higher elevation to reduce energy demand and all residents use and
68
Figure 4.26: Diagram representing ventilation through a traditional wind tower structure
incorporating courtyard
Figure 4.27: Traditional wind towers with different number of openings (a) one-sided, (b) two-sided,
(c) four-sided, (d) octahedral
69
Figure 4.28: Modern wind tower devices with damper control system suggested by Hughes and
Ghani 37
Modern wind catchers with automated volume control damper systems, constantly
control the airflow into and out of the occupied space. This would allow the ventilation device to
serve different conditions such as summer or winter and day-time or night-time cooling. In the
hot summer month, the control dampers are programmed to fully open at night to maximize
night-time cooling, allowing the fresh and cool air to enter the building and extract the stale air
out. Occupants may override the control settings at any time using a wall-mounted override
Figure 4.29: Elevation and sequences of open spaces to appropriate airflow integrated with wind
tower
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Hughes BR, Ghani AS. A numerical investigation into the effect of Windvent louvre external angle.
Build Environ 2010;45:1025–36.
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Figure 4.30: Modern interpretation of traditional house for both community and open spaces and
private areas-On plan detail
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Figure 4.32: South west Perspective
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
This thesis tried to address satisfaction factors in housing sector with taking into account
urban context of metropolitan and livable cities and also psychological and cultural aspects of
Iranian background. With considering all of these aspects, future design criteria of residential
Open spaces as complementary part of building mass, adjusting to building and human
density. In contemporary urbanism, according to the land and economic limitation, whereas
homes inner spaces have been decreased, shared common spaces have been increased. Public
space in the contemporary city is considered more as a secondary space appropriate design of
public open spaces will change the living quality and consequently, resident’s perceptions of the
neighborhood satisfaction is an important component of life satisfaction. The main focus of this
thesis is determining which criteria in residential environment increase our satisfaction, including
spatial, social, functional and contextual features. This research confirms the importance of open
space design on dwellers’ satisfaction. Satisfaction of open space affords a generalized view into
well-being of habitant. Although architects mostly consider inside of building as the main part of
the design process, open space has considerable influence on residents’ perception and
satisfaction needs to be established that comprising different scale of outside and inside of
buildings.
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Peoples life style, spiritual and physical needs are changed during the time. According to these
changes planners and designers should consider these in design process. Reviewing Iranian
traditional architecture and adapt them to contemporary needs will end in more appropriate
outcomes in design process. Richness and ability of traditional houses increase feeling of
attachment to the place and understanding of today’s humans needs helps to create better and
The reactions to modern architecture and planning have led to a new appreciation of the
traditional spaces and its urban form. Sustainable development is more likely to occur when local
communities take responsibility for their own particular environment, though to take such
responsibilities seriously, effective power must return to local communities. This thesis was a
study in trying to regain the values of an architecture well suited to this environment, and
developing a language of appropriate design for modern life style with taking into account the
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